The document discusses several key events and developments during the Tudor period in England, including the defeat of Richard III which marked the beginning of the Tudor dynasty, the establishment of the printing press, and explorations to America and other regions. It also examines the Renaissance, humanism, influential humanist thinkers, developments in education, literature, theater, and the Protestant Reformation during this time. Major monarchs like Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I are discussed in relation to religious and political changes.

2.  TWO SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
the defeat of Richard III at the battle of Bosworth
Field in 1485
the establishment of the first printing press in
England byWilliam Caxton

3.  TheTudor era was a period of expansion in
geography, politics, and economics as well as
in education, religion, literature, and art.
 The beginning of the modern world
 Christopher Columbus – discovered
America
Cabots – explored the seas in search for Asia

4.  Tudors established a strong centralized
authority and created commercial prosperity.
Parliament became subservient to the king
and HenryVIII’s break with Rome established
the sovereign as the supreme head of the
Church and State.

5.  Renaissance
- means rebirth or more broadly, revival .
- signifies the awakening of the dormant
potentialities in English men of ability to take up
those tools and combine them with their own
abilities and skills to produce a great body of
writings
- a revitalized interest in Greek and Roman
civilization and often thought of their own times a
return to the glorious achievements of classical
antiquity

6.  Humanism
- emphasizes the capacities of the human mind
and the achievements of human culture, in
contrast to the medieval emphasis on God and
contempt for the things of this world

7.  Humanist
- concerned with the life of the individual in this
world and his relation to society, and
consequently with the reform of the state itself
- believed in free will and in man’s capacity for
perfection through proper education

8.  John Colet
 William Grocyn
 William Linacre
REMARKABLE DUTCH HUMANIST
• Desiderius Erasmus
• SirThomas More
>They became the teachers of new learning and
through their efforts, Oxfords and Cambridge
became centers of new learning.

9.  The humanist’s program of education
emphasized the training of a philosopher – king
who might bring about the reformation of the
state and of the relations of all classes to the
state

10.  The ideals and methods of education were
based not only on the enthusiastic study of
Greek and Latin but specifically of the classical
treatises on education of Cicero, Quintillian, and
Plutarch whose works were a guide not only to
ideal education but also to success in life.

11.  The courtly ideal was a harmoniously developed
gentleman as a physical, political, religious,
social and aesthetic being.

12.  PHYSICAL
- strong exertion , military exercises, and games
of physical skill such as wrestling
 PHILOSOPHER – KING
- should be trained to serve as adviser and
diplomat in times of peace and as soldier in
times of wars

13.  SOCIAL
- knowledge of the arts
- singing, playing musical instrument and must
be able to compose poetry in honor of his lady
The courtier never received monetary rewards
for his musical or poetic works.

14.  PHYSICAL
- strong exertion , military exercises, and games
of physical skill such as wrestling
 PHILOSOPHER – KING
- should be trained to serve as adviser and
diplomat in times of peace and as soldier in
times of wars

15.  This movement sought reform in the Roman
Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment
of the various Protestant sects.
 Martin Luther nailed to the door of a church in
Wittenberg,Germany, his famous Ninety-five
Theses, declaring his objections to certain long-
standing abuses in the Church.

16.  HenryVIII
- a willful and audacious man
- attack Luther and won for him from the grateful Pope
the title of Defender of the Faith
- declared himself as the head of the Church and State
when the Pope refused to grant him a divorce from
Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn
 EdwardVI
-a nine-year-old son of HenryVIII, who was guided in all
government affairs by a council of senior officials.
-he died prematurely in 1553

17.  EdwardVI : Effect of his Rulership
1. opened England’s doors to more ardent Protestants from
the continent who affected more extreme doctrines and
practices
2. A prayer book in England was written.
3. Church services were simplified.
4. Marriage of the clergy was permitted.

18.  EdwardVI : Effect of his Rulership
1. opened England’s doors to more ardent Protestants from
the continent who affected more extreme doctrines and
practices
2. A prayer book in England was written.
3. Church services were simplified.
4. Marriage of the clergy was permitted.

19. Mary
-the offspring of HenryVIII’s marriage to
Catherine of Aragon
-She is a half Spanish and a devout Catholic.
-She became the wife of Philip II of Spain.

20. Mary
- instituted a reign of terror against English
Protestants in an attempt to return England to
Catholic Authority
-The reign of “Bloody Mary” posed a double threat
to England’s developing national identity because
of Spain, the country of her mother and her
husband, had emerged as the dominant and most
imperialistic power in sixteenth-century Europe.

21. Elizabeth I
-after Mary died her half sister Elizabeth
inherited the throne.
-daughter of HenryVIII to Anne Boleyn.
- 25 when she became the queen
-led her country forward again in the
direction of the strong national unity and
triumphant cultural achievement begun.

22.  Elizabeth I
- had a sharp intellect and an excellent
Renaissance education.
-she promoted peace and prosperity by
steering a moderate religious course between
Protestant extremism and capitulation to
Catholicism, (later known as Puritanism) and
by directing the country’s financial affair with
realistic ingenuity.
-the wonder of her age.

23.  Elizabeth I
* Sir Francis Drake raided Spanish ships and
brought much needed funds to English treasury.
*The raids were an unacknowledged war
against Spain.
*The SpanishArmada, the strongest naval force
of the age. Sailed against England. But the
smaller and more maneuverable English hips
sent the Armada back in ignorable defeat, aided
by a timely storm that helped scatter and destroy
the Spanish fleet.

24.  A delight in elaborate pattern and complicated ornament
and artifice.
- Artificial is a word of praise, a positive extension, an art
itself
 Elizabethans saw the world as a vast , unified, hierarchical
order or “Great Chain of Being”, created by God.

25.  Tudor literature has non-professional quality .
- Literary composition was considered a record
of ideas and emotions limited to a relative
few.
- No thought of preserving them
 Tudor period was an age of literary patronage.
-Works were dedicated to some noble placed
individual in the hope of receiving from this patron
some gifts or wordly preferment.

26. *TheTudor writers did not make authorship a
means of livelihood.

27. Tudor literature may be roughly divided into
the literature of the courtier and that of the
citizen.
* Courtly literature is essentially romantic.
* Citizen’s literature was characterized by
more realism than romance.

28.  Courtiers and musicians compose songs on a
variety of subjects using the traditional
forms:
 repeated and internal rhymes
 refrains
 irregular rhythms

29.  Wyatt introduced the sonnet and other short
metrical patterns and thus brought to English
poetry economy of word and thought.
 Surrey originated the English or Shakespearean
sonnet and the blank verse.

30.  Sidney and Spenser
- marked the beginning of the great age of
Elizabethan poetry
 The last twenty centuries were a great lyrical
period, both in the sonnet and the song.
 A number of lyrics were integral parts of the
plays.
 With Shakespeare, the sonnet form also reached
its maturity.

31.  classical and Italianate pastoralism
 The purpose of poetry is to teach and
delight.
 The allegorical method appealed strongly in
this century.
 To the educated Elizabethans, poetry was a
noble and necessary part of life.
 Good poetry writing was an act of
patriotism.

32. Historical, philosophical, and critical
writings were issued side by side with
accounts of travels, books of manners,
rogue literature and romances.

33.  Chronicles became very popular.
 Accounts of voyages, both historical
and contemporary also served the
cause of nationalism.
 The age also saw the beginning of
modern biography.

34.  The 16th century was also richly
productive in religious writings.
 social criticism and pamphlets of
contemporary comment
 courtesy books and treatises on
education
 Translations form Italian writers like
Boccaccio
 Age of translation

35.  The drama of the English Renaissance
developed slowly.
 The first comedies imitative of the Latin
plays of Plautus andTerence
 Gorboduc is the first English tragedy in
blank verse.
 The Elizabethan playhouse called for
much of the dramatist’s ingenuity and
imaginative sources.

36.  The greatest and most distinctive
achievement of Elizabethan literature is
the drama.
 In Elizabethan theater, sets, customes,
atmospheric effects (sound and lighting)
– was rudimentary and sketchy: the world
of the play had to be created in the minds
of the audience through the spoken word.

37.  Elizabethan audiences had to use their
imagination with characters as well: all
women’s parts were played by boys.

38.  Thomas More (1478-
1535), was recognized
throughout early
sixteenth-century
Europe as one of the
great lawyers, Christian
humanists, and
classical scholars of his
day.

39.  His interest in
humanism budded as
early as his boyhood.
 He became a close
personal friend of
HenryVIII who
knighted him in 1521

40.  He was canonized by
the Roman Catholic
Church as a true
defender of the faith
 He wrote extensively
both in Latin and
English, and his prose
works possessed a
kind of clarity,
eloquence, and
variety

41.  He was executed
because he opposed
King HenryVIII’s
divorce to Catherine
of Aragon and refused
to swear allegiance to
him.

42. Titles Descriptions
1. The Life of Johan Picus, Earl of
Mirandula
2.The History of King Richard the
Third
-expressed his deep sympathy for
the Italian nobleman who
possessed great spiritual
character
-designed with an attitude of cool
malice and ironic detachment
-Once a sermon against ambition
and a historical narrative of
distinction

43. Titles Descriptions
3. Utopia - Greek word for “no place”
-considered by some to be one of
the finest Socratic dialogues of all
time, has long been recognized as
his masterpiece.
-More’s ideal commonwealth that
must be understood in relation to
his England which lacked the
organization, the cleanliness, the
sanitation, the physical comfort,
and tolerance that prevailed in
Utopia

44. ▪ Utopia is an ideal community
or society possessing a perfect
socio-politico-legal system.The
word was imported from Greek
by SirThomas More for his 1516
book Utopia, describing a
fictional island in the Atlantic
Ocean. The term has been used
to describe both intentional
communities that attempt to
create an ideal society, and
fictional societies portrayed in
literature. It has spawned other
concepts, most prominently
dystopia.

45.  ThomasWyatt was born at
Allington Castle in Kent, and
educated at St John's College,
Cambridge.While travelling as
a diplomat for HenryVIII he
developed his interest in
Continental poetry; he was
the first English poet to use
the Italian forms of the sonnet
and terza rima, and the
French rondeau. His
translation of the Penitential
Psalms is based on a version
by the Italian poet Pietro
Aretino.

46.  He was imprisoned because
of a quarrel with the Duke
of Suffolk, although
suspicion was that he had
been a lover of Anne Boleyn
about whom many critics
believe the poem, “Whoso
List to Hunt” was written.

47.  From French, he borrowed rondeau.
 He introduced the Petrarchan sonnet form of
an octave and a sestet but his sestet
ordinarily ends with a couplet.
 He popularized other forms such as ottava
rima and terza rima and originated the
popular poulter’s measure.
 Much of his best poetry is concerned with
adapting European forms and ideas to
English poetry.

48.  a short lyrical poem of thirteen lines
with only two rhymes and an
unrhymed refrain that consists of the
opening words and is used in two
places

49.  Ottava Rima
 stanza of 8 lines, rhyming abababcc, and
borrowed from the Italian
Poutler’s measure
• a popular Renaissance metrical pattern which
consisted of couplets of alternating
Alexandrines and fourteen syllable lines

50.  form invented by Dante and is used
throughout the European poetry, where
the triplets interlace or interlink in the
following scheme: love-moon-dove soon-
run-June, ababcb

51.  HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF
SURREY, was born in Hunsdon,
Hertfordshire, in 1517. He was the
eldest son of Thomas Howard,
and Lady Elizabeth Stafford
 He is courtier ,scholar, soldier, and
envoy enjoyed an exellent
education atWindsor and at the
French court in the company of
princes.
 His most intimate companion was
Henry’sVIII’s illegitimate son, the
Duke of Richmond.

52.  His verse is “more melodious,
more graceful, more pictorial”
and “discursive, less vigorous,
less sententious” than Wyatt’s .
 He achieved what Petrarch had
done – made the vernacular the
language of polite and courtly
poetry.
 He was seemed to be the first
modern poet.

53.  His words accent and diction are less archaic.
 He uses various versification patterns, but his
innovation are in the sonnet and in blank
verse.
 Most of his sonnets have the English or
Shakespearean rhyme scheme, three
quatrains followed by a couplet .
 In his translation of theAeneid, he was the
first to use the blank verse.

54.  He was the greatest 16th century
English writer whose life and
experience prepared him for the
distinguished work, “The
Schoolmaster”.
 Under his tutorship, Princess
Elizabeth acquired proficiency in
Greek and Latin literature, and
competence in Latin, Italian.

55.  He died suffering from a chill
while finishing some Latin
poems he planned to present as
NewYear’s gift to the queen.
 Camden recorded in his
“Annales “ that Ascham died a
poor man because of his
addiction to dicing and
cockfighting.

56. Titles Descriptions
1. Toxophilus
2. The Report and Discourse of the
Affairs and State of Germany
3.The Schoolmaster
-a dialogue patterned after Plato on the
benefits of archery as a patriotic exercise
and pastime, and a treatise on the
educational ideal of a sound mind in a
sound body
-Recorded his impressions about his
experience being a secretary to the
Ambassador at the court of Emperor
CharlesV
-gaveAscham his place in English
literature
-his masterpiece

58.  John Lyly was born in Kent and
was educated at Magdalen ,
Oxford where he received an
M.A there in 1579
 The author of the “first English
novel” and an influential
predecessor of Shakespeare in
the writing of comedy.
 He became famous in courtly
circles for a precious style of
writing and speaking prose.
 He became the vigorous
champion of the bishops against
the attacks of “Martin
Marprelate”.

59. Titles Descriptions
1. Eupheus (The Anatomy of the
Wit) and its sequel, Eupheus and
His England
-a kind of fictionalized courtesy
book and its hero is more of a
model in court etiquette rather
than a living man
-provides the opportunity for a
series of appendices on manners
and morals – the follies of youth,
love and friendship, education,
religion, the proper conduct of
life, gentlemanly behavior and
women

60. Titles Descriptions
2. Alexander and Campaspe,
Sappho and Phao, Endymion,
Midas, and Mother Bombie
3. Pap with a Hatchet
- artificial yet charming plays
- anti-Puritan pamhlet
-made him the vigorous
champion of the bishops against
the attacks of “Martin
Marprelate”

61.  balanced parallel sentence structure, often
accompanied by alliteration and assonance
 repetition and strained antithesis
 rhetorical questions or exclamations
 exempla, anecdotes or other illustrations
from history or literature, or the author’s
inventions
 proverbs and wise sayings
 puns and word play
 fantastic similes drawn form mythology, etc.

62.  As the scion of a distinguished family,
he grew up in luxury in his father’s
country estate in Kent and received the
best education in Cambridge and
Oxford.
 At 18 he travelled to the Continent
where he studied with the humanist
Languet.
 In 1577 he served as ambassador to the
emperor and the elector palatine.
 He witnessed the Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre in Paris and on his return to
England became one of the brilliant
favorites of Queen Elizabeth’s court .

63.  He was knighted in 1583
followed by his marriage to
Frances Walsingham.
 In 1586, he died from a mortal
wound he received in combat
at Zutphen. Seven hundred
mourners followed his casket
to see the most distinguished
gentleman of his generation.

64. Titles Descriptions
1. Astrophel and Stella
2. An Apologie for Poetry (Defence
of Poesy)
-means “Star lover and Star”
-a sonnet sequence of 108 sonnets
which initiated the flood of sonnet
cycles
-reflects an actual
autobiographical situation –
Sidney’s love for and eventual
engagement to Penelope
Deveraux
-finest peace of Elizabethan
literary criticism and a classic in
the history of criticism

65. Titles Descriptions
3. Arcadia - pastoral romance
-contains eighty songs
and eclogues in classical
meters and Italian
versifications

66.  The man who was to rise
to loftier heights than his
fellows in non dramatic
lyric was born neither to
the purple nor to wealth.
 son of London cloth
maker
 He never gained wealth or
high position. He served
as a clerk to men of
nobility

67.  Often referred to as “the
poet’s poet”
 Generally regarded to be the
greatest non dramatic poet
of te Elizabethan age
 Born and educated in
London. He attended
Cambridge University as a
“sizar:, a student who
received payment toward his
college expenses performing
certain useful duties.

68.  He died suddenly in a
cheap lodging house,
a destitute and
disillusioned man.
 His remains were laid
at Westminister
Abbey near the tomb
of Chaucer

69. Titles Descriptions
1.The Faerie Queene - Spenser’s masterpiece
-which was to have
contained twelve books
or cantos but only six
were completed
-famous in his invention
of “Spenserian stanza”
(abab bcbc cdcd ee)

70. Titles Descriptions
1.The Faerie Queene - uses myths, and legends
form England’s rich
medieval past to assess
the values and
achievements of the
entire Elizabethan age

71. Titles Descriptions
2. Complaints
3. Amoretti
4. Epithalmion
- a collection of poems
-a series of eigthy nine
sonnets
-means little cupids or
little love poems
-celebrates Spenser’s
marriage

72. Titles Descriptions
5. Prothalmion
6.The Shepeardes
Calender
- wrote to celebrate the
betrothal of the two
daughters of the Earl of
Worcester
-consists of a series of
eclogues, one for each
month
-a series of pastoral
poems arranged accdg. to
the months of the year

73.  His poetry manifests the
great artist’s mastery and
the idealist’s nobility of
purpose
 greatest non dramatic
poet of his age as well as
the most completely
Elizabethan – in his love of
England and in his pride in
the English tongue

74.  Born in Canterbury son of a
shoemaker
 loved knowledge and
pursued the scholarly
profession.
 He attended Corpus Christi
College ,Cambridge,where
he obtained an A.B in1584
and M.A in 1587
 He introduced innovations
in the English drama by
way of form and style, and
a new concept in character
development.

75.  always involved in
crimes
 was slain in a tavern
brawl in which he was
said to have been the
aggressor
 greatest predecessor of
Shakespeare in the
English drama

76. Titles Descriptions
1. Tamburlaine the Great,
TheTragical History of
Dr. Faustus,The Jew of
Malta
2. The Passionate
Shepherd to his Love
3. Hero and Leander
-Marlowe’s dramas

77.  He had unveiled a new concept of tradegy
which lies not in “blood bath” but in the flaw
of character and in the elements of inner
conflict and its interplay with external
circumstances.
 His themes revolve around one great
personality engaged in a mighty struggle to
attain a goal, but not quite succeeding
because of a tragic fault character.

78.  Sir Walter was the ideal
Elizabeth gentle man who
combined the virtues of the
perfect knight and the man
of action with the courtly
grace of the humanist and
the man of letters.
 After leaving Oxford w/o a
degree, he embarked on a
amazing career of a courtier,
soldier, sailor explorer,
statesman, political prisoner,
historian and poet.

79.  known to all as the
founder ofVirginia
and as the man
who introduced
tobacco in Europe

80.  He never enjoyed the stable
patronage of the queen.
 He was in disgrace at the
court for an intrigue with one
of Elizabeth’s maids of
honor.
 He was imprisoned in the
Tower together with his wife
and son gardening in boxes,
experimenting, making
perfume and writing.

81. Titles Descriptions
1. History of theWorld
2. Cynthia
-his most ambitious prose
work written while he was
imprisoned
-addressed to Queen
Elizabeth and is praised by
Spenser
-longest and most
ambitious poem

82. Titles Descriptions
3.The Nymph’s Reply to the
Shepherd
- his reply to Marlowe’s “The
Passionate Shepherd to his
Love”

83.  His poems are direct
and intensely
personal. His style
was characterized by
terse and witty
phrasing. His lines
reveal his emotional
strength colored by
scorn and contempt
of the world.

84.  One of the best lyric poets of
his day, Robert Greene was
born at Norwich and
educated at Cambridge and
Oxford.
 He was a holder of two
Master’s degrees, he went to
London to embark on a
literary career
 He died form over-
indulgence in Rhenish wine
and pickled herring

85.  He wrote many
graceful and
charming lyrics
chiefly on the themes
of love and pastoral
life.

86. Titles Descriptions
1. Friar Bacon and Friar
Bungay, James IV
2. Mamillia
3. Pandosto, and Menaphon
4. Greene’s Groatsworth of
Wit, andThe Repentance
of Robert Greene
-delightful and romantic
comedies
-euphuisitc novelettes
-Pastoral romances
- autobiographical
pamphlets

87.  He had to depend on
patronage for his
livelihood.
 He gained the recognition
of being the Master of the
Children of the Queen’s
Revels

88.  The son of musician, he
attended Oxford, but he
left the university w/o a
degree.
 He tutor William Herbert
and also Lady Anne Clifford.
 He addressed a number of
philosophic epistle.
 The best work of Daniel is
characterized by simple
language, spare and precise
style, and high seriousness.

89. Titles Descriptions
1. Delia
2. The Complaint of Rosamonde
3. Philotas
4. Cleopatra
5. CivilWars Between the Houses of
Lancaster andYork
-a sequence of fifty sonnets
-a narrative poem that resembles the
style of Marlowe
-a neoclassical tragedy
- a Senecan tragedy
-his ambitious undertaking
-a long patriotic poem

90.  Michael Drayton was born at
Hartshill inWarwickshire in 1563
and as a youth he became page to
Sir HenryGoodeere of
Polesworth. Goodeere is to be
credited for Drayton's education.
 He wrote some of the most
famous ballads in English
 His output is great and varied,
ranging from odes and sonnets.

91.  It is in the sonnet sequence that
Drayton’s poetic power reached
its height.

92. Titles Descriptions
1. Ballad of Agincourt
2. To aVirginianVoyage
3. The Baron’sWars, and Poly
Olbion
4. Idea
-one of his famous ballad
-his famous ballad
-Inspirational verse to the
explorers who joined Raleigh
-patriotic outpourings in verse of
a love for England’s past and her
physical charms
-sonnet sequence

93.  William Shakespeare was born to John
Shakespeare and mother MaryArden
some time in late April 1564 in Stratford-
upon-Avon.There is no record of his birth,
but his baptism was recorded by the
church, thus his birthday is assumed to be
the 23 of April. His father was a prominent
and prosperous alderman in the town of
Stratford-upon-Avon, and was later
granted a coat of arms by the College of
Heralds. All that is known of
Shakespeare's youth is that he
presumably attended the Stratford
Grammar School, and did not proceed to
Oxford or Cambridge.

94.  His sonnet cycle is the greatest collection
of the age.
 The general themes of his sonnet are: the
triumph of time over youth and beauty,
over all human ambitions, a triumph
against which man’s sole defense is a love
that knows no defeat or change

95. - He dedicated this work to
the Earl of Southampton,
his patron
his first heir of invention

96.  Thomas Campion was born
in London on February 12,
1567. He was a law
student, a physician, a
composer, a writer of
masques, and a poet.
Campion's parents died
when he was still a boy,
but they left enough
money to send him
to Peterhouse
College, Cambridge.

97.  He composed a treatise on harmony and in
1602, he advocated more flexibility in the
rhyth ms of English poetry in a prose treatise
entitledObservation in the Art of English
Poesy.
 The reputation of Campion’s lyrics rests on
their artistic structure , simplicity of
language, word order and variety of cadence
and rhythm.