The document provides background information on the English Revolution and Restoration period in multiple sections:
1) It outlines the social background of the weakening relationship between the monarchy and bourgeois, and clashes between the King and Parliament that led to the outbreak of the English Revolution.
2) It summarizes the reigns of English monarchs from James I to William III and the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
3) It describes how the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak of Puritanism, which aimed to reform manners and liberate man, condemning worldly pleasures.
4) It discusses the literature of the period, including works by John Milton, the Metaphys
The seventeenth century upto 1660 was dominated by Puritanism and it may be called puritan Age or the Age of Milton, who was the noblest representative of the puritan spirit.
The seventeenth century upto 1660 was dominated by Puritanism and it may be called puritan Age or the Age of Milton, who was the noblest representative of the puritan spirit.
Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
Geoffrey Chaucer (/ˈtʃɔːsər/; c. 1340s – 25 October 1400) was an English poet and author. Considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages,[citation needed] he is best known for The Canterbury Tales, and is considered the "Father of English literature". He was the first writer buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.[1] Chaucer also gained fame as a philosopher and astronomer, composing the scientific A Treatise on the Astrolabe for his 10-year-old son Lewis. He maintained a career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier, diplomat, and member of parliament.
The 14th century is known as Chaucer’s age
It marks the beginning of a new language and literature
It was the age of transformation from medieval age to modern times
It was essentially an era of unrest and transition
Main writers of the age: Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Wycliffe, Sir John Mandeville, John Gower
Remarkable Events that Influenced Chaucer
Natural calamities
Black Death [Plague] (A.D. 1348-49)
Age of social unrest and economic troubles. -- Labor become unsatisfied with their salary. -- Efforts were made to keep the labors under control with the help of legislation.
Burdens of taxation.
Conflict between king Richard and his subjects
Features of Chaucer’s Age with Example
Standard English Language: Proper English without influence of other languages
Example: The Canterbury Tales, Chanticleer and the Fox by Geoffrey Chaucer; Piers Plowman by William Langland etc.
Realism: Concept of reality
Example: The settings of The Canterbury Tales
Church Corruption:
Example: The religious figures in The Canterbury Tales highlights many problems of church corruptions
Presence of Humor, Satire & Irony:
Example: The Canterbury Tales reveal Chaucerian Humor in the Prologue, showed Satire through the characterization & Irony to build up a satirical portrait.
Spirit of Romance:
Example: Courtly love, Romance, Marriage & Sexual Desire are found in the theme of The Canterbury Tales
Frame Story: A literary device that joins together 2 or more large stories or frame.
Example: The Canterbury Tales is a great indication of the frame work
Growth of Nationalism:
Example: In the writings of this age the influence of love for nation are found.
Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
Geoffrey Chaucer (/ˈtʃɔːsər/; c. 1340s – 25 October 1400) was an English poet and author. Considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages,[citation needed] he is best known for The Canterbury Tales, and is considered the "Father of English literature". He was the first writer buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.[1] Chaucer also gained fame as a philosopher and astronomer, composing the scientific A Treatise on the Astrolabe for his 10-year-old son Lewis. He maintained a career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier, diplomat, and member of parliament.
The 14th century is known as Chaucer’s age
It marks the beginning of a new language and literature
It was the age of transformation from medieval age to modern times
It was essentially an era of unrest and transition
Main writers of the age: Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Wycliffe, Sir John Mandeville, John Gower
Remarkable Events that Influenced Chaucer
Natural calamities
Black Death [Plague] (A.D. 1348-49)
Age of social unrest and economic troubles. -- Labor become unsatisfied with their salary. -- Efforts were made to keep the labors under control with the help of legislation.
Burdens of taxation.
Conflict between king Richard and his subjects
Features of Chaucer’s Age with Example
Standard English Language: Proper English without influence of other languages
Example: The Canterbury Tales, Chanticleer and the Fox by Geoffrey Chaucer; Piers Plowman by William Langland etc.
Realism: Concept of reality
Example: The settings of The Canterbury Tales
Church Corruption:
Example: The religious figures in The Canterbury Tales highlights many problems of church corruptions
Presence of Humor, Satire & Irony:
Example: The Canterbury Tales reveal Chaucerian Humor in the Prologue, showed Satire through the characterization & Irony to build up a satirical portrait.
Spirit of Romance:
Example: Courtly love, Romance, Marriage & Sexual Desire are found in the theme of The Canterbury Tales
Frame Story: A literary device that joins together 2 or more large stories or frame.
Example: The Canterbury Tales is a great indication of the frame work
Growth of Nationalism:
Example: In the writings of this age the influence of love for nation are found.
This presentation is for students of English literature. This presentation contains, History(social, political and economic) and literary features of Romantic age, poets, novelists and prose writers of the age.
Romantic period in English Literature. Focuses on romantic poets like Blake, Wordsworth, Colridge, Shelly, Keats, Byron. Includes a brief history and meaning of Romanticism.
Brief Introduction to The Restoration age,History of English Literature.pptxMuneebAhmad153443
These slides contain a brief introduction of the restoration age and his famous writer John Dryden.
These slides also discusses the some basic information related the puritan age.
Once I accidentally met Wordsworth poem " Daffodils » («Daffodils»). I liked it , and I wanted to know more about the life and work of the poet , as well as the poem. This speech will go further in my work.
2. Social Background
• The English Bourgeois Revolution and
Restoration
• 1) The weakening of the tie between monarchy
and bourgeois:
• 2) The Clashes between the King and
Parliament:
• 3) The outburst of the English Revolution:
• 4) The split within the revolutionary camp:
• 5) The bourgeois dictatorship and the
Restoration
3. Historical events
• Reign of James I (1603 – • King james II flees – 1688
1625) – The Jacobean Age • William III & Mary II –
• Reign Of Charles I (1625 – 1689
1649) The Coroline Age
• Mary II – dies, 1694
• Common Wealth (1649 –
1660) The Interim Period of • William III – Dies 1702
Commonwealth
• Restoration of Charles II
(1660 – 1685)
• The Theatres closed – 1642
• Reign of James – II (1685 –
1688) • Reopening of the theatre –
•
1660
The Glorious Revolution -
1688 • The Great Fire of London -
1666
4. The English Revolution and
Puritanism
• The English revolution was carried out under a religious
cloak
• English revolution also called the Puritan revolution
• The Puritan Movement aimed to make man honest and to
make man free.
• preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little
extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor
• Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful.
• the triumph of Puritanism under Cromwell, severe laws were
passed
• Until the end of the Commonwealth, there were two leaders
in England, Cromwell the man of action, and Milton the man
of thought.
5. Literature of the Revolution
Period
General characteristics
1) The Revolution Period was one of confusion in literature due to
the breaking up of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in
simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love
poetry written in the previous period. Literature was as divide din
spirit as were the struggling parties.
2) Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its
brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.
3) Romantic ardor can not be found in literature of the Puritan
period.
4) John Milton, whose work would glorify any age and people, and
in his work the indomitable revolutionary spirit found its noblest
expression. For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton
5) The main literary form of the period was poetry . Besides
Milton, there were two other groups of poets, the Metaphysical
Poets and the Cavalier Poets
6. Metaphysical Poets
• The Metaphysical Poets appeared at the beginning of
the 17th century
• Sought to shatter myths and replace them with new
philosophies, new sciences, new world and new
poetry
• Rebellious spirit, they favored in poetry a more
colloquial language, a single-minded working of one
theme
• Tended to logically reason the things, esp. emotions,
psychologically analyze the emotions of love and
religion, love the novelty and the shocking, use the
metaphysical conceits, and ignore the conventional
devices.
7. Metaphysical Poets
John Donne (1573-1631) is John Donne (1573 – 1631)
the founder of the Abraham Cowley (1619 –
Metaphysical School 1667)
masterpiece is Songs and Richard Crashaw (1613 –
Sonnets, The Sun Rising 1649)
and The Flea George Herbert (1593 –
“were men of learning,& to 1633)
show their learning was their
Henry Vaughan (1622 –
1695)
whole Endeavour…. they Thomas Traherne (1634 –
neither copied nature nor 1704)
life… thoughts are often new
8. Cavalier Poets
• Most of these poets were • Robert Herrick (1591 –
courtiers and soldiers 1674)
• They sided with the king to • Thomas Carew (1598 –
fight against the revolution 1639)
• supported King Charles I • Francis Quaries (1592 –
during the 1644)
English Civil War • Sir John Suckling (1600 –
• King Charles was a 1642)
connoisseur of the fine arts • Richard Lovelace (1618 –
and therefore demanded 1658)
their creation, i.e. masques,
• Andrew Marvell (1621 –
poetry, and drama
1678)
9. John Milton’s Life
• Born: December 9, 1608, • John Milton was an
London English poet
• Died: November 8, 1674, • Polemicist, a scholarly
Chalfont St Giles man of letters, and a civil
• Full name: John Milton servant for the
• Commonwealth of
Parents: John Milton
England under Oliver
• Education: Cromwell
University of Cambridge,
St Paul's School, London,
Christ's College,
Cambridge
10. John Milton’s Life
• I Period – Closing with • II Period – The Horton
the end of his Cambridge period – Closing with his
Career – 1632 departure for the
• His first work is an ode continent - 1638
On the Morning of • 4 minor poems of such
Christ’s Nativity beauty & power
• Its far from perfect • L’Allegro (1633)
• Sadly Marred by • II Penseroso ( 1633)
Conceits & inequalities • Comus (1634)
of Style • Lycidas (1637)
• Remarkable Production
for a poet of 21
11. John Milton’s Life
• Under the inspiration of the • The poet dwqells frankly
learning & art of the upon the pleasures of
renaissance – Write romance & rustic sports –
• Puritan element was at 1st The Greek Drama & The
quite subordinate gradually beauty of Church
the dominant element inhis Architecture & music
writing • Comus
• L’Allegro & II Penseroso • The specific quality of his
• Charming contrasted moral teaching
pictures of Man, Nature, & • a masque in honour of
Art as seen through the chastity
medium of the mood, in the
one case of gladness, and in
the other meloncholy.
12. Comus
Two brothers and their
sister, simply called Rescued with help of
"Lady“ An Attendant spirit &
Lost in a journey The river Nymph
through the woods.
Lady becomes fatigued, Patent allegory of
and the brothers wander virtue attacked by
off in search of sensuality &
sustenance conquering by divine
Lured away by Comus aid
& his band revelers &
rescued by her brother
13. Lycidas
Lycidas first appeared in a 1638 collection of
elegies entitled Justa Edouardo King Naufrago.
the death of Edward King, a collegemate of
Milton's at Cambridge
Monody. A lyrical lament for one voice.
begins with an invocation,
then explores the conventions of the pastoral
ends with a conclusion to Milton's "emotional
problem"
14. Milton’s life
III Period – Prose Modern English prose
writing from 1640 – had not yet come into
1660 existence
20 years continued Areopagitica –
active as a writer of Essentially a plea for
prose freedom of thought &
Dozen sonnets Speech
Style is heavy & Read by every lover of
Cumbrous Lit. & intellectual
liberty
“His left hand didn’t
possess the cunning of
his right”
15. IV Period of Milton
The last Poetic period or Satan is the real hero of the
period of his great poem
achievement Adam --The first human,
Stupendous masterpiece of the father of our race
intellectual energy & Eve --The first woman and
creative power
the mother of mankind.
Paradise Lost – English God the Father - creates
Heroic verse without rime
the world by means of God
Paradise Regained the Son, creating Adam and
Samson Agonistes Eve last
"to justify the ways of God God the Son - Jesus Christ,
to man“ – Theme offers himself as a sacrifice
Also about the fall of Men: to pay for the sins of
man’s disobedience and the mankind
loss of Paradise
16. Paradise Regained betrayed by his wife and
explores the theme of blinded by his enemies the
temptation and fall and Philistines
shows how humankind, in One day he was summoned
the person of Christ, to provide amusement for
withstands the tempter and his enemies by feats of
is established once more in strength in a temple
the divine favor wreaked his vengeance
Samson Agonistes upon his enemies by pulling
a poetical drama modeled down the temple upon them
on the Greek tragedy and upon himself in a
common ruin
the Old Testament
Samson signify Milton
Samson was an athlete of
the Israelites
stood as their champion,
fighting for the freedom of
his country
17. Features of Milton's Poetry
Great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an
outstanding political pamphleteer of the Revolution period.
He made a strong influence on the later progressive English
poets.
Great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. That is because he
made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature.
Great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to
introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it
as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank
verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.
Wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong
influence o later English poetry.
His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of
expression.
18. Milton's Shorter Poems - Renascence Editions
A Paraphrase on Psalm CXIV On the University Carrier
Psalm CXXXVI Another on the Same
The Fifth Ode of Horace. Lib. An Epitaph on the
I Marchioness of Winchester
At a Vacation Exercise L'Allegro
On the Death of a Fair Infant Il Penseroso
Dying of Cough On Time
Song: on May Morning Upon the Circumcision
On the Morning of Christ's At a Solemn Music
Nativity
Lycidas
The Passion
PSALMS I-VIII, LXXX-
On Shakespeare
LXXXVIII
19. Sonnet On The Lord General
O Nightingale! Fairfax, at the Siege of
How soon hath time, the
Colchester
subtle thief of youth To the Lord General
When the Assault was
Cromwell, May 1652
Intended to the City To Sir Henry Vane the
To A Virtuous Young Lady
Younger
On the Late Massacre in
To the Lady Margaret Ley
Piemont
On the Detraction Which
When I Consider How my
Followed Upon My Writing
Light is Spent
Certain Treatises
Lawrence of Virtuous Father
On the Same
Cyriack, Whose Grandsire
To My Friend, Mr.Henry
Lawes on his Airs To Mr. Cyriack Skinner
On the Religious Memory of
Upon His Blindness
Mrs. Catherine Thomson Methought I Saw my late
Espousèd Saint
20. Prose
In Quintum Novembris (1626) - Dana F. Sutton
Excerpt from Christian Doctrine
The Reason of Church Government
Background for Tenure of Kings and Magistrates - Michael
Bryson
Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
A Treatise of Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes
Of Reformation. 1641
Of Education. 1644
The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce
The Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce
Colasterion
Tetrachordon
21. Other Poets & Prose Writers
Robert Herrick – (1591 – Thomas carew (1598 –
1674) 1639)
Secular & religious Poems
Noble Numbers (1648) “He that loves a rosy
Haperides cheek”
His power - Miscellaneous Sir john Suckling (1609 –
in character 42)
Compromising addresses to Ballad upon a wedding
friends Why so pale and wan, fond
Fairy poems lover?
All subject Richard Lovelace (1618 –
58)
Love poems
To Althia from prison
Exquisite fancy &Lyrical
charm & grace Lucasta
To lucasta going to the wars
22. Andrew Marvell (1621 – George Herbert (1593 –
78) 1633)
To His coy mistress The temple
The rehearsal transprosed Affliction
Ode upon Cromwell’s Easter wings
return from Ireland The collar
New Letters (a prose work) Man
Earlier he has written Collections of Lyrical
characteristics of the entitled poetry
cavalier School Richard Crashaw (1613 –
After Restoration- changed 1649)
– Fierce satire in rugged Carmen Deo Nostro
style on King & Supporters
The Infant Mortyrs
Steps to the temple
23. Henry Vaughan (1622- Metaphysical poets
95)
Abraham Cowley(1618-67)
Poems
Regeneration Pyramus & Thisbe
The retreat The Mistress
Olor Iscanus The Davideis
Thalia Reudivia
Pindarique Odes
Silex scintillans
Constantia and Philetus
Francis quarles (1592- Discourse by way of vision
1644)
Concerning the Government
The religious Emblems
of Cromwell (a Prose work)
24. John Donne (1573 -1631) Thomas Traherne (1634 –
1704)
Songs & Sonnets Poems (1903)
Aire and angel Centuries of Meditations
A Nocturnall upon Lucies (1908) (A Prose work)
Day
A Valediction: Forbidding One of the greatest religious
Mourning
& Metaphysical poets as well
The Extasie
Devotions (Sermons in Prose) as prose of 17th century
Ignatius His Enclave (A Beauty & Eloquence as well
Prose work)
as profundity of thought &
Of the Progress of the soul
Death’s Duell spiritual feeling
25. John Bunyan (1628-1688)
traveler's name is Christian
The Pilgrim’s Progress
book falls into two parts.
religious allegory
1 tells of the religious
Concepts - sin, despair, and
faith are represented as conversion of Christian and
people or as aspects of the his religious life in this world.
natural world 2 describes the subsequent
conversion of his wife and
1st appeals to the poets,
their children
2nd to the scholars
Bunyan’s prose is noted for
3rd to the common religious his simple, biblical style.
people of every age and
condition
uses idiomatic expressions
naturally.
religious man’s search for
salvation, and gives a truthful
biblical language enables
picture of English society him to narrate stories and
reveal ideas in a direct way.
26. Restoration literature is The prevalence of the
deeply influenced by French heroic couplet (2 iambic
classical taste.
pentameter lines which
It is a period of French rime together) in poetry.
influence.
General characteristics
Grace Abounding
The tendency to vulgar The Life & Death of Mr.
realism in the drama. Badman
Restoration writers sought to The Holy war
paint realistic pictures of a
corrupt society. The world’s literature has
A general formalism. They three great allegories:
produced coarse, low plays Spenser’s - The Faerie
without interest or moral Queene,
significance.
Dante’s - Divine Comedy
The development of a simpler
and more direct prose style. Bunyan’s - Pilgrim’s
27. John Dryden (1631-1700)
Aldwinkle All Saints, Absalom and Achitophel -
Northamptonshire powerful political satire -
Educated – Westminister & to ridicule and attack the
Trinity college, Cambridge whigs, and to revenge
himself upon his enemies
Settled in London – 1657
prose writer - marked
wrote 27plays
influence on English
most of them are affected by literature in shortening his
the immorality of the stage sentence and especially in
All for Love, a tragedy writing naturally
dealing with the same story cared little for style - tried
as Shakespeare’s Antony and to state his critical ability -
Cleopatra foremost critic of his age
a poet of intellect, not of famous prose composition
emotion is An Essay of Dramatic
controversial and satirical Poesy
28. Influence on English Astraea Redux (1663) - the
literature happy restoration of Charles– II
Established the heroic couplet Poet Laureate – 1670
as the fashion for satiric, Absalom & Achitophel(1681)
didactic, and descriptive – Political satires.
poetry To defend the King’s policy
Developed a direct and against the Earl of Shaftesbury
concise prose style & Specially famous for its
Developed the art of literary powerful character-studies
criticism in his essays and in Shaftesbury as Achitophel
the numerous prefaces to his The duke of Buckingham as
poems Zimiri
The forerunner of the English The Medal – Invective against
classical school of literature shaftesbury
1st poem – The heroic stanzas MacFlecknoe – scathing
on the death of Oliver personal attack his friend
Cromwell (1659) Thomas Shadwell
29. 2 Theological Poems He mostly influenced by
Religio Laici (1682) – A Cowley – “ The darling of my
defence of the Church of Youth”
England Annu Mirabilis (1667)
The Hind & The Panther 2 great events of the
(1687) – favour of Roman wonderful year – The War
Catholicism with Holland: The Fire of
It exhibits Dryden’s mastery London
Not strict religious sense The Fables – written amid the
anxieties of his last years
The revolution of 1688 came
upon him as a heavy blow Fine tales
He lost his poet Laureate Rank among our best story –
tellers in verse
As a poet – Ripened slowly
The palamon & Arcite based
1st poem – The death of Young
on The Knightes Tale
Lord hastings – in 18 – Crude
& Bombastic
30. Little imaginative power, depth The Essay of Dramatic Poesy
of feeling, spiritual glow or – considers the respective
fervour principles & merits of 3 Chief
2 remarkable Odes - To The types of Drama
Memory of Mrs. Anne The Classical Drama of
Killigrew Greece & Romans
Alexander’s Feast The Neo-Classical drama of
Splendid intellectuality & the French
manly vigour of style The Romantic drama of the
Many passage of wonderful English
strength & eloquence And Justify the rime in place
1st great modern prose writer & of Blank Verse
Modern critic His criticism – historically
His work is thus of capital importance
importance as a commentary Prose style – Clearness,
upon the tastes & ideals of the Vigour, wonderful felicity of
rising Classical School of Lit. Phrase & Colloquial
31. Other Works
Preface to his plays
An essay of Dramatic Poesy
Dryden’s plays
Tyrannic Love
Conquest of Granada
All for Love
The rival ladies
The Indian Emperor
Aureng – Zeb
Don Sebastian
Cleomenes
Love Triumphant
32. Samuel Butler (1612 – 1680)
3 parts of Hudibras – 1663,
The story begins with these
1664, 1678 – Published 2
Satire on Puritans 1st part - Tremendous
Stimulate – Saints & Their conflict with the rabble
Cause (Mob) & leads to their
Wonderful Burlesque being set by the heels in the
romance parish stocks
The misadventures of a 2nd part – incidents follow
knight & his squire: I’ll which keep up the interest
fortunes in love till
2 central figure – the The rest – composed of
Presbyterian Sir Hudibras Odds & ends of epistles,
(Military enthusiast – digressions, satire tirades
Hypocrite) : Attendant Some of its best passages
Ralpo (vulgar canting suffer from prolixity
imposter)
33. The local & temporary nature of its subject –
matter is also a serious disadvantage
Its full of wit & vivacity
Doggerel metres & astonishing double rimes
“intention to kill Puritanism by ridicule & delight
34. Other writers
Sir William Temple(1628 Essay on the human
– 99) Understanding
Best know to his relations Treatise on Government
with Swift Thought on Education
Letters & Essays in a plain Minor prose writers- John
but Polished style Evelyn(1620 – 1706);
John Tillotson (1630 – 94) Samuel Pepys (1633 –
Introduced a similar style 1703)
into religious oratory- Evelyn’s Diary – record of
importance in the contemporary events – the
establishment of the new point of view of a loyal,
prose thoughtful, & high-minded
John Locke (1632 – 1704) royalist.
Prose in Philosophic Grave, simple style
exposition & discussion Pepy’s Diary – entertaining
was distinctly shown
35. It covers 10 years nearly The domestic troubles,
from 1 January, 1660 to 31
st st
the jealousies,
may 1669
Philandering, Success &
Noteworthy – the
restoration, the Great Disappointment
Plague, The great Fire
Vivid descriptions which it
gives of the men & Manners
of the day
the habits, fashions &
Scandals of the town
The gossip of the streets, the
coffee-houses & the play
houses & personal life &
doings
36. Renaissance
the ‘rebirth’ of literature, art & learning that progressively
transformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy
to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the
rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature, & accelerated
by the development of printing. The Renaissance is commonly
held to mark the close of the middle Ages and the beginning of
the modern Western world. In literary terms, it is marked by a
new self-confidence in vernacular literatures, a flourishing of
lyric poetry, and a revival of such classical forms as epic and
pastoral literature.
37. Soliloquy
A dramatic convention by means of which a
character, alone on stage, utters his or her
thoughts aloud. Playwrights use soliloquies as
a convenient way to inform the audience about
a character’s motivations and state of mind.
38. Ballads
The narrative folk song that tells a story, which originates and is
communicated orally mainly among illiterates, usually in 4-line
stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed
Epistolary Novel
A type of novel in which the narrative is carried on by means of
series of letters. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740) and
Clarissa Harlowe (1748) are among the best known epistolary
novels. It can be classified into two kinds: the monologue
epistolary novel and the dialogue epistolary novel
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