This document provides an overview of American foreign policy between 1920 and 1941. It discusses the tensions between interventionism and isolationism in the aftermath of World War I. Key events included the Washington Naval Conference, debt reparations to the US from European nations, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawing war. Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 increased tensions in Asia. The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s aimed to keep the US out of future European conflicts but limited presidential options. Fascist aggression in Europe and Asia throughout the late 1930s challenged American non-intervention. The 1941 Lend-Lease Act allowed aid to be sent to Allied nations. The bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
3. American Isolationism
5 Isolationists like
Senator Lodge, refused
to allow the US to sign
the Versailles Treaty.
5 Security treaty with
France also rejected by
the Senate.
5 July, 1921 Congress Sen. Henry Cabot
Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]
passed a resolution
declaring WW I
officially over!
4. Washington Disarmament
Conference
(1921-1922)
5 Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated
Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the
United States.
5 Goals naval disarmament and the political situation in the
Far East.
5. Five-Power Treaty (1922)
5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:
US Britain Japan France Italy
5 5 3 1.67 1.67
5 Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would
stop fortifying their Far East territories [including
the Philippines].
5 Loophole no restrictions on small warships
9. Young Plan (1930)
5 For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!
5 $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½
years.
5 By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium.
10. Locarno Pact (1925)
5 Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and
Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
5 Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia,
agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by
arbitration only.
only
11. Clark Memorandum (1928)
5 Clark pledged that the
US would not intervene in
Latin American affairs in
order to protect US
property rights.
5 This was a complete
rebuke of the Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine!
Secretary of State
J. Reuben Clark
12. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as
tools of foreign policy.
5 62 nations signed.
5 Problems no means of actual enforcement and gave
Americans a false sense of security.
13. Japanese Attack Manchuria
(1931)
5 League of Nations condemned the
action.
5 Japan leaves the League.
5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in
the Far East.
14. Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine
(1932)
5 US would not recognize any territorial
acquisitions that were achieved by force.
5 Japan was infuriated because the US had
conquered new
territories a few
decades earlier.
5 Japan bombed
Shanghai in
1932 massive
casualties.
15. FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy
5 Important to have all
nations in the Western
Hemisphere united in
lieu of foreign
aggressions.
5 FDR The good
neighbor respects
himself and the rights
of others.
5 Policy of non-
intervention and
cooperation.
16. FDR Recognizes the Soviet
Union
(late 1933)
5 FDR felt that
recognizing Moscow
might bolster the
US against Japan.
5 Maybe trade with
the USSR would
help the US
economy during the
Depression.
17. Nye Committee Hearings
(1934-1936)
5 The Nye Committee I
investigated the charge
that WW I was needless and
the US entered so munitions
owners could make big profits
[“merchants of death.”]
5 The Committee did charge Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]
that bankers wanted war to
protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make
money.
5 Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing
in to warring nations’ waters.
5 Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts.
19. Ludlow Amendment (1938)
5 A proposed amendment
to the Constitution that
called for a national
referendum on any
declaration of war by
Congress.
5 Introduced several
times by Congressman
Congressman Louis Ludlow Ludlow.
[D-IN]
5 Never actually passed.
20. Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937
5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a
foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically
go into effect:
Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.
Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.
Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at
war [in contrast to WW I].
Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-
carry” basis pay when goods are picked up.
Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis.
5 America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!
22. Panay Incident (1937)
5 December 12, 1937.
5 Japan bombed USS
Panay gunboat & three
Standard Oil tankers on
the Yangtze River.
5 The river was an
international waterway.
5 Japan was testing US resolve!
5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no
further attacks.
5 Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.
5 Results Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for
further aggression against US interests.
24. Fascist Aggression
5 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty &
the League of Nations [re-arming!]
Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.
5 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland.
Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain.
5 1938: Austrian Anschluss.
Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS]
Munich Agreement APPEASEMENT!
5 1939: German troops march into the rest of
Czechoslovakia.
Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact.
5 September 1, 1939: German troops march into
Poland blitzkrieg WW II
begins!!!
25. 1939 Neutrality Act
5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.
5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow
the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:
The US could sell weapons to the European
democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.
FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which
US ships and citizens could not enter.
5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:
Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.
The US economy improved as European demands for
war goods helped bring the country out of the
1937-38 recession.
5 America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”
27. “Lend-Lease” Act (1941)
Great Britain.........................$31 billion
Soviet Union...........................$11 billion
France......................................$ 3 billion
China.......................................$1.5 billion
Other European.................$500 million
South America...................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000