The document discusses the role of opium in strengthening the British Empire's control over India during the 18th century. It describes how the British East India Company began cultivating opium in India and trading it with China to solve their trade imbalance problem. The opium trade grew dramatically over the century. The revenues from opium helped the British East India Company establish control over Bengal and other key territories in India through military victories. By the late 18th century, opium had become the world's most valuable commodity and helped make the British East India Company one of the largest companies, strengthening the British Empire's power in the region.
During the 15th and 16th centuries, European explorers sailed to previously unknown parts of the world inspired by greed, curiosity, and glory. Key figures included Marco Polo, whose accounts of China intrigued Europeans, and Prince Henry of Portugal, who sponsored voyages down the coast of Africa. Major breakthroughs included Bartolomeu Dias rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 and Vasco da Gama reaching India in 1498, establishing a direct trade route and bypassing Arab middlemen. Christopher Columbus' voyages to the Americas beginning in 1492 opened that part of the world to European colonization, though he did not achieve his goal of finding a direct route to Asia.
The American Revolution can be summarized as follows:
1) The Revolution was a period from 1763-1783 that involved not just the war for independence but also the colonists' transition from seeing themselves as British subjects to an independent American nation.
2) The war officially lasted from 1775-1781, beginning with the battles of Lexington and Concord and ending with the British surrender at Yorktown.
3) The Treaty of Paris in 1783 officially recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi River to the new United States.
The document discusses United States economic imperialism in Latin America during the 19th century. After independence from European colonial powers, Latin American countries struggled with political instability under military dictators known as caudillos. Their economies remained focused on exporting raw materials, making them dependent on foreign trade. The United States and other powers increasingly pressured Latin America economically and politically through the century, culminating in the Roosevelt Corollary that justified U.S. intervention as an "international police power" in the region.
The document provides background information on the founding of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607. It discusses several key events and figures in the early history of the Jamestown colony, including the founding by the Virginia Company, the leadership of John Smith, the "Starving Time" period, the introduction of tobacco farming by John Rolfe, the marriage of Pocahontas and Rolfe, the arrival of women settlers, the establishment of the House of Burgesses representative assembly, indentured servancy, Bacon's Rebellion, and Virginia becoming a royal colony. The document aims to explain how the establishment of Jamestown impacted the development of the English colonies in North America.
The document provides an overview of the Enlightenment period in Europe and its impact. It discusses how the Scientific Revolution challenged traditional views and led thinkers to apply reason to social issues. Major Enlightenment philosophers such as Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau debated the roles of government and natural rights. Their ideas influenced revolutions in America and France. The U.S. Constitution incorporated principles of separation of powers, checks and balances, and inalienable rights that stem from Enlightenment thinking.
The Opium Wars were a series of conflicts in the mid-19th century between Britain and China over Britain's trade of opium to China. The Chinese government sought to stop the opium trade and imposed harsh penalties on opium trafficking. In response, Britain went to war to protect its lucrative opium trade, defeating China in the First Opium War (1839-1842) and forcing China to open new ports to foreign trade. The Second Opium War (1856-1860) further weakened China's control over trade. The wars demonstrated the vast military superiority of Western imperial powers over Qing China and contributed to China's decline in the late imperial era.
Hogan's History- Age of Exploration & DiscoveryWilliam Hogan
1. The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Asia around 22,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. The Vikings were also early explorers, establishing communities in North America around 1000 AD.
2. Christopher Columbus received funding for his voyage from Queen Isabella of Spain after being rejected by King John II of Portugal. On his first voyage in 1492, Columbus landed in the Bahamas, believing he had reached Asia.
3. The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés led the conquest of the powerful Aztec Empire in Mexico in the 1520s with the help of horses, guns, and native allies. Disease and violence brought by the Europeans devast
The Opium War was a conflict between Britain and China from 1839 to 1842 over Britain's illegal opium trade. The Qing emperor sought to stop the flow of opium into China due to the large number of addicts. When China confiscated and destroyed British opium, Britain launched a military response. The war consisted of several naval battles along China's coast. China was defeated and forced to sign treaties ceding Hong Kong to Britain and granting extraterritorial rights, weakening China's sovereignty.
During the 15th and 16th centuries, European explorers sailed to previously unknown parts of the world inspired by greed, curiosity, and glory. Key figures included Marco Polo, whose accounts of China intrigued Europeans, and Prince Henry of Portugal, who sponsored voyages down the coast of Africa. Major breakthroughs included Bartolomeu Dias rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 and Vasco da Gama reaching India in 1498, establishing a direct trade route and bypassing Arab middlemen. Christopher Columbus' voyages to the Americas beginning in 1492 opened that part of the world to European colonization, though he did not achieve his goal of finding a direct route to Asia.
The American Revolution can be summarized as follows:
1) The Revolution was a period from 1763-1783 that involved not just the war for independence but also the colonists' transition from seeing themselves as British subjects to an independent American nation.
2) The war officially lasted from 1775-1781, beginning with the battles of Lexington and Concord and ending with the British surrender at Yorktown.
3) The Treaty of Paris in 1783 officially recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi River to the new United States.
The document discusses United States economic imperialism in Latin America during the 19th century. After independence from European colonial powers, Latin American countries struggled with political instability under military dictators known as caudillos. Their economies remained focused on exporting raw materials, making them dependent on foreign trade. The United States and other powers increasingly pressured Latin America economically and politically through the century, culminating in the Roosevelt Corollary that justified U.S. intervention as an "international police power" in the region.
The document provides background information on the founding of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607. It discusses several key events and figures in the early history of the Jamestown colony, including the founding by the Virginia Company, the leadership of John Smith, the "Starving Time" period, the introduction of tobacco farming by John Rolfe, the marriage of Pocahontas and Rolfe, the arrival of women settlers, the establishment of the House of Burgesses representative assembly, indentured servancy, Bacon's Rebellion, and Virginia becoming a royal colony. The document aims to explain how the establishment of Jamestown impacted the development of the English colonies in North America.
The document provides an overview of the Enlightenment period in Europe and its impact. It discusses how the Scientific Revolution challenged traditional views and led thinkers to apply reason to social issues. Major Enlightenment philosophers such as Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau debated the roles of government and natural rights. Their ideas influenced revolutions in America and France. The U.S. Constitution incorporated principles of separation of powers, checks and balances, and inalienable rights that stem from Enlightenment thinking.
The Opium Wars were a series of conflicts in the mid-19th century between Britain and China over Britain's trade of opium to China. The Chinese government sought to stop the opium trade and imposed harsh penalties on opium trafficking. In response, Britain went to war to protect its lucrative opium trade, defeating China in the First Opium War (1839-1842) and forcing China to open new ports to foreign trade. The Second Opium War (1856-1860) further weakened China's control over trade. The wars demonstrated the vast military superiority of Western imperial powers over Qing China and contributed to China's decline in the late imperial era.
Hogan's History- Age of Exploration & DiscoveryWilliam Hogan
1. The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Asia around 22,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. The Vikings were also early explorers, establishing communities in North America around 1000 AD.
2. Christopher Columbus received funding for his voyage from Queen Isabella of Spain after being rejected by King John II of Portugal. On his first voyage in 1492, Columbus landed in the Bahamas, believing he had reached Asia.
3. The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés led the conquest of the powerful Aztec Empire in Mexico in the 1520s with the help of horses, guns, and native allies. Disease and violence brought by the Europeans devast
The Opium War was a conflict between Britain and China from 1839 to 1842 over Britain's illegal opium trade. The Qing emperor sought to stop the flow of opium into China due to the large number of addicts. When China confiscated and destroyed British opium, Britain launched a military response. The war consisted of several naval battles along China's coast. China was defeated and forced to sign treaties ceding Hong Kong to Britain and granting extraterritorial rights, weakening China's sovereignty.
Lecture on Ethnicities, minorities and immigration in BritainElhem Chniti
This document discusses the history of immigration and ethnic minorities in Britain. It begins by defining key terms like minority, racism, ethnicity, segregation, assimilation, and multiculturalism. It then summarizes the arrival of immigrants from 1914-1945, primarily soldiers from Britain's colonies fighting in World War I and II. The document continues by outlining immigration from 1946-1948, when laborers arrived from Poland, Italy and the Caribbean to fill post-war labor shortages. Key acts aimed at reducing discrimination, like the 1965, 1968 and 1976 Race Relations Acts are mentioned. The document concludes with statistics on Britain's ethnic population breakdown and lifestyles.
The Opium Wars were two wars in the 19th century between Britain and China over Britain's trade of opium into China in violation of Chinese law. The First Opium War (1839-1842) resulted in China ceding Hong Kong to Britain and opening five treaty ports. The Second Opium War (1856-1860) further expanded foreign influence in China and legalized the opium trade, opening more ports and allowing foreign travel in China. The wars weakened China's Qing dynasty and forced greater foreign involvement in China.
First and second lectures for second year ISLN students in American history. The lectures focus on the economic political and social divide of the American nation in 1860-1865
The document discusses the French and Indian War, including the key causes being competition over the Ohio River Valley and different alliances with Native American groups, major events like General Braddock's defeat after ignoring George Washington's advice, and the results of the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the war and greatly expanded British territory in North America.
The document summarizes the history of opium use and trade between Europe, Britain, China, and India from the 11th century to the early 19th century. It led to the two Opium Wars between Britain and China. Key points:
- Opium was introduced to China in the 7th century but recreational use increased in the 15th century. The British East India Company grew opium in India and traded it to China, causing widespread addiction.
- Britain had a large trade deficit with China that it sought to resolve through opium exports, despite Chinese bans on the drug. Widespread corruption in Qing officials also enabled the opium trade.
- The confiscation of British op
Before European contact, native populations across North America developed diverse social, political, and economic structures adapted to their environments. Some groups, like the Maya, Aztecs, and Incas, formed large empires with advanced agricultural systems, while others like those in North America lived in smaller, nomadic societies relying on hunting and gathering. Beginning in the 15th century, Europeans began exploring and colonizing, seeking wealth, trade, and empire. Spain claimed much of North and South America and forced native populations into oppressive systems like encomiendas, dramatically reducing their numbers through violence and disease. Debates emerged around how to classify and treat indigenous peoples.
The document summarizes key events and concepts around the American Revolution, including the taxation of the 13 colonies by Britain to repay war debts, the growing anger of colonists which led to the start of the war, and the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4th 1776 which declared independence from Britain and established inalienable rights including life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
The Opium Wars were a series of conflicts in the 19th century between Britain and China over Britain's sale of opium to China. The First Opium War broke out in 1841 due to China's attempts to stop the opium trade. In the resulting 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, China was forced to pay reparations to Britain, open treaty ports, and cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain. This weakened China's Qing dynasty and allowed Western powers to gain greater influence in China through unequal treaties and trade privileges.
This document provides background information on the events leading up to the American Revolution. It discusses the French and Indian War and its aftermath, including the Proclamation of 1763 which prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. It then covers the various Acts passed by the British Parliament that angered the colonists, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Intolerable Acts, which imposed taxes and other restrictions on the colonies and limited their autonomy. The document also describes key events that increased tensions, like the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party, demonstrating the growing conflict between the colonies and Britain that ultimately led to the American Revolution.
The Boxer Uprising was a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement that took place in China between 1899-1901. It was a response to foreign occupation and Christian missionary activity in China following the Opium Wars. The uprising was supported by the Empress Dowager Cixi as a way to direct discontent against foreign powers instead of the Manchu government. However, the uprising failed when foreign powers sent military forces to China, defeated the Boxers, and made China sign a humiliating treaty imposing heavy reparations. The uprising further weakened China's power internationally and paved the way for the nationalist revolution of 1911.
This document summarizes some key events in 17th century English history related to conflicts between monarchs and parliament. It discusses:
1) Growing power of Puritans in the House of Commons and their conflicts with King Charles I over money and dissolving parliament, leading to the English Civil War.
2) Oliver Cromwell taking power as Lord Protector after beheading Charles I and establishing England as a republic, but failing to control parliament.
3) The Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II but continued conflicts over Catholic rights, leading to the Glorious Revolution and William and Mary accepting constitutional monarchy under the English Bill of Rights.
The document discusses various aspects of imperialism and US expansionism between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It describes how the US and European powers practiced imperialism by exerting control over smaller countries for their resources. Specifically, it outlines how the US annexed Hawaii through involvement of missionaries and marines, gained control over Cuba and the Philippines through the Spanish-American War, established spheres of influence over China, and built the Panama Canal to strengthen its global power.
The document discusses the age of imperialism from 1870-1914 when European powers, the US, and Japan colonized parts of Africa, Asia, and Oceania. It outlines the economic, political, and social causes of imperialism including seeking new markets and resources. It describes how European powers conquered and divided up Africa at the Berlin Conference of 1885 which led to disputes over territory. It also discusses the occupation of Asia, including Britain and France taking large parts of the continent and Western powers forcing China to open up to trade. The largest colonial empires were the British and French empires. The document concludes with consequences of colonialism such as demographic changes, cultural and economic impacts, and social disruption in colonized regions.
25. imperialism in southeast asia and the pacificMrAguiar
Western powers colonized most of Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands by the late 1800s. The Dutch took control of Indonesia, the British expanded into Burma and Malaysia, and the French seized areas that became French Indochina. Spain originally held the Philippines but lost it to the United States after the Spanish-American War in 1898. Many colonized peoples resisted European rule but were unable to overcome the industrialized military powers. The colonizers restructured local economies and societies to their benefit, weakening traditional cultures, imposing arbitrary borders, and causing dependence on imported goods.
The document discusses the colonization of Latin America by European powers. It describes how Portugal's control of trade routes led Spain to seek another route, discovering the Americas. This led Pope Alexander VI to establish the Line of Demarcation dividing new lands between Spain and Portugal. However, other European nations like France, England and the Netherlands still explored and settled in these areas. The document also discusses how Spain and Portugal ruled their colonies from a distance and often mistreated the indigenous populations.
Unit 6 lesson 3 manchu dynasty power pointCRCourseDev
The Manchus, originally from Manchuria, conquered Beijing in 1644 after a peasant revolt overthrew the Ming dynasty. They established the Qing dynasty and ruled China until 1911. The Manchus faced resistance from the Chinese people and ordered all men to adopt Manchu hairstyles and clothing. To balance their ethnic differences with the majority Han Chinese, the Manchus maintained their own legal status and military units while also recruiting Chinese into government positions. The Qing dynasty began to decline in the late 18th century due to factors such as corruption, high taxes, overpopulation, and the costly suppression of rebellions. Their refusal of more liberal trade with European powers also contributed to later problems with Western military advances.
This document summarizes political revolutions and nationalist movements in Europe during the 19th century. It discusses the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, which spread across Europe challenging conservative monarchies. It then analyzes the impact on specific countries and regions, including the failure of German unification, the eventual unification of Italy and Germany, and political changes in Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia in the aftermath of 1848. Key events discussed include the Crimean War and its consequences for European alliances.
The document summarizes the effects of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa and the Americas. In Africa, the slave trade disrupted demographic patterns and family structures by targeting men. It undermined the economy by introducing European goods used to trade for slaves. It also increased wars and tensions as slaves became a commodity. In the Americas, the slave trade led to demographic changes and the integration of African culture. It also boosted the economy but left a legacy of racial and economic inequality. The Atlantic slave trade differed from other historical slavery in its immense scale, hereditary nature without chance of freedom, targeting of Africans, and rationalization by Europeans.
The Enlightenment philosophers used reason to challenge traditional political and social structures. Thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Montesquieu proposed ideas like social contracts, natural rights, and separation of powers that influenced governments to become more limited and protective of individual liberties. Enlightenment ideals also spread among the French philosophes, though their radical views faced criticism. Overall, the philosophers' emphasis on reason and individual rights sparked political and social changes across Europe.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and including the battles of Lexington and Concord, which marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. Tensions between the colonies and Britain over taxation and representation led the British Army to send 700 soldiers to seize arms from the colonists. Paul Revere alerted the Minutemen that the British were coming. At Lexington, the colonists were outnumbered but were told to disperse, and the first shots were fired. More blood was shed at Concord, marking the first armed conflict between Britain and the colonies on April 19, 1775.
Samuel T. Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" and "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"Lisa Hager
This document provides an overview of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and his poems "Kubla Khan" and "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". It includes sections on Coleridge's biography and contemporaries Robert Southey and William Wordsworth. It then analyzes and compares the themes, plots and illustrations related to Coleridge's two poems.
The poem describes Kubla Khan's decree to build the pleasure dome of Xanadu, an earthly paradise. It had fertile grounds enclosed by walls and towers, with bright gardens and ancient forests. However, an untouched chasm represented the untamed natural world beyond man's control. From this chasm emerged a sacred river that meandered for five miles before sinking into a sunless sea, representing the fleeting nature of creative inspiration.
Lecture on Ethnicities, minorities and immigration in BritainElhem Chniti
This document discusses the history of immigration and ethnic minorities in Britain. It begins by defining key terms like minority, racism, ethnicity, segregation, assimilation, and multiculturalism. It then summarizes the arrival of immigrants from 1914-1945, primarily soldiers from Britain's colonies fighting in World War I and II. The document continues by outlining immigration from 1946-1948, when laborers arrived from Poland, Italy and the Caribbean to fill post-war labor shortages. Key acts aimed at reducing discrimination, like the 1965, 1968 and 1976 Race Relations Acts are mentioned. The document concludes with statistics on Britain's ethnic population breakdown and lifestyles.
The Opium Wars were two wars in the 19th century between Britain and China over Britain's trade of opium into China in violation of Chinese law. The First Opium War (1839-1842) resulted in China ceding Hong Kong to Britain and opening five treaty ports. The Second Opium War (1856-1860) further expanded foreign influence in China and legalized the opium trade, opening more ports and allowing foreign travel in China. The wars weakened China's Qing dynasty and forced greater foreign involvement in China.
First and second lectures for second year ISLN students in American history. The lectures focus on the economic political and social divide of the American nation in 1860-1865
The document discusses the French and Indian War, including the key causes being competition over the Ohio River Valley and different alliances with Native American groups, major events like General Braddock's defeat after ignoring George Washington's advice, and the results of the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the war and greatly expanded British territory in North America.
The document summarizes the history of opium use and trade between Europe, Britain, China, and India from the 11th century to the early 19th century. It led to the two Opium Wars between Britain and China. Key points:
- Opium was introduced to China in the 7th century but recreational use increased in the 15th century. The British East India Company grew opium in India and traded it to China, causing widespread addiction.
- Britain had a large trade deficit with China that it sought to resolve through opium exports, despite Chinese bans on the drug. Widespread corruption in Qing officials also enabled the opium trade.
- The confiscation of British op
Before European contact, native populations across North America developed diverse social, political, and economic structures adapted to their environments. Some groups, like the Maya, Aztecs, and Incas, formed large empires with advanced agricultural systems, while others like those in North America lived in smaller, nomadic societies relying on hunting and gathering. Beginning in the 15th century, Europeans began exploring and colonizing, seeking wealth, trade, and empire. Spain claimed much of North and South America and forced native populations into oppressive systems like encomiendas, dramatically reducing their numbers through violence and disease. Debates emerged around how to classify and treat indigenous peoples.
The document summarizes key events and concepts around the American Revolution, including the taxation of the 13 colonies by Britain to repay war debts, the growing anger of colonists which led to the start of the war, and the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4th 1776 which declared independence from Britain and established inalienable rights including life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
The Opium Wars were a series of conflicts in the 19th century between Britain and China over Britain's sale of opium to China. The First Opium War broke out in 1841 due to China's attempts to stop the opium trade. In the resulting 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, China was forced to pay reparations to Britain, open treaty ports, and cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain. This weakened China's Qing dynasty and allowed Western powers to gain greater influence in China through unequal treaties and trade privileges.
This document provides background information on the events leading up to the American Revolution. It discusses the French and Indian War and its aftermath, including the Proclamation of 1763 which prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. It then covers the various Acts passed by the British Parliament that angered the colonists, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Intolerable Acts, which imposed taxes and other restrictions on the colonies and limited their autonomy. The document also describes key events that increased tensions, like the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party, demonstrating the growing conflict between the colonies and Britain that ultimately led to the American Revolution.
The Boxer Uprising was a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement that took place in China between 1899-1901. It was a response to foreign occupation and Christian missionary activity in China following the Opium Wars. The uprising was supported by the Empress Dowager Cixi as a way to direct discontent against foreign powers instead of the Manchu government. However, the uprising failed when foreign powers sent military forces to China, defeated the Boxers, and made China sign a humiliating treaty imposing heavy reparations. The uprising further weakened China's power internationally and paved the way for the nationalist revolution of 1911.
This document summarizes some key events in 17th century English history related to conflicts between monarchs and parliament. It discusses:
1) Growing power of Puritans in the House of Commons and their conflicts with King Charles I over money and dissolving parliament, leading to the English Civil War.
2) Oliver Cromwell taking power as Lord Protector after beheading Charles I and establishing England as a republic, but failing to control parliament.
3) The Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II but continued conflicts over Catholic rights, leading to the Glorious Revolution and William and Mary accepting constitutional monarchy under the English Bill of Rights.
The document discusses various aspects of imperialism and US expansionism between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It describes how the US and European powers practiced imperialism by exerting control over smaller countries for their resources. Specifically, it outlines how the US annexed Hawaii through involvement of missionaries and marines, gained control over Cuba and the Philippines through the Spanish-American War, established spheres of influence over China, and built the Panama Canal to strengthen its global power.
The document discusses the age of imperialism from 1870-1914 when European powers, the US, and Japan colonized parts of Africa, Asia, and Oceania. It outlines the economic, political, and social causes of imperialism including seeking new markets and resources. It describes how European powers conquered and divided up Africa at the Berlin Conference of 1885 which led to disputes over territory. It also discusses the occupation of Asia, including Britain and France taking large parts of the continent and Western powers forcing China to open up to trade. The largest colonial empires were the British and French empires. The document concludes with consequences of colonialism such as demographic changes, cultural and economic impacts, and social disruption in colonized regions.
25. imperialism in southeast asia and the pacificMrAguiar
Western powers colonized most of Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands by the late 1800s. The Dutch took control of Indonesia, the British expanded into Burma and Malaysia, and the French seized areas that became French Indochina. Spain originally held the Philippines but lost it to the United States after the Spanish-American War in 1898. Many colonized peoples resisted European rule but were unable to overcome the industrialized military powers. The colonizers restructured local economies and societies to their benefit, weakening traditional cultures, imposing arbitrary borders, and causing dependence on imported goods.
The document discusses the colonization of Latin America by European powers. It describes how Portugal's control of trade routes led Spain to seek another route, discovering the Americas. This led Pope Alexander VI to establish the Line of Demarcation dividing new lands between Spain and Portugal. However, other European nations like France, England and the Netherlands still explored and settled in these areas. The document also discusses how Spain and Portugal ruled their colonies from a distance and often mistreated the indigenous populations.
Unit 6 lesson 3 manchu dynasty power pointCRCourseDev
The Manchus, originally from Manchuria, conquered Beijing in 1644 after a peasant revolt overthrew the Ming dynasty. They established the Qing dynasty and ruled China until 1911. The Manchus faced resistance from the Chinese people and ordered all men to adopt Manchu hairstyles and clothing. To balance their ethnic differences with the majority Han Chinese, the Manchus maintained their own legal status and military units while also recruiting Chinese into government positions. The Qing dynasty began to decline in the late 18th century due to factors such as corruption, high taxes, overpopulation, and the costly suppression of rebellions. Their refusal of more liberal trade with European powers also contributed to later problems with Western military advances.
This document summarizes political revolutions and nationalist movements in Europe during the 19th century. It discusses the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, which spread across Europe challenging conservative monarchies. It then analyzes the impact on specific countries and regions, including the failure of German unification, the eventual unification of Italy and Germany, and political changes in Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia in the aftermath of 1848. Key events discussed include the Crimean War and its consequences for European alliances.
The document summarizes the effects of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa and the Americas. In Africa, the slave trade disrupted demographic patterns and family structures by targeting men. It undermined the economy by introducing European goods used to trade for slaves. It also increased wars and tensions as slaves became a commodity. In the Americas, the slave trade led to demographic changes and the integration of African culture. It also boosted the economy but left a legacy of racial and economic inequality. The Atlantic slave trade differed from other historical slavery in its immense scale, hereditary nature without chance of freedom, targeting of Africans, and rationalization by Europeans.
The Enlightenment philosophers used reason to challenge traditional political and social structures. Thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Montesquieu proposed ideas like social contracts, natural rights, and separation of powers that influenced governments to become more limited and protective of individual liberties. Enlightenment ideals also spread among the French philosophes, though their radical views faced criticism. Overall, the philosophers' emphasis on reason and individual rights sparked political and social changes across Europe.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and including the battles of Lexington and Concord, which marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. Tensions between the colonies and Britain over taxation and representation led the British Army to send 700 soldiers to seize arms from the colonists. Paul Revere alerted the Minutemen that the British were coming. At Lexington, the colonists were outnumbered but were told to disperse, and the first shots were fired. More blood was shed at Concord, marking the first armed conflict between Britain and the colonies on April 19, 1775.
Samuel T. Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" and "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"Lisa Hager
This document provides an overview of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and his poems "Kubla Khan" and "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". It includes sections on Coleridge's biography and contemporaries Robert Southey and William Wordsworth. It then analyzes and compares the themes, plots and illustrations related to Coleridge's two poems.
The poem describes Kubla Khan's decree to build the pleasure dome of Xanadu, an earthly paradise. It had fertile grounds enclosed by walls and towers, with bright gardens and ancient forests. However, an untouched chasm represented the untamed natural world beyond man's control. From this chasm emerged a sacred river that meandered for five miles before sinking into a sunless sea, representing the fleeting nature of creative inspiration.
Kubla Khan is an incomplete poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge about the pleasure dome created by the Mongol ruler Kubla Khan. It describes the magnificent dome and surrounding gardens with its walls, towers, and sinuous rills. It also mentions the sacred river Alph running through caverns until reaching a sunless sea. The poem depicts the creative vision of Kubla Khan and the natural elements that inspired the construction of his dome, which is contrasted with the deep romantic chasm representing the untamed forces of nature.
Tea From China to Japan , Europe to India a history report by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document provides a timeline of the history of tea from its origins in China in 2737 BC to its spread around the world. It traces how tea was discovered in China, became popular there, and was then introduced to Japan via Buddhist monks in the 6th century AD. It spread from China along the Silk Road to countries like India, Turkey, and Russia. European powers like the Dutch and British later played a key role in the 17th-18th centuries in establishing tea trade with China and then spreading tea consumption to their colonies.
The document summarizes the Mongolian Interlude in Chinese history when the Mongols, led by Kublai Khan, ruled China as the Yuan Dynasty from 1279 to 1368 AD. It describes how the Mongols discriminated against the native Han Chinese population but also adopted elements of Chinese culture. Key figures like Kublai Khan and Marco Polo are discussed. Rebellion and flooding contributed to the eventual fall of the Yuan Dynasty and replacement by the Ming Dynasty.
The British Empire emerged in the 16th century as England began conquering territories to expand its power and influence. At its peak, the Empire spanned Canada, the Caribbean, East Coast of America, Australia, India, South Africa and other countries. However, after World War 2, most territories gained independence and the Empire dissolved as England lost administrative control over places like Australia, Canada and Egypt.
The Yuan Dynasty marked the rule of China by the Mongol Empire beginning in 1279, after the Song Dynasty was conquered. The Mongols were originally nomadic tribes from northern China led by the powerful khan Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. Genghis Khan and his armies went on to create the largest contiguous empire in world history through their highly disciplined forces and conquests across Asia and Eastern Europe. Following Genghis Khan's death, his sons and grandsons continued expanding the Mongol Empire, with his grandson Kublai Khan eventually proclaiming the Yuan Dynasty in China in 1279, establishing Mongol control over much of China.
1) The poem "Ode to the West Wind" by Percy Bysshe Shelley is divided into 5 stanzas with an abab rhyme scheme describing the effects of the West Wind.
2) The West Wind is depicted as both a destroyer of dead leaves and preserver of seeds, and agent of change that will herald a new Golden Age of mankind.
3) In the final stanza, the poet appeals to the West Wind to make him its instrument to spread his ideals and thoughts across the world to bring about a better future for humanity.
The document discusses the Yuan Dynasty in China, which was established in 1271 after Kublai Khan conquered the Song Dynasty. Some key points:
1) The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan and was part of the vast Mongol Empire, which at its peak covered over 4.6 million square miles and was the largest empire in history.
2) While the Mongols adopted some aspects of Chinese governance, they maintained power and did not fully adopt Chinese culture, leading to tensions with the Chinese population.
3) The Yuan Dynasty encouraged trade and communication with other countries, importing goods from places like India and Arabia and exporting Chinese goods like silk and porcelain. However, taxes and
The British East India Company ruled India through a system of colonial exploitation from the 17th century until the mid-19th century. It established trading posts and gradually expanded its territorial control as the Mughal Empire declined. Figures like Robert Clive and policies of mercantilism allowed the Company to dominate Indian politics and loot the subcontinent's resources to fuel Britain's industrialization. Growing unrest among Indian soldiers, or sepoys, over cultural insensitivities like greased cartridges led to the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, which ended Company rule and established direct control by the British Crown as the Raj.
This document discusses plans for Comic Relief and Red Nose Day to have red nose images appear across the BBC website bbc.co.uk from March 6th to 13th. Three different red nose images will link to pages on the Red Nose Day section of the site. The noses will be added to many BBC program sites and high traffic sites. Mockups are being prepared and approval has been given by necessary teams for the technical implementation by February 28th. Support is needed from different departments to ensure requirements are met.
This document outlines an in-class lesson on charity that includes learning objectives, short activities with time limits, and a quiz. The lesson introduces the concept of Red Nose Day, which raises money for charity in schools across the UK. Students participate in discussions and a video about charity work in India before brainstorming ways to improve their school's Red Nose Day and assessing their understanding of the lesson objectives.
The Genghis Khan way - his 10 Leadership principlesSuhas Dutta
The document summarizes 10 leadership principles of Genghis Khan based on a biography, as well as an interpretation of those principles for modern times. It also discusses 9 leadership principles from Genghis Khan according to Forbes magazine's interpretation of the same biography. The principles highlighted include rewarding loyalty, being austere, exercising self-control, finding and using talent wherever possible, killing enemies without compunction, opposing cruelty, adapting to new ways of ruling, knowing you have divine backing, making followers believe it too, and respecting freedom of belief.
Genghis Khan was born in 1162-1167 in Mongolia and became a powerful tribal leader and king. He united the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia and created the largest contiguous empire in history. Genghis Khan was a fierce warrior who conquered many lands through military victories but also established schools, cities, and shared his wealth with his people. He is still remembered today through monuments, places named after him, and for transforming Mongolia into a major power.
The poem describes supernatural events that occur during a sailor's sea voyage. As the sailor, known as the Ancient Mariner, sleeps, he dreams of drinking water which then comes true when he wakes to rain. Strange storms, lights in the sky, and the crew's corpses rising up and singing are witnessed. The ship moves though there is no wind, guided underwater by a mysterious spirit. When the ship suddenly lurches forward, the Mariner blacks out. Upon waking, he hears two voices - one judging him for killing an albatross, while the other says he has done penance and must do more.
Comic Relief and Red Nose Day was launched in 1985 on BBC One from a refugee camp in Sudan during a famine in Ethiopia. The charity gets British comedians to perform and make people laugh to raise money for those in need both in Africa and the UK. A key event is Red Nose Day, which sells red noses and has celebrity fundraising events and performances. Red Nose Day has raised over £459 million since 1988. Comic Relief has raised over £650 million total. The money helps fund projects related to issues like poverty, education, health, HIV/AIDS, and domestic violence.
Resources can be classified in several ways, including by origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. Biotic resources come from living things while abiotic resources are non-living. Renewable resources can replenish, like forests, while non-renewables deplete, like fossil fuels. Resources are also grouped by whether they are owned privately, by a community, or nationally. Potential resources have not been used yet, while developed resources have been surveyed and reserves can be accessed with current technology.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
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SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
The document summarizes the key factors that led to the Industrial Revolution beginning in Britain in the late 18th century. Britain's role in the global slave trade and colonial expansion provided it with an abundance of cheap raw materials, particularly cotton from America, and overseas markets for its manufactured goods. Technological innovations like the spinning jenny, water frame and spinning mule automated textile production and allowed Britain to rapidly increase cotton exports, driving the rise of factory towns like Manchester. While working conditions were terrible, Britain was able to profit greatly from exports and maintain low wages for workers. The Industrial Revolution was thus closely tied to Britain's influence over Africa and Asia through the slave trade and imperialism.
The document discusses the long history of opium cultivation and trade, tracing it back thousands of years to ancient Mesopotamia. It describes how empires like Britain exploited opium production and trade to generate large profits, which contributed to conflicts with China in the 19th century. More recently, opium production in Afghanistan has skyrocketed due to wars and political instability, fueling terrorist groups and criminal networks. Today, Afghanistan supplies over 90% of the world's illegal opium, with the crop forming a major part of the country's economy.
The document discusses how in the 1830s, British merchants began trading opium from India with China in exchange for tea, leading to widespread opium addiction in China. In 1839, a Chinese official demanded an end to the opium trade, but the British refused, triggering the First Opium War between Britain and China. Britain defeated China in the war, forcing them to open trade ports and legalize the opium trade through the unequal Treaty of Nanjing in 1842.
Between 1550-1800, European powers established sugar plantations in the West Indies using African slave labor. The sugar industry was highly profitable and drove the growth of the Atlantic slave trade. Plantations were harsh environments that severely exploited slaves and caused ecological damage to the islands. Meanwhile in Africa, European traders partnered with coastal kings to acquire slaves through warfare or kidnapping to meet demand from the plantation colonies. This Atlantic system created vast wealth for European nations and plantation owners while severely damaging millions of African lives.
The Big Business of Slave Trading and of Slavery in AmericaTsubasa Shimaoka
African-American History(アフリカ系アメリカ人の歴史)の授業での研究内容として、私はThe Big Business of Slave Trading and of Slavery in America(アメリカでの奴隷売買や奴隷制度の大規模なビジネス)を研究テーマに選び実施しました。
The document discusses China's foreign trade policies from the late Ming dynasty through the Opium Wars in the mid-19th century. It describes how the Qing dynasty maintained strict control over foreign trade but still benefited greatly from taxes on imports like tea. British demand for tea skyrocketed in the 1700s. To reverse China's trade surplus, Britain grew opium in India and traded it to China, leading to widespread addiction. When China banned opium, Britain went to war to protect the trade, seizing Hong Kong in the First Opium War. The wars opened more Chinese ports to trade and legalized the opium trade, weakening Qing authority.
The document summarizes Flynn and Giraldez's revision of the role of silver in global trade between China, Europe, and the Americas in the 16th century. It argues that China's demand for silver drove global trade, with the Spanish Americas and Japan supplying most of the world's silver. This silver trade connected the economies and helped the Spanish Empire rise, but also contributed to the Ming Dynasty's decline in China once silver profits decreased.
In 1500, China was one of the most powerful empires in the world due to its advanced technology and resources. However, the Chinese emperors believed themselves superior to outsiders and had little interest in foreign trade or influence. This isolationism would later cause China to fall behind the rapidly expanding European powers. Europeans wanted goods like porcelain, tea, and gunpowder from China, but trade was restricted. China only allowed limited trade in coastal enclaves and did not modernize or open up until later. Japan was also isolated under the Shogun Tokugawa during this time, and the Shogunate viewed foreign influence warily.
History of poppy A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan Former Director General ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
History of poppy A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Early American history and the importance of Tobacco to the colony of Virginia as well as England. Covers history of Jamestown, Yorktown, Charles City, Gloucester, Lancaster and other areas. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for more incredible content.
The document discusses the history of several global commodities including coffee, sugar, tobacco, potatoes, and chocolate. It describes how these items originated in various parts of the world and were adopted by Europeans during the Age of Discovery. This led to the rise of plantation economies dependent on slave labor and significant social and economic changes globally.
Tobacco Growing in the West of England ~and connections with slave plantation...Sweet TLC Ltd
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1. Between 1550-1800, European colonization of West Africa and the West Indies increased the demand for slaves to work on sugar plantations.
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Europeans began exploring overseas in search of new trade routes to Asia in order to gain wealth and power. Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492 while seeking a western route to Asia, beginning European colonization of the region. The first English colonies in North America were established at Jamestown in 1607 and Plymouth in 1620 by the Virginia Company and Pilgrims respectively. Tensions arose between European powers as they competed for territory and resources in North America, culminating in the French and Indian War which began in 1754.
The Asia And Islamic Empires In Transition33Molly Lynde
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The opium poppy was first cultivated in Mesopotamia around 3400 BC and its medicinal uses spread throughout the ancient world. Beginning in the 1600s, British traders introduced opium to China in increasing quantities, eventually leading to the First Opium War in 1839-1842 after the Chinese emperor banned the drug. While opium was legalized in China after its defeat, international efforts to curb opium production and trade have seen mixed results, with Afghanistan becoming the world's largest producer in recent decades despite attempts at eradication.
The Opium Wars were a result of Britain's attempts to increase trade with China and shift the balance of trade in their favor through the sale of opium. When China banned opium due to the growing addiction problem, Britain fought the First Opium War to continue the opium trade. They were victorious due to their technological advantage, and the Treaty of Nanjing opened new ports, imposed an indemnity, and granted extraterritorial rights. Dissatisfied with China's enforcement, Britain fought a Second Opium War in 1856-1860, forcing China to grant further concessions and legalize the opium trade.
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Similar to The role of Opium in 18th Century British Empire (20)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
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environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
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like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
1. The role of Opium in
18th Century’s British
Empire.
Guillermo Pineda
2. Essay
Question: What role did the production and
commerce of opium played during the 18th
century to strengthen the British Empire's
control over India?
Subject: Opium
Theme: The role that opium played during the
18th Century to strengthen the power of the
British Empire in India.
3. 17th Century trade
China opened to foreign trade under the Qing
Dynasty via Guangzhou (Canton).
By 1690s, traders from the British East India
Company began shipping Tea to supply British
demand!
Chinese were only interested in silver and not in
British commodities.
WHAT TO DO?
4.
5. British traders’ solution
Opium became THE high-value commodity for which
China was not self sufficient.
The British traders had been purchasing small amounts of
opium from India for trade since Ralph Fitch first visited in
the mid-sixteenth century.1
Trade in opium was standardized, with production of balls
of raw opium, 1.1 to 1.6 kilograms, 30% water content,
wrapped in poppy leaves and petals, shipped in chests of
60-65 kilograms.1 Chests of opium were sold in auctions in
Calcutta with the understanding that the independent
purchasers would then smuggle it into China.
1. Carl A. Trocki (2002). Opium as a commodity and the Chinese drug plague.
6. What happened?
1760s:1,000 chests of opium (each weighing 63.64 Kg.) were
smuggled into China
1800s: gradually increased to 4,000 chests.
1824: increase dramatically to over12,000 chests.
1830: rising to 19,000 chests.
1835: 30,000 chests.
1838: 40,000 chests (2,500 tons of opium) in 1838.(2)
The British encouraged poppy growing. By the end of the 1830s (less
than a century later) the opium trade was already, and was to remain,
"the world's most valuable single commodity trade of the nineteenth
century.” (3)
(2) Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China 1800-1842 (Monthly Review Press; Cambridge University Press 1951) p.
232.
(3) Frederic Wakeman, "The Canton Trade and the Opium War” p. 172. cited in John K. Fairbanks. The Creation of the Treaty System.
The Cambridge History of China vol. 10 Part 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1992) p. 213.
7. Opium Trade
45000
40000
40000
35000
30000
30000
25000
20000 19000 Opium Trade
15000 12000
10000
5000 4000
1000
0
1760 1800 1824 1830 1835 1838
• A chest of opium was worth nearly $1,000 in 1800.
• In 1980, 2,000 tons of opium supplied all legal and illegal uses. By 2002, the
opium production was 5,000.
• In 2002 the price for one kilogram of opium was $300 for the farmer, $800 for
purchasers in Afghanistan, and $16,000 on the streets of Europe before
8. Bellin, J.N. Old Antique map of the Gulf of Bengal] Carte du Golphe de
Bengale. Amsterdam, c. 1760. http://www.antiquemaps-
9.
10. 1st they needed to control Awadh
and the territories to the
Southeast
Awadh was known as the granary of India and was
important strategically for the control of the Doab, the
fertile plain between the Ganges and the Yamuna
rivers.
It was a wealthy kingdom, able to maintain its
independence against threats from the Marathas, the
British and the Afghans.
Ruled by the Nawabs who were a Persian Shia Muslim
dynasty from Nishapur.
11.
12. British Action I - 1757 Battle of
Plassey
Allies: British Army leaded by Lord Robert Clive (Clive of
India) + Mir Jafar (Became the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar
and Orissa)
Against: Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of
Bengal Subah and the French East India Company
Effect: Company rule over South Asia which expanded over
much of the Indies.
The battle took place at Palashi, Bengal (Plassey is the
anglicised version of Palashi), on the river banks of the
Bhagirathi River, about 150 km north of Calcutta, near
Murshidabad, then capital of undivided Bengal.
950 British soldiers + 2,100 indian sepoy; against 35,000
Indian infantries, 18,000 cavalry men and 50 French
artillerymen
13. Robert Clive and Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, 1757, by Francis Hayman. National Portrait G
London.
14. British Action II - 1764 Battle of
Buxar
7,000 soldiers under the command of the British East
India Company (857 British, 5,297 Indian sepoys and
918 Indian cavalry) against 40,000 combined armies of
Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula
Nawab of Awadh; and Shah Alam II, the Mughal
Emperor.4
The battle was a decisive victory for the British East
India Company that got the control for the Company to
collect and manage the revenues of almost
100,000,000 acres (400,000 km2) (Modern: West
Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and
part of Bangladesh)
4Ness and Stahl. Western Imperialist Armies in Asia. Comparative Studies in Society and
History.
15.
16. Afterwards,
The British East India Company gained the power to act as
diwan of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. This allowed the
company to pursue a monopoly on opium production and
export in India, to encourage riots to cultivate the cash
crops of indigo and opium with cash advances, and to
prohibit the "hoarding" of rice.
This strategy led to the increase of the land tax to 50% of
the value of crops, the starvation of ten million people in
the Bengal famine of 1770, and the doubling of East India
Company profits by 1777.
Beginning in 1773 the British government began enacting
oversight of the company's operations, culminating in the
establishment of British India in response to the Indian
17. Bengal opium was highly prized, commanding twice the
price of the domestic Chinese product, which was
regarded as inferior in quality.
By the end of the 18th Century , the East India Company
would become one of the largest companies in the
world, with a private navy, army and civil service larger
than that of some small countries.
In due course its import duties supplied 10% of Britain’s
national income.
Apart from Opium they traded cloth from India, tea from
China and then from its own plantations in India.
By 1765, under the leadership of John Calland they had
already 17,000 troops in Bengal. 50years later the
Company's armies in India consisted of a quarter of a
million men, although the vast majority were sepoy.
18.
19. Global Effects in the 18 th
Century
18th century expansion was also happening across the
Atlantic.
The rising demand of tea pushed for a higher demand of
sugar + sugar required plantations + which required slave
labour.
Tea imports carried by the East India Company rose from 9
million lbs. in the 1720s to 37 million by the 1750s.
In 1700 the British imported 23,000 tons of sugar. By 1800
the import level was 245,000 tons, much of which went into
tea.
So, the demand from the Carribean plantations was clearly
sufficient to generate its own slave-trading companies and
sell opium to China in order to reduce its deficit.
20. Global Effects in the 18 th
Century by the end of the
Opium stopped being a British business
18th Century.
Competition came from the United States, which began to
compete in Guangzhou (Canton) selling Turkish opium in the
1820s.
Portuguese traders also brought opium from the independent
Malwa states of western India, although by 1820 the British
were able to restrict this trade by charging "pass duty" on the
opium when it was forced to pass through Bombay to reach an
entrepot.
Despite drastic penalties and continued prohibition of opium
until 1860, opium importation rose steadily from 200 chests per
year under Yongzheng to 1,000 under Qianlong, 4,000 under
Jiaqing, and 30,000 under Daoguang. The illegal sale of opium
became one of the world's most valuable single commodity
trades, and has been called "the most long continued and
21.
22. By the 19th Century
In response to the ever-growing number of Chinese
people becoming addicted to opium, Daoguang of
the Qing Dynasty took strong action to halt the
import of opium.
In 1838 the Chinese Commissioner Lin Zexu
destroyed 20,000 chests of opium in Guangzhou
(Canton).
The British, who were not willing to replace the
cheap opium with costly silver, began the First
Opium War in 1840, winning Hong Kong and trade
concessions in the first of a series of Unequal
Treaties.
23. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
The Report of the Opium Commission Foster Contemporary Review
The Political Economy of the Opium Trade:
Yawnghwe Journal of Contemporary Asia
Implications for S…
THE OPIUM POPPY: THE FORBIDDEN CROP Wishart Journal of Geography
INDIA AND THE OPIUM TRAFFIC Barker Economic Review
China, England, and Opium Fry Contemporary Review
The Opium Situation in India Paton Contemporary Review
History of Opium in Sri Lanka Uragoda Medical History
Fossett
The Opium Trade and Sir Rutherford Alcock Contemporary Review
Lock
OPIUM-SMUGGLING IN CHINA Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine
THE ROYAL OPIUM COMMISSION Selby Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine
24. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
China's Opium and Drugs Traffic Bland English Review
Opium in Ceylon and Leiteh Lend a Hand
British Opium Policy, and its Results to India and China. London Quarterly Review
Royal Society of
Poppy culture and opium manufacture in India
Arts, Journal
OPIUM TREATIES WITH THE NATIVE STATES OF INDIA Sentinel
The Opium Habit in India Cassidy Ludgate
Edinburgh Review, or
ART. I.-Reports from, and Minutes of Evidence taken before, …
critical journal
Parliament and the Government of India Macmillan's Magazine
THE OPIUM REVENUE OF INDIA CONSIDERED IN Fraser's Magazine for Town
CONNEXION WITH MR. … and Country
Edinburgh Review, or
Title: ART. II.-1. Narrative of a Journey through the Upper …
critical journal
25. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
Edinburgh Review, or critical
Title: ART. II.-1. Narrative of a Journey through the
journal
Upper …
The Defence of the British East India Company, against
Gentleman's Magazine
the C…
Nightingale, Pamela, "Trade and Empire in Western
Business History Review
India, 178…
FREE TRADE IN INDIA Beauclerk Economic Review
The Origin of the Managing Agency System in India Kling Journal of Asian Studies
THE DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY AND THE
Ricklefs Pacific Affairs
ECONOMY OF BENGAL, 1630…
ART. VII.-An Appeal to England against the new Indian Edinburgh Review, or critical
Stamp … journal
ART. VII.--1. Statistical Abstract relating to British
Quarterly Review
India…
ART. II.-1. Cases illustrative of Oriental Life and the Edinburgh Review, or critical
Appl… journal
The Salt monopoly of the East India Company's Journal of the Economic and
Serajuddin
government in … Social History of the Orient
26. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
PROFESSOR HEEREN ON THE ANCIENT
Gentleman's Magazine
COMMERCE OF INDIA
Nineteenth Century: a monthly
THE BANKRUPTCY OF INDIA Hyndman
review
American Trade in Opium to China, Prior to
Stelle Pacific Historical Review
1820.
Nineteenth Century: a monthly
THE SPOLIATION OF INDIA Keay
review
INDIA AND THE EAST INDIA COMPANY North American Review
What Is Economic Imperialism? Schweinitz Journal of Economic Issues
Toward an Understanding of Opium Poppy Brundage and Journal of Asian and African
Production in Turkey Mitchell Studies
The Indian Capitalist Class and Imperialism
Chandra Journal of Contemporary Asia
before 1947
Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State
Huttenback Journal of Asian Studies
of Jammu, Ka…
Character of Wage Labour in Early Industrial
Lakha Journal of Contemporary Asia
Ahmedabad
27. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals Sinopoli Asian Perspectives
Trend or Cycles?: The Economic History of East- Journal of the Economic and
Goldstone
West Contact … Social History of the Orient
Eighteenth-Century English Politics: Recent Albion: A Quarterly Journal
Black
Work Concerned with British Studies
East Indian Fortunes: The British in Bengal in the
Kling The Journal of Asian Studies
Eighteent…
Killer Khilats, Part 1: Legends of Poisoned Maskiell and
Folklore
"Robes of Honour… Mayor
Trade and Darbar Politics in the Bengal Subah,
Chatterjee Modern Asian Studies
1733-1757
British Imperial Attitudes in the Early Modern Albion: A Quarterly Journal
Berlatsky
Era: The Case… Concerned with British Studies
The Recruitment of an Industrial Labor Force in Comparative Studies in Society
Morris
India, with … and History
Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the
Habib The Journal of Economic History
Economy of…
Sons versus Nephews: A Highland Jambi
Znoj Indonesia
Alliance at War with t…
28. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
John Fryer, F.R.S. and His Scientific Notes and Records of the
Fryer
Observations, Made Chi… Royal Society of London
The Boot and the Spleen: When Was Murder Comparative Studies in
Bailkin
Possible in British… Society and History
Jacobinism in India, Indianism in English
Agnani Cultural Critique
Parliament: Fearin…
The United Company of Merchants of England The Economic History
Furber
Trading to the Ea… Review
Dasgupta and
The Growth of Calcutta: A Profile of Social
Ranjan Social Scientist
Dislocations in …
Chakraborti
Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English
Wilson Eighteenth-Century Studies
Provinces,…
The Economic History
British Rule and Indian "Improvement" Robb
Review
Banten Rebellion, 1750-1752: Factors behind the
Ota Modern Asian Studies
Mass Partici…
City-Hinterland Relations and the Development McDonald
The Journal of Asian Studies
of A Regional … Gumperz
Bulletin of the School of
The Indian Merchant Community of Masqaṭ Allen
Oriental and African Studies
29. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
The Indian Princes' Treaty Rights Poleman Far Eastern Survey
Origins of the Assamese Middle Class Gohain Social Scientist
Taxation Through Monopoly Bastable The Economic Journal
International Affairs (Royal
The Indian States and the Reforms Sykes Institute of International Affairs
1931-1939)
Ness and Comparative Studies in Society
Western Imperialist Armies in Asia
Stahl and History
The Heights and Economic Well-Being of North Brennan et
Social Science History
Indians under B… al.
Opium in Java: A Sinister Friend Rush The Journal of Asian Studies
Javanese Court Society and Politics in the Late
Kumar Indonesia
Eighteenth C…
Cholera and Colonialism in British India Arnold Past & Present
Ramaswam
Constitutional Developments in India 1600-1955 Stanford Law Review
y
30. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
Merchants, politics, and society in early modern India :
Chatterjee
Bih…
The Journal of
From Indian Status to British Contract Cohn
Economic History
Vansittart et The English Historical
Free and Open Trade in Bengal
al. Review
Banking Firms in Nineteenth-Century Hyderabad Politics Leonard Modern Asian Studies
Opium and the Company: Maritime Trade and Imperial
Bryan Souza Modern Asian Studies
Finances …
Patrons and Politics in Northern India Bayly Modern Asian Studies
Law and Agrarian Society in India: The Case of Bihar and
Robb Modern Asian Studies
the…
Notes on Java's Regent Families: Part 1 Sutherland Indonesia
Civilization on Loan: The Making of an Upstart Polity:
Carey Modern Asian Studies
Matar…
British and Indian Interactions before the British Raj in Journal of British
Fisher
In… Studies
31. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
Merchants, politics, and society in early modern India
Chatterjee
: Bih…
The Journal of Economic
From Indian Status to British Contract Cohn
History
The English Historical
Free and Open Trade in Bengal Vansittart et al.
Review
Banking Firms in Nineteenth-Century Hyderabad
Leonard Modern Asian Studies
Politics
Opium and the Company: Maritime Trade and
Bryan Souza Modern Asian Studies
Imperial Finances …
The Theater of the Civilized Self: Edmund Burke and
Ahmed Representations
the East…
Contracts, Hold-Up, and Exports: Textiles and Opium Kranton and The American Economic
in Colon… Swamy Review
The Indian Empire and Peasant Production of Opium
Richards Modern Asian Studies
in the Nin…
The Opium Industry Baker The Economic Journal
The Social Life of Opium in China, 1483-1999 Zheng Modern Asian Studies
32. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
Opium Smoking in Late Imperial China: A Modern Asian
Newman
Reconsideration Studies
Opium and the British Indian Empire: The Royal Modern Asian
Richards
Commission of… Studies
The Economic
The Abolition by Cornwallis of the Forced Cultivation
Wright History Review, New
of Opi…
Series
Opium and Empire: The Transports of Thomas de
Krishnan Boundary 2
Quincey
Imperial meridian : the British empire and the world,
Bayly
1780-1…
Empire and information : intelligence gathering and
Bayly
social c…
Indian society and the making of the British Empire Bayly
National Portrait
The Raj : India and the British, 1600-1947 Gallery (Great Britain)
and Bayly
Rulers, townsmen and bazaars Bayly
33. Bibliographic Research
Title Author Publication
Journal of
The Re-Assertion of the British Empire in Southeast Asia Elkins
Interdisciplinary History
Monthly Review: An
Britain's Opium Wars. Newsinger Independent Socialist
Magazine