Serge Savary and Richard Strange
SPECIAL EVENT
The Shape of Food Security – A Presentation on the Creation, Life, and Publications of Food Security
JUN 4, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:30 PM EDT
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The Shape of Food Security – A Presentation on the Creation, Life, and Publications of Food Security
1. The Shape of Food Security
a presentation on the creation,
life, and publications of Food
Security
Serge Savary 1*, Stephen Waddington 2
and Richard Strange 3*
* speakers
(1) INRA, UMR Agir, Centre INRA Toulouse-Occitanie, France
(2) Cuernavaca, Mexico
(3) Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment,
University College London, UK
7. Reasons for Starting a Journal Devoted
to Food Security
1. Norman Borlaug’s gauntlet
2. Support by distinguished scientists
3. Food Security papers were widely distributed in the literature
4. and the importance of plant health for global food security
8. Problem of Title
Wide scope
• Physical Environment
• Biological Environment
• Socio-Economic and Political Environment
9. Solution to the Problem of the Title
Food Security: the science, sociology and
economics of food production and access to
food
13. Necessity for an Editorial Board
Senior Editors
• Physical environment
– Reimund Rötter: Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
• Biological Environment
– Stephen Waddington (and Deputy Editor in Chief): Cuernavaca, Mexico
• Sociological Environment
– Connie Almekinders: WUR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
• Nutritional Environment
– Michael Dibley: The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Australia
• Political and Economic Environment
– Derrill Watson: Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, USA
14. Paper Flow
EiC alerted to new submission
Appoints SE
Appoints AE
Appoints 2
Reviewers
AE’s Decision
SE’s Decision
EiC’s Decision
Appoints AE
Appoints 2
Reviewers
AE’s Decision
Appoints 2
Reviewers
15. Analysing Food Security publications
• Which topics have been most addressed?
• Are all aspects of Food Security addressed?
• Any heterogeneity?
• How inter-disciplinary is the journal?
• What is the shape of the food security problem,
through the lens of Food Security as a journal?
Objectives
16. Analysis of Food Security publications
• sample: articles published in Food Security since January 2009 till June 2018
• use of the web of knowledge
• use of Title, Abstract, Keywords to characterise each article and encode
variables
• phrases or key words searched within (1) Title, (2) Abstract, and (3)
Keywords, in this order
• each article classified using non-overlapping typologies of categories for
each variable
• 552 articles processed and involved in the analysis
• statistical methods distribution frequencies, contingency tables, chi-square
tests, and (multiple) correspondence analysis
Methods
17. Analysis of Food Security publications
Variables
Codes Values
FoodSecComp Production; Stability; Availability-Stocks; PhysicalAccess; EconAccess; Util-Safe-Nut
Target - Scale Global; Country-Region; Household; Individuals (children or women)
Article type FEX: field or experimental study, survey, or case-study; COP: commentary or opinion; REV:
review; MOD: methods and models
StudyRegion (different regions of the world)
System agrosystem; forest; freshw; marine; cities; garden; socsys: social and economic system(s);
market-loc: local market system(s); trade-glob: global trade system(s); foodsys: food and
nutritional system(s); value chains; policy-env
FoodSecFactor The many factors that may influence Systems. Many values, from “Belief-Rituals” to “Water”
18. Distributions:
type of articles
• Large number of empirical (field,
experiment, survey, etc.) studies
• Many reviews
• Fewer papers with commentaries and
opinions, or on methods and models
COP FEX MOD REV
article type
0
100
200
300
400
numberofarticles
19. Distributions:
components of food
security
• Production is the component most
frequently addressed
• The (production) stability, availability-
stocks, economic access, and nutritional
components equivalently represented
• Quite a few studies on multiple
components
• Very few (4) studies addressing the
physical access
Production
Stability
Availability-Stocks
PhysicalAccess
EconAccess
U
til-Safe-N
ut
M
ultiple
N
A
components of food security
0
100
200
300
numberofarticles
20. Distributions:
scales
• Studies at the household scale
dominate
• Followed by country-region and
global
• Fewer papers on individual scales,
including children and women
G
lobal
C
ountry-R
egion
H
ousehold
W
om
en
C
hildren
Individuals
scale or target of study
0
50
100
150
200
250
numberofarticles
21. Distributions:
systems considered
• Articles dealing with agrosystems
dominate
• The food, social, (local) market, global
trade, and policy systems however
collectively represent about half the
publications
• Fewer papers on production systems
that are not (or not strictly speaking)
agrosystems: cities, forest, fresh water,
marine, and gardens
agrosystem
forestfreshw
m
arinegardens
citiesfoodsyssocsys
m
arket-loc
trade-glob
policy-env
N
A
system considered
0
100
200
300numberofarticles
22. Distributions:
factors of food security
• Very many factors of food security
considered
• Policies and R&D are dominant
• Adoption (of technologies), better
diets, inadequate diets, markets &
prices, pathogens and pests, are
frequent
• Seemingly under-represented:
animal health, beliefs and rituals,
biodiversity, conflicts, migrations
Adoption
Anim
alH
ealth
Beliefs-R
ituals
BetterD
iets
Biodiversity
Biofuels
C
lim
ate
C
hange
C
onflicts
D
ietary
transition
Education
Fuel
G
ender
G
overnance
Inadequate
diet
Land
U
se
M
arket&
Prices
M
igrations
Pathogens
&
Pests
Pesticides
Policies
Post-H
arvest
Poverty
R
&D
-Food
SecuritySoils
ToxicantsW
ater
factors of food security
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
numberofarticles
23. Distributions:
Geographic origin of
articles
• SSA strongly dominant
• South Asia well represented
• Other regions in the developing world
less represented
• A few studies in North America, Western
Europe
• Sizable representation of global studies
Am
ericaC
entral
Am
ericaN
orth
Am
ericaSouth
AsiaC
entral
AsiaEast
AsiaSouth
AsiaSouthEast
EuropeEast
EuropeW
estO
ceania
SSA
TropicalW
orldW
AN
A
W
orld
N
.A.
studied world region
0
100
200
300numberofarticles
24. Multiple correspondence analysis:
[Components x Scale]
-2 -1 0 1 2
-1.5-1.0-0.50.00.51.01.5
Dim 1 (16.62%)
Dim2(14.59%)
Availability-Stocks
EconAccess
Multiple
Production
Stability
Util-Safe-Nut
Country-Region
Global
Household
Indiv-Person
• There is a strong association between
Components and Scales
• χ2 = 80.325 (15 df, P < 0.000)
• Individuals associated with nutrition
(Util-Safe-Nut)
• Household associated with Economic
access
• Country -Region scale associated with
Stocks and Production
• Global scale weakly associated with
several components
25. -2 -1 0 1 2
-1.5-1.0-0.50.00.51.01.5
Dim 1 (16.62%)
Dim2(14.59%)
Availability-Stocks
EconAccess
Multiple
Production
Stability
Util-Safe-Nut
Country-Region
Global
Household
Indiv-Person
agrosystem
cities
foodsys
OtherSystem
policy-env
socsys
trade-glob
Multiple correspondence analysis:
[Components x Scale] + Systems
• The food system is associated with the
individual scale, and Nutrition
• Cities and the social system are associated
with the household scale
• Trade (global) is associated with country
and region
26. -2 -1 0 1 2
-1.5-1.0-0.50.00.51.01.5
Dim 1 (16.62%)
Dim2(14.59%)
Availability-Stocks EconAccess
Multiple
Production
Stability
Util-Safe-Nut
Country-Region
Global
Household
Indiv-Person
AmericaCentralAmericaNorth
AmericaSouth
AsiaCentral
AsiaEast
AsiaSouth
AsiaSouthEast
EuropeEast
EuropeWest
N.A.
Oceania
SSA
TropicalWorld
WANA
World
Multiple correspondence analysis:
[Components x Scale] + Regions
• South Asia, North America are
associated with the household scale
• Central Asia, WANA, East Europe, (East
Asia) are associated with country and
region
28. Some (tentative) conclusions
• (we’re still working on these)
• success of the journal in being interdisciplinary
• challenges of being so
• Some (cautious) directions:
– Components: look more into the physical access
– Scales: more on the individual (women, children, the elderly)
– Factors: animal health, beliefs & rituals, biodiversity, conflicts,
migrations
– Systems: look at systems other than “agrosystems”: forests (and
agroforests); freshwater; marine; cities; gardens
29. Webpage of Food Security:
www.springer.com/life+sci/agriculture/journal/12571
Online submission via Editorial Manager:
http://www.editorialmanager.com/fose
To receive alerts of new articles, subscribe at:
www.springer.com/alerting
Impact Factor 2.970
In partnership with the
International Society for Plant Pathology www.isppweb.org
ISPP Task Force on Global Food Security
www.isppweb.org/foodsecurity_background.asp
Special rate for Members of ISPP and Associated Societies
Read more at:
http://www.isppweb.org/foodsecurity_journal.asp
Available through Springer Developing Countries Initiatives such as
AGORA, HINARI and OARE.
2009-2012, 4 volumes (4 issues each) and one supplement
2013-2017 5 volumes (6 issues each)
ISSN: 1876-4517 (print version)
The Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Norman Borlaug. Anyone know who he was? Saved more people’s lives than anyone ever! Father of the Green Revolution. Bred the short strawed cultivars of wheat which were rust resistant. He was the initial inspiration of Food Security. At the 7th meeting of the International Society of Plant Pathology, held in Edinburgh in 1998, he challenged the Society by asking what it was doing about food security.
The ISPP’s response was to establish a Task Force for Food Security, which met in Bangkok in 1999 under the leadership of my friend, Peter Scott
The Green Revolution wheats had short straws so not so much biomass went into the straw and more into the grain. Also crucially, they were resistant to rust.
This is a good point at which to introduce my friend and colleague, Peter Scott. Formed a Task Force for Food Security. He was my co-conspirator in starting the journal and a former President of ISPP. His knowledge of the publishing world was invaluable and, as we shall see, so were his contacts.
We had combined on a paper in 2005. But it was my wife who made the pertinent remark “Why don’t you and Peter start a journal?” I am sure she regrets it. But Peter and I thought there was some mileage in this.
Were there other journals in the area of food security? In a literature search we found 260 journals that had the words Food and Security in the titles but only 23 had five papers or more over a 3 year period. The numbers along the bottom are the names of journals in alphabetical order. The colours refer to the type of journal: olive – economics; blue – water; red – agriculture; green – nutrition; yellow- climate; pink – general. So, the papers were sparsely distributed among journals. What about gathering them together in a single title? So we wrote a proposal and Springer said that they were interested. Would Peter and I meet Springer representatives in Dordrecht. Well, of course we would, but I nearly sabotaged the whole thing by leaving my passport behind! Fortunately, turning on my charm with the young girl official and production of my driving licence got me onto the Eurostar train! We had a good meeting and, as a result, the journal came into being in 2009 as a joint venture of the International Society of Plant Pathology and Springer. And I was designated Editor-in-Chief!
Colour code
Economics
Water
Agriculture
Nutrition
Climate
General
1-23 are the journals in alphabetical order (names on request!)
What shall we call it? This was quite a problem because the topic of food security is so broad. Clearly food security is affected by the physical environment (temperature, precipitation, water and soil characteristics but also the biological environment and the socio-economic environment. People like me are familiar with at least part of the biological environment – plant disease but there are also insect pests and weeds to be considered. The socio-economic and Political environment is, if anything, even more fraught.
There was some debate as to whether we should have put the word “Global” in front of the title. In fact there is a newer journal which does exactly that – Global Food Security! Emulation is the sincerest form of flattery! Also, perhaps the word politics should be there.
Peter and I put together a proposal and, after a couple of conference phone calls and a meeting in Dordrecht it was taken up by Springer.
Celebration of the launch of Food Security at ICPP 2008 in Torino. The representative of the publisher of the journal, Springer, is Zuzana Bernhart on the left. Peter Scott, my co-conspirator in starting the journal is on the right and the Editor-in-Chief is in the middle (you might recognize him!). So, any observations, suggestions or complaints to me please – and of course any papers but for these please submit via the website of the journal.