The Goiânia accident was a radioactive contamination event in 1987 in Brazil caused when an unsecured radiotherapy source was stolen from an abandoned hospital. It was mishandled by several people, resulting in 4 deaths. Over 100,000 people were examined and 249 were found to be contaminated. Responses included medical treatment, decontamination of areas and vehicles, waste disposal, and long-term environmental monitoring and health screening. It demonstrated the need for strict regulation and security of radioactive materials.
Triphasic CT (TPCT) Scan of the liver is essential in view of the dual blood supply of the liver. TPCT allows characterisaiton of all liver lesions and close to pathological correlaiton by non invasive imaging alone. Additionally providing segmental vascular analysis as a surgicical guide.
Learn Barium Meal & Follow Through for the beginners from a Radiology Resident.For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
This document provides information about image reconstruction in multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). It begins with an overview of the basic principles of CT imaging, including image formation steps and reconstruction methods. It then describes the principles of helical CT scanning and how this enables volumetric data acquisition. Finally, it discusses image reconstruction techniques for MDCT, including interpolation methods needed to reconstruct images from the helical scan data. In particular, it notes that multi-detector arrays allow acquisition of multiple slices with each rotation, significantly increasing scan speed and coverage compared to earlier single-detector row CT.
Nuclear imaging PET CT Imaging Medical Physics Nuclear MedicineShahid Younas
The document discusses various types of collimators used in nuclear imaging, including parallel-hole collimators (such as low-energy high-sensitivity, low-energy all-purpose, and low-energy high-resolution collimators), pinhole collimators, converging collimators, and diverging collimators. It explains how each collimator works, its advantages and disadvantages, and factors that affect its imaging characteristics such as sensitivity, resolution, and field of view. The document also discusses image formation in gamma cameras and factors that affect spatial resolution and contrast.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11
This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
This document discusses the history and evolution of different generations of computed tomography (CT) technology. It describes the key limitations and innovations of each generation from the first generation CT scanner created in 1971, which took 5 minutes to produce an image, to modern multi-slice CT scanners. The higher the generation number, the faster imaging times and more slices that could be acquired simultaneously. However, a higher generation does not always indicate a higher performance system.
MDCT Principles and Applications- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Multidetector CT (MDCT) is one of the most commonly used imaging modality in the field of Radiology. Development and advancement in MDCT has made it's application as a major component in diagnosis and treatment planning of multitude of disease across the planet. This presentation briefly describes its basic principle and it's wide variety of application in medical imaging.
This document provides positioning guidelines for radiographic imaging of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, lumbo-sacral spine, and sacrum. It describes the standard views, patient preparation, positioning, tube and cassette centering, and exposure settings for each anatomical region. Proper patient positioning and radiographic technique are important to obtain diagnostic images while minimizing radiation dose.
Triphasic CT (TPCT) Scan of the liver is essential in view of the dual blood supply of the liver. TPCT allows characterisaiton of all liver lesions and close to pathological correlaiton by non invasive imaging alone. Additionally providing segmental vascular analysis as a surgicical guide.
Learn Barium Meal & Follow Through for the beginners from a Radiology Resident.For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
This document provides information about image reconstruction in multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). It begins with an overview of the basic principles of CT imaging, including image formation steps and reconstruction methods. It then describes the principles of helical CT scanning and how this enables volumetric data acquisition. Finally, it discusses image reconstruction techniques for MDCT, including interpolation methods needed to reconstruct images from the helical scan data. In particular, it notes that multi-detector arrays allow acquisition of multiple slices with each rotation, significantly increasing scan speed and coverage compared to earlier single-detector row CT.
Nuclear imaging PET CT Imaging Medical Physics Nuclear MedicineShahid Younas
The document discusses various types of collimators used in nuclear imaging, including parallel-hole collimators (such as low-energy high-sensitivity, low-energy all-purpose, and low-energy high-resolution collimators), pinhole collimators, converging collimators, and diverging collimators. It explains how each collimator works, its advantages and disadvantages, and factors that affect its imaging characteristics such as sensitivity, resolution, and field of view. The document also discusses image formation in gamma cameras and factors that affect spatial resolution and contrast.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11
This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
This document discusses the history and evolution of different generations of computed tomography (CT) technology. It describes the key limitations and innovations of each generation from the first generation CT scanner created in 1971, which took 5 minutes to produce an image, to modern multi-slice CT scanners. The higher the generation number, the faster imaging times and more slices that could be acquired simultaneously. However, a higher generation does not always indicate a higher performance system.
MDCT Principles and Applications- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Multidetector CT (MDCT) is one of the most commonly used imaging modality in the field of Radiology. Development and advancement in MDCT has made it's application as a major component in diagnosis and treatment planning of multitude of disease across the planet. This presentation briefly describes its basic principle and it's wide variety of application in medical imaging.
This document provides positioning guidelines for radiographic imaging of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, lumbo-sacral spine, and sacrum. It describes the standard views, patient preparation, positioning, tube and cassette centering, and exposure settings for each anatomical region. Proper patient positioning and radiographic technique are important to obtain diagnostic images while minimizing radiation dose.
Tomography is a technique that produces cross-sectional images of body structures. It works by synchronously moving the x-ray tube and image receptor in an arc around a central pivot point, blurring structures above and below the focal plane while keeping the focal plane in focus. The amount of blurring depends on factors like distance from the focal plane and exposure angle. Common types of tomographic motion include linear, circular, and hypocycloidal. Tomography is useful for evaluating underlying abnormalities that may be obscured on normal radiographs.
This document discusses techniques for visualizing soft tissues in radiography. Soft tissues have less differential attenuation compared to bones, making contrast reduced. Special techniques are needed to improve contrast and demonstrate soft tissues clearly. These include adjusting the kVp and adding filters to change image contrast. Using a normal or low kVp can help visualize certain soft tissues like adenoid and effusions more clearly. High kVp is useful for exams like BA enemas where thicker tissues are involved. Digital technology also helps improve soft tissue visibility compared to conventional radiography. Proper technique selection is important to optimize contrast and sharpness while reducing artifacts.
This document discusses various components of an MRI system including magnets, RF coils, gradient coils, and safety considerations. It describes the different types of magnets used in MRI like permanent, resistive, and superconducting magnets. It explains the purpose and types of RF coils and gradient coils used to generate the magnetic field gradients needed for spatial encoding in MRI. Safety aspects such as screening for metallic objects, specific absorption rate limits, and absolute contraindications for MRI are also summarized.
This document provides information about computed tomography (CT) scanning of the abdomen and pelvis. It describes what CT scanning is used for, how the procedure works, how it is performed, limitations, and details of routine whole abdomen scans and phased scanning for tumor staging. CT scanning uses x-rays to create cross-sectional images of the abdomen that can detect diseases of the internal organs and help diagnose abdominal pain. The procedure involves positioning the patient on a table that slides through a scanner, which rotates around the patient to create detailed images.
Lymphography is an invasive procedure that uses an oil-based radiographic contrast dye to visualize the lymphatic system, including lymph vessels and lymph nodes. A dye is injected into the hand or foot and travels through the lymphatic system. An incision is made and contrast is injected directly into the lymph vessels. Radiographs are taken over time to view the lymph vessels and nodes as the contrast spreads. While MRI and CT have replaced it, lymphography can still help evaluate lymphomas and stage radiation treatment planning by demonstrating obstructions.
An operative cholangiogram is performed during gallbladder surgery to inject radiopaque dye into the biliary tract and take x-rays to reveal images of the tract. It is used when other less invasive tests have not provided enough information and can reveal gallstones, investigate the biliary tract, determine function of an organ, and demonstrate lesions or abnormalities. The procedure requires radiopaque dye, a catheter, cannula, and C-arm for fluoroscopy during laparoscopic surgery to view the biliary tract.
The document discusses several radiographic techniques. It explains that high kilovoltage technique uses kVp above 90 kVp to improve visualization of different tissue densities on a single chest x-ray. Soft tissue radiography requires a low kVp, like in mammography, to maximize contrast between low density soft tissues through increased differential absorption. Macroradiography magnifies the image size relative to the object through a greater source-to-film distance compared to source-to-object distance.
The triple phase CT scan of the abdomen involves three contrast enhanced phases (arterial, portal venous, and delayed) to accurately detect cancers in the liver, pancreas, and other abdominal organs. The arterial phase highlights hypervascular lesions, the portal venous phase shows hypovascular lesions, and the delayed phase aids in lesion characterization. Careful protocoling of contrast dose, injection rate, and timing of scans in each phase is required to obtain diagnostic images while minimizing radiation dose.
CT artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors related to the physics of CT imaging, the patient, and hardware issues. Physics-based artifacts include beam hardening, which causes cupping and streak artifacts, as well as partial volume averaging and noise. Patient motion can also cause artifacts. Hardware issues like ring artifacts may occur from problems with the x-ray tube. Proper use of filters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce artifacts like beam hardening, while keeping the patient still can minimize motion artifacts. Artifacts need to be understood as they can obscure anatomy or be mistaken for pathology.
This document describes retrograde pyelography, a medical imaging procedure used to visualize the kidneys and ureters. It begins by introducing retrograde pyelography and its indications. These include evaluating the kidneys when normal visualization is not possible on other exams or when investigating hematuria, filling defects, or ureteral fistulas. The document then discusses patient preparation, anesthesia used, technique, required films, complications, and compares retrograde pyelography to other imaging modalities like MRI uretherography and CT urethrography. In summary, retrograde pyelography involves injecting contrast through ureters under fluoroscopy to visualize the pelvicalyceal system and evaluate various conditions of
This document discusses digital subtraction angiography (DSA), including its history, equipment, and applications. DSA involves acquiring digital fluoroscopic images before and after injecting contrast material, and using computer subtraction to remove bone structures and leave an image of blood vessels. It originated in the 1970s and allows for real-time angiography with improved vessel contrast compared to conventional techniques. Key components of DSA systems include an x-ray unit, image intensifier, computer, and software for image processing functions like subtraction, enhancement, and roadmapping.
This document provides guidance on chest X-ray positioning and interpretation. It outlines different chest X-ray views including PA, lateral, AP, decubitus, and inspiratory-expiratory views. For a PA view, the patient faces the cassette with the tube 6 feet away. Proper inspiration is important, with the diaphragm at the 8th-10th posterior or 5th-6th anterior rib. Key areas to examine include the trachea, heart, diaphragm, lungs, pleural spaces, and bones. Paired inspiratory-expiratory views can demonstrate air trapping and diagnose foreign bodies.
MRI provides detailed images of the brain without exposing patients to radiation. It is useful for evaluating conditions like tumors, strokes, and multiple sclerosis. The document describes the MRI procedure for brain imaging including patient preparation, head coils, sequences, and protocols. Key sequences discussed are T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, diffusion weighted, MR angiography, and MR venography.
Dacrocystography is an imaging procedure used to evaluate the lacrimal drainage system. Contrast media is injected through the puncta into the lacrimal drainage structures and X-rays are taken to identify any obstructions or abnormalities. The lacrimal drainage system includes the lacrimal gland, conjunctival sac, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Dacrocystography can be used to investigate various conditions affecting tear production and drainage such as epiphora, fistulas, tumors, diverticula, obstructions, and infections.
A T-tube cholangiogram is an x-ray of the biliary ducts that uses a T-tube port placed in the common bile duct after gallbladder surgery. The procedure involves injecting contrast through the T-tube port under fluoroscopy to view the bile ducts and detect any stones, strictures, or other abnormalities. It is commonly performed after gallbladder removal to check for remaining stones. The contrast is injected using either a syringe directly connected to the T-tube for liver transplant patients or a butterfly needle inserted into the T-tube tubing for other patients. Standard x-ray views are taken as the contrast fills the bile ducts.
1. The abdomen contains the organs of the digestive and urinary systems. It is bounded by muscles and vertebrae and contains loops of intestine, the liver, kidneys and more.
2. The abdominal cavity is divided into regions and quadrants by planes to aid localization of structures.
3. Major organs include the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys. The peritoneum lines the walls and covers some organs.
it includes generations and advancement in CT. In generations fifth generation CT is described in detail.
UFC detector, stellar detectors and gemstone detector is also described
straton x-ray tube, MRC, LIMAX and aquillion one xray tube
different techniques used in CT
dual energy CT is also described
Digital fluoroscopy is most commonly configured as a conventional fluoroscopy system where the analog video signal is converted to digital format via an analog-to-digital converter. Alternatively, digitization can be done with a digital video camera or direct capture of x-rays with a flat panel detector. Digital fluoroscopy systems allow for digital image recording and processing using techniques like frame averaging and edge enhancement. Radiation protection for patients and staff is important for digital fluoroscopy and techniques like collimation, minimum source-to-skin distance, and lead shielding help reduce exposure.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
This study summarizes a population-based study conducted approximately 20 years after a TCDD exposure accident in Seveso, Italy to evaluate long-term effects on immune and dioxin response biomarkers. The study randomly selected 121 subjects from the most exposed zones and a non-exposed area, measuring their plasma TCDD levels and markers of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Plasma TCDD levels ranged from background to 90 ng/kg and were associated with decreased plasma IgG concentrations and aryl-hydrocarbon receptor mRNA levels in lymphocytes. When lymphocytes were cultured with TCDD, genes in the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor pathway were induced, and plasma TCDD associated with decreased enzyme activity. The findings suggest long
History of radiation therapy and applicationKanhu Charan
1. Radiation oncology has evolved dramatically from the discovery of x-rays in the late 19th century to current technologies.
2. Early radiation treatments used orthovoltage machines which had limitations in treating deep tumors without skin toxicity.
3. Major advances included the development of cobalt-60 teletherapy units and linear accelerators, allowing higher energy penetrating radiation to reach deep tumors.
4. Techniques also advanced from simple external beam radiotherapy to 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy for improved targeting of tumors and sparing of surrounding healthy tissues.
Tomography is a technique that produces cross-sectional images of body structures. It works by synchronously moving the x-ray tube and image receptor in an arc around a central pivot point, blurring structures above and below the focal plane while keeping the focal plane in focus. The amount of blurring depends on factors like distance from the focal plane and exposure angle. Common types of tomographic motion include linear, circular, and hypocycloidal. Tomography is useful for evaluating underlying abnormalities that may be obscured on normal radiographs.
This document discusses techniques for visualizing soft tissues in radiography. Soft tissues have less differential attenuation compared to bones, making contrast reduced. Special techniques are needed to improve contrast and demonstrate soft tissues clearly. These include adjusting the kVp and adding filters to change image contrast. Using a normal or low kVp can help visualize certain soft tissues like adenoid and effusions more clearly. High kVp is useful for exams like BA enemas where thicker tissues are involved. Digital technology also helps improve soft tissue visibility compared to conventional radiography. Proper technique selection is important to optimize contrast and sharpness while reducing artifacts.
This document discusses various components of an MRI system including magnets, RF coils, gradient coils, and safety considerations. It describes the different types of magnets used in MRI like permanent, resistive, and superconducting magnets. It explains the purpose and types of RF coils and gradient coils used to generate the magnetic field gradients needed for spatial encoding in MRI. Safety aspects such as screening for metallic objects, specific absorption rate limits, and absolute contraindications for MRI are also summarized.
This document provides information about computed tomography (CT) scanning of the abdomen and pelvis. It describes what CT scanning is used for, how the procedure works, how it is performed, limitations, and details of routine whole abdomen scans and phased scanning for tumor staging. CT scanning uses x-rays to create cross-sectional images of the abdomen that can detect diseases of the internal organs and help diagnose abdominal pain. The procedure involves positioning the patient on a table that slides through a scanner, which rotates around the patient to create detailed images.
Lymphography is an invasive procedure that uses an oil-based radiographic contrast dye to visualize the lymphatic system, including lymph vessels and lymph nodes. A dye is injected into the hand or foot and travels through the lymphatic system. An incision is made and contrast is injected directly into the lymph vessels. Radiographs are taken over time to view the lymph vessels and nodes as the contrast spreads. While MRI and CT have replaced it, lymphography can still help evaluate lymphomas and stage radiation treatment planning by demonstrating obstructions.
An operative cholangiogram is performed during gallbladder surgery to inject radiopaque dye into the biliary tract and take x-rays to reveal images of the tract. It is used when other less invasive tests have not provided enough information and can reveal gallstones, investigate the biliary tract, determine function of an organ, and demonstrate lesions or abnormalities. The procedure requires radiopaque dye, a catheter, cannula, and C-arm for fluoroscopy during laparoscopic surgery to view the biliary tract.
The document discusses several radiographic techniques. It explains that high kilovoltage technique uses kVp above 90 kVp to improve visualization of different tissue densities on a single chest x-ray. Soft tissue radiography requires a low kVp, like in mammography, to maximize contrast between low density soft tissues through increased differential absorption. Macroradiography magnifies the image size relative to the object through a greater source-to-film distance compared to source-to-object distance.
The triple phase CT scan of the abdomen involves three contrast enhanced phases (arterial, portal venous, and delayed) to accurately detect cancers in the liver, pancreas, and other abdominal organs. The arterial phase highlights hypervascular lesions, the portal venous phase shows hypovascular lesions, and the delayed phase aids in lesion characterization. Careful protocoling of contrast dose, injection rate, and timing of scans in each phase is required to obtain diagnostic images while minimizing radiation dose.
CT artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors related to the physics of CT imaging, the patient, and hardware issues. Physics-based artifacts include beam hardening, which causes cupping and streak artifacts, as well as partial volume averaging and noise. Patient motion can also cause artifacts. Hardware issues like ring artifacts may occur from problems with the x-ray tube. Proper use of filters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce artifacts like beam hardening, while keeping the patient still can minimize motion artifacts. Artifacts need to be understood as they can obscure anatomy or be mistaken for pathology.
This document describes retrograde pyelography, a medical imaging procedure used to visualize the kidneys and ureters. It begins by introducing retrograde pyelography and its indications. These include evaluating the kidneys when normal visualization is not possible on other exams or when investigating hematuria, filling defects, or ureteral fistulas. The document then discusses patient preparation, anesthesia used, technique, required films, complications, and compares retrograde pyelography to other imaging modalities like MRI uretherography and CT urethrography. In summary, retrograde pyelography involves injecting contrast through ureters under fluoroscopy to visualize the pelvicalyceal system and evaluate various conditions of
This document discusses digital subtraction angiography (DSA), including its history, equipment, and applications. DSA involves acquiring digital fluoroscopic images before and after injecting contrast material, and using computer subtraction to remove bone structures and leave an image of blood vessels. It originated in the 1970s and allows for real-time angiography with improved vessel contrast compared to conventional techniques. Key components of DSA systems include an x-ray unit, image intensifier, computer, and software for image processing functions like subtraction, enhancement, and roadmapping.
This document provides guidance on chest X-ray positioning and interpretation. It outlines different chest X-ray views including PA, lateral, AP, decubitus, and inspiratory-expiratory views. For a PA view, the patient faces the cassette with the tube 6 feet away. Proper inspiration is important, with the diaphragm at the 8th-10th posterior or 5th-6th anterior rib. Key areas to examine include the trachea, heart, diaphragm, lungs, pleural spaces, and bones. Paired inspiratory-expiratory views can demonstrate air trapping and diagnose foreign bodies.
MRI provides detailed images of the brain without exposing patients to radiation. It is useful for evaluating conditions like tumors, strokes, and multiple sclerosis. The document describes the MRI procedure for brain imaging including patient preparation, head coils, sequences, and protocols. Key sequences discussed are T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, diffusion weighted, MR angiography, and MR venography.
Dacrocystography is an imaging procedure used to evaluate the lacrimal drainage system. Contrast media is injected through the puncta into the lacrimal drainage structures and X-rays are taken to identify any obstructions or abnormalities. The lacrimal drainage system includes the lacrimal gland, conjunctival sac, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Dacrocystography can be used to investigate various conditions affecting tear production and drainage such as epiphora, fistulas, tumors, diverticula, obstructions, and infections.
A T-tube cholangiogram is an x-ray of the biliary ducts that uses a T-tube port placed in the common bile duct after gallbladder surgery. The procedure involves injecting contrast through the T-tube port under fluoroscopy to view the bile ducts and detect any stones, strictures, or other abnormalities. It is commonly performed after gallbladder removal to check for remaining stones. The contrast is injected using either a syringe directly connected to the T-tube for liver transplant patients or a butterfly needle inserted into the T-tube tubing for other patients. Standard x-ray views are taken as the contrast fills the bile ducts.
1. The abdomen contains the organs of the digestive and urinary systems. It is bounded by muscles and vertebrae and contains loops of intestine, the liver, kidneys and more.
2. The abdominal cavity is divided into regions and quadrants by planes to aid localization of structures.
3. Major organs include the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys. The peritoneum lines the walls and covers some organs.
it includes generations and advancement in CT. In generations fifth generation CT is described in detail.
UFC detector, stellar detectors and gemstone detector is also described
straton x-ray tube, MRC, LIMAX and aquillion one xray tube
different techniques used in CT
dual energy CT is also described
Digital fluoroscopy is most commonly configured as a conventional fluoroscopy system where the analog video signal is converted to digital format via an analog-to-digital converter. Alternatively, digitization can be done with a digital video camera or direct capture of x-rays with a flat panel detector. Digital fluoroscopy systems allow for digital image recording and processing using techniques like frame averaging and edge enhancement. Radiation protection for patients and staff is important for digital fluoroscopy and techniques like collimation, minimum source-to-skin distance, and lead shielding help reduce exposure.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
This study summarizes a population-based study conducted approximately 20 years after a TCDD exposure accident in Seveso, Italy to evaluate long-term effects on immune and dioxin response biomarkers. The study randomly selected 121 subjects from the most exposed zones and a non-exposed area, measuring their plasma TCDD levels and markers of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Plasma TCDD levels ranged from background to 90 ng/kg and were associated with decreased plasma IgG concentrations and aryl-hydrocarbon receptor mRNA levels in lymphocytes. When lymphocytes were cultured with TCDD, genes in the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor pathway were induced, and plasma TCDD associated with decreased enzyme activity. The findings suggest long
History of radiation therapy and applicationKanhu Charan
1. Radiation oncology has evolved dramatically from the discovery of x-rays in the late 19th century to current technologies.
2. Early radiation treatments used orthovoltage machines which had limitations in treating deep tumors without skin toxicity.
3. Major advances included the development of cobalt-60 teletherapy units and linear accelerators, allowing higher energy penetrating radiation to reach deep tumors.
4. Techniques also advanced from simple external beam radiotherapy to 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy for improved targeting of tumors and sparing of surrounding healthy tissues.
Case history Goiania radiation accident.pptTaushifulHoque
The document summarizes the 1987 Goiânia accident in Brazil, where a radioactive source was stolen from an abandoned medical facility. Two men dismantled the source, exposing themselves, their family members, and others through contaminated objects. Over time, many people fell ill from radiation exposure. The accident was ultimately discovered when one ill person connected their symptoms to the source. Responders then monitored, decontaminated, and treated over 100 exposed individuals. The accident resulted in 4 deaths and widespread environmental contamination, demonstrating the dangers of uncontrolled radioactive sources and the need for regulatory controls and emergency response planning.
This document discusses nuclear and radiological emergency preparedness and response. It defines key terms like emergency management, emergency, preparedness, and response. It describes different types of nuclear and radiological accidents that have occurred worldwide, including Fukushima, Chernobyl, and Three Mile Island for nuclear accidents, and Goiania for a radiological accident. It also discusses four levels of radiation emergencies - standby, plant, site area, and general - and explains emergency response planning areas.
The document discusses the health consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster 10 years after the event. It summarizes the different exposed populations, their estimated radiation doses, and the short and long-term health effects that have been observed or are plausible based on what is known about radiation. The populations included plant workers who received extremely high doses, cleanup workers who on average received lower doses, evacuated residents from the area near the plant, and inhabitants of contaminated zones. Both short-term effects like acute radiation sickness and increased risk of thyroid cancer and leukemia, as well as potential long-term effects like increased risk of other cancers and mental retardation are discussed.
The document provides an introduction to nuclear medicine, including:
- Nuclear medicine involves injecting, ingesting, or inhaling radiopharmaceuticals to detect physiological processes using a gamma camera.
- While x-rays image anatomy, nuclear medicine focuses on evaluating organ function and physiology.
- Important milestones in nuclear medicine history include the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 and the development of the first gamma camera in the 1950s.
- Nuclear medicine principles involve detecting gamma ray emissions from radiopharmaceuticals using a gamma camera to form images.
The document discusses the evolution of radiation dose standards over time from the discovery of x-rays in 1895. Early researchers did not understand the biological effects of radiation and suffered injuries. Formal standards began in the early 1900s and continued to be refined through the 1900s based on new research findings. The standards set limits on radiation exposure for occupational workers and the general public based on balancing radiation risks and the benefits of practices involving radiation sources.
help me answer the questions please Health Care Associated Disease Tr.docxgentomega
help me answer the questions please
Health Care Associated Disease Transmission Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections Associated with Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsies Georgia, 2005 Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsies are among the most common outpatient diagnostic procedures performed in urology clinics, with an estimated 624,000 performed annually in the United States (CDC, unpublished data, 2006). The procedures gencrally are: performed in follow-up to elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen os abncernal dicital rectal: examinations ( L ). Septicemia has been reported as a rare complication of the procedare (2)-ithis report summarizes an investigation of four cases of Pseadomonas acraginosa infection after TRUS-guided prostate biopsies in which contamination of the equipment was the likely source. The findings underscore the need to adhere to rocommendations for the cleaning and drsinfoction of TRUS-guided prostate biopsy equipment: On July 28, 2005za uroiogist notified the Georgia Department of Human Resources: Division of. Public Health (GDPH) regarding four patients who were hospitalizod with P . acneginosa infections within 6 days of outpatient IRUS-guided prostate hiopsies performed at a clinie: All procedures were halted at the clinic pending the investigation. The four patients were white, nonHispunie men aged 57 71 years who had undergone the biopsy procedure during Jaly 20 26 . 2005. They were the only patients who had TRUS-guided prostate biopsies at the clinic during : that period. Subsequently, all four experienced fever and chills and were admined to the hospital 1-6 days (mean: 2.5 days) after their procedures. Three patients were admitted with diagnos septicemia and the fourth with a diagnosis of infoction. P . aenginosar was rocovered from cultures of blood (one patient), urine (two patients), or blood and urine specimens (one patient). The patients were treated suceessfilly. with a combination of intravenous and oral antimisrobial agents during hospitalizations of 2 12 days (mean: 5.8 days). All procedures had been performed in the clinic by the same urologist and staff members using the following techinique. Immediately before each procedure, a new finger cot was fitted over the distal tip of the ultrasound probef filled with gel to climinate air bubbles, and socured with an O . ring. A standard condom was then fitted over the finger cot and ultrasound probe and filled with dubricant Next, a steel, nondisposable needle guide was fitted over the ultrasound papob, finger cot, and first condom. A second condom was fitted over these items and filled with lutricant: Once the ultrasound probe was inserted into the rectum and positioned correctly. the tirologist Once the ultrasound probe was inserted into the rectum and positioned cocrectly, the urologist prostate, piercing the second condom, to obtain a core of tissee for pathologic analysis. The same needle was withdrawn and reinserted through.
The document is a consensus statement from UK and international medical and scientific experts expressing serious concerns about the health effects of non-ionizing radiation and calling for urgent action. It summarizes evidence that radiofrequency radiation (RFR) has been proven to damage biological systems and increase health risks like cancer. While current safety guidelines are inadequate, some countries have adopted stricter limits and taken steps to reduce exposures, especially for children. The statement calls for an immediate moratorium on 5G and other new RFR sources until independent health research is done and biologically safe public limits are established.
The ICRU was conceived in 1925 to propose a unit for measuring radiation in medicine. It is now responsible for defining units of measure for radiation quantities and developing recommendations on their safe application. The ICRU works with committees to publish reports on topics like radiation therapy, dosimetry, and protection. Its goals are to evaluate data on ionizing radiation and maintain contacts to benefit radiation science.
The document discusses the history of radiation protection, including early pioneers who discovered radiation hazards and effects. It describes some key events like the establishment of the ICRP and AERB, and definitions of key radiation terms. It also outlines the biological effects of radiation exposure, distinguishing between deterministic and stochastic effects. The three principles of radiation protection - justification, optimization and dose limitation - are explained.
Adverse reactions and management of contrast reactions Ashim Budhathoki
The document provides information on contrast media used in medical imaging. It begins with acknowledging those who helped with the project. It then discusses the objectives of the study which are to define contrast media, explain types and reactions, and responsibilities during contrast studies. The document classifies contrast media as positive or negative. Positive contrast media make structures appear brighter on images while negative contrast media make structures appear darker. It provides details on various contrast agents used for different medical imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ultrasound and their routes of administration.
The document summarizes guidelines from the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz. It establishes basic restrictions on exposure levels based on established health effects. It also provides reference levels to help determine if the basic restrictions are exceeded. The guidelines are intended to protect against known adverse health effects from exposure and will be periodically revised as more effects are identified.
Thiruvenkatarajan et al-2015-anaesthesiasamirsharshar
Cranial nerve injuries are a rare but serious complication of supraglottic airway device use. The review identified 56 cases of cranial nerve injuries reported in the literature. Lingual nerve injury was most common (22 patients), followed by recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (17 patients). Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury can cause hoarseness, dysphagia, and in severe bilateral cases, respiratory distress requiring intubation or tracheostomy. Contributing factors to injury included inappropriate device size, overinflated cuffs, patient positioning, and surgical duration. Most injuries resolved with conservative treatment, but some patients had persisting voice impairment or required surgical intervention.
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1. The Radiological accident
in Goiânia
Presented by_
Champak Mudoi
Taushiful Hoque
M.Sc. Radiological Physics , 4th Semester
Gauhati University – Dr. B. Barooah Cancer Institute
2. Contents
Introduction
Description of the Source
Chronology of the accident
Discovery of the accident
Initial action after the discovery
Medical Responses
Dosimetry Used
Environmental Contamination
Radiation Surveys
Decontamination
Disposal of the waste
International Co-operation
Lesson learned
3. The Goiânia accident was a radioactive
contamination accident that occurred on
September 13, 1987, in Goiânia, in the state
of Goiás ,Brazil ,after an
unsecured radiotherapy source was stolen
from an abandoned hospital site in the city.
It was subsequently handled by many people,
resulting in 4 deaths. About 112,000 people
were examined for radioactive contamination
and 249 of them were found to have been
contaminated.
Introduction
4. Level of the Accident
A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by
the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as
"an event that has led to significant consequences to
people, the environment or the facility. Examples
include lethal effects to individuals
INES : in order to enable prompt communication
of safety significant information in case of nuclear
accidents by IAEA in 1990
Goiania Radiation accident is the 5 INES Level of
Radiation accident with wider consequences
5. Competent Authority for Nuclear Energy in Brazil
The competent national authority for nuclear energy in
Brazil is the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN),
whose President reports directly to the President of the
Republic.
CNEN is the regulatory authority for licensing the
purchase and transport of radioactive sources
It also has the responsibility and power to regulate the
production, use, security and disposal of radioactive
materials in their various areas of use.
In the area of medical uses, both CNEN & Federal and
State Health Secretaries have regulatory responsibilities.
6. Description of the Source
Basic data on caesium-137
• Source : CsCl - Caesium chloride
• Radioactivity (1971): 71 TBq (1919 Ci)
• Radioactivity (Sept, 1987): 50.9 TBq (1375 Ci)
• CsCl Mass : 93 g
• Cs-137 Mass : 19.3 g
• Gamma emissions : 0.66 MeV (84%)
• Beta emissions : Maximum energies : i) 0.51 MeV (95%)
ii)1.17 MeV (5%)
• Half-life : 30 years
7. Machine Specification
The teletherapy unit
Make : Barazetti - Generay SpA , Italy.
Model : Cesapan F-3000 , 1951
Manufactured : 1970
A wheel type radiotherapy device which has
a long collimator to focus the radiation into a
narrow beam. The caesium chloride radioactive
source is the blue rectangle, and gamma rays
are represented by the beam emerging from the
aperture.
8. Chronology of the accident
(1) the demolished clinic of the IGR;
(2) removal of the rotating source assembly from an
abandoned teletherapy machine by R.A. and W.P.
(3) source assembly placed in R.A. 's yard near houses
rented out by R.A. 's mother
(4) R.A. and W.P. break up source wheel and puncture
source capsule
(5) R.A. sells pieces of the source assembly to Junkyard I
(6) Junkyard I. the caesium chloride is fragmented and
dispersed by I. S. and A.S. via public places
(7) D.F. 's house: contamination is further dispersed
(8) visitors and neighbours , e.g. O.F. I , are contaminated
9. Chronology of the accident
(9) E.F.I and E.F 2 contaminated;
(10) IF. 's house; other arrows indicate dispersion via
visitors and contaminated scrap paper sent to other
towns;
(11) contamination is spread to Junkyard II;
(12) contamination is spread to Junkyard III,
(13) K. S returns to the IGR clinic to remove the rest
of the teletherapy machine to Junkyard II;
(14) M.F.I and G.S. take the source remnants by city
bus to the Vigilancia Sanitaria;
(15) contamination transferred to other towns by
M.A.I. (By courtesy of CNEN, Brazil.)
10. Discovery of the accident
On September 28, one of the persons irradiated, named Maria Ferreira, connected the illnesses
with the source capsule and took the remnants to the public health department in the city with
the help of her husband’s employee by bus.
Both were admitted in the hospital and later sent to a tropical hospital because their symptoms
were confused with tropical disease.
A doctor suspects that the skin lesions had been caused by radiation damage and after consulting
with his colleagues, decided to call in a medical physicist to look at the suspicious package.
In the morning of September 29, a visiting medical physicist used a scintillation counter to
confirm the presence of radioactivity and persuaded the authorities to take immediate action.
The city, state, and national governments were all aware of the incident by the end of the day.
11. Initial action after the discovery
Medical triage
Monitoring of the people and survey the environment
Medical treatment of the irradiated/contaminated persons
Actions to bring sources of exposure under control
Decontamination of the main sites of contamination (houses, public places, vehicles, etc.)
Demolition and removal of houses
Removal of contaminated soil
Clear information to the public
12. Medical Triage
Population Triage Period:
September 30 - December 21, 1987
Number of persons 112,800
Internal/external contamination 129
Contamination of clothes and shoes 120
Persons hospitalized 20
Local radiation injuries 28
Bone marrow depression 14
Acute radiation syndrome 8
Deaths 4
Basic facts about triage performed
Olympic Stadium (112,800 persons monitored)
13. Medical Responses
The therapeutic procedures followed during the critical phase of
the emergency response included —
managing the critical period of the acute radiation syndrome
manifested by bone marrow depression
treating local radiation injury
decorporation of caesium-137 from the body
general support and psychotherapy.
14. Decorporation of Cs-137 with Prussian Blue
One notable feature of the accident in Goiania was the severe
external and internal contamination with caesium-137 that
complicated patient care and prompted the extensive use of
hexacyanoferrate, [Fe(CN)6]4 (as Prussian Blue, or Radiogardase ) for
the first time in the history of radiological accident
In the Goiania accident, Prussian Blue (Radiogardase ) was
administered to 46 persons.
The doses of Prussian Blue varied from 1 g/day to 10 g/day
The initial dose for adults was 3 g/day in three equal doses
Patients who intakes more than five times the annual limit of Cs-
137 intake, doses varied from 4 g/day to 6 g/day
The dose administered to 13 children was initially 1.0-1.5 g/day
15. Fatalities
Ages in years are given, with dosages listed in grays (Gy) :
Leide das Neves Ferreira, aged 6 (6.0 Gy), was the daughter of Ivo Ferreira. She gradually
experienced swelling in the upper body, hair loss, kidney and lung damage, and internal
bleeding. She died on October 23, 1987, of "septicemia and generalized infection" at the
Marcilio Dias Navy Hospital, in Rio de Janeiro.
Maria Gabriela Ferreira, aged 37 (5.7 Gy), wife of scrapyard owner Devair Ferreira, she
developed hair loss and internal bleeding, especially of the limbs, eyes, and digestive tract.
She suffered mental confusion, diarrhea, and acute renal insufficiency and died on October
23, 1987.
16. Fatalities
Admilson Alves de Souza, aged 18 (5.3 Gy), was an employee of Devair Ferreira who
worked on the radioactive source. He developed lung damage, internal bleeding, and heart
damage, and died on October 28, 1987.
Israel Batista dos Santos, aged 22 (4.5 Gy), was also an employee of Devair Ferreira who
worked on the radioactive source primarily to extract the lead. He developed serious
respiratory and lymphatic complications, died on October 27, 1987.
Devair Ferreira himself survived despite receiving 7 Gy of radiation. He died in 1994
of cirrhosis aggravated by depression and binge drinking. Ivo Ferreira died
of emphysema in 2003.
17. Highly contaminated Individuals
8 ARS patients with estimated doses
1 2-4 Gy
5 4-6 Gy
2 >6 Gy
Two patients who received high doses
(7.0 and 5.5 Gy) and exhibited bone
marrow depression but recovered and
survived
18. Dosimetry Used
From the initial discovery of the accident in Goiania it was evident that many individuals had
been irradiated.
Various dosimetry techniques were used to provide inputs to the initial screening of potentially
exposed persons, the subsequent medical management of patients, and a general scientific
assessment of the accident.
The principal techniques used were as follows :
Internal dosimetry: bioassay and whole body monitoring
Cytogenetics: estimation of doses by chromosomal aberration analysis
External dosimetry: dose estimates from reconstructions and on the basis of radiation effects
19. Internal Dosimetry
A bioassay is a method of determining the amount of
radioactive material in your body.
It is used to determine (calculate) the dose from this
radioactive material. There are two techniques for
bioassays:
(1) Measure the amount of radioactivity directly - this is
called an in vivo (in life), a “whole body count” (WBC).
(2) Measure the amount of radioactivity excreted from
your body - this is called an in vitro (in glass) bioassay. The
concentration of radioactivity in urine or faecal
samples can be used to determine the amount of activity in
your body.
20. Cytogenetic Analysis
The process of analyzing cells in a sample of tissue, blood,
bone marrow to look for changes in chromosomes,
including broken, missing, rearranged etc.
Cytogenetic dosimetry is an extremely useful technique for
estimating the external whole body radiation dose and the
inhomogeneity of dose of the irradiated person.
It is helpful in providing useful information to the physician
responsible for diagnosis and prognosis
21. Medical Follow-up of the victims
Status of skin injuries after initial healing
• 8 patients required surgery in 1989
• 6 patients required surgery in 1990
• 1 patients required surgery in 1991
1 cancer death (1993), 1 suicide (1992)
5 year follow-up of children
• no significant findings (occasional eosinophilia, chronic anaemia)
• 7 exposed in-utero have no abnormalities
• 10 conceived post-accident born with no abnormalities
22. Environmental Contamination
The environment was severely contaminated
in the accident.
Initial surveys conducted in suspect homes and
work areas
67 km2 urban area of Goiania city monitored
using helicopter to identify all hotspots (few
mGy/hr to >2 Gy/hr)
2000 m2 contaminated
Several household pets (cats and dogs) and
some livestock (pigs) slaughtered
23. Environmental contamination
The actions taken to clean up the contamination can be divided into two phases
• The first phase : actions needed to bring all potential sources of
contamination under control, completed by 3 October,
• The second phase : action needed to restore normal living conditions,
lasted until March 1988
24. Radiation Surveys
For Radiation Surveys
55 dose rate meters,
23 contamination monitors and
450 QFEs (quartz fibre electrometers — dosimetric pens) were used
Aerial survey with helicopter equipped with radiation detector (67
km2 monitored)
Terrestrial survey with a car equipped with NaI(Tl) and GM detector
25. Radiation Surveys
Aerial survey
• To do this, an aerial survey of Goiania was carried out by
helicopter on 7 and 8 October.
• A portable battery powered gamma spectrometer having
Nal(Tl) detectors with a total volume of 840 cm3 was used.
• Maximum dose rate it recorded was 21 mSv/h at 1 m
26. Radiation Surveys
Survey by car :
• mounting the detectors used in the helicopter in a car and
surveying the areas adjacent to the main foci of contamination
• Both 100 mm x 100 mm Nal(Tl) detectors and Geiger-Muller (GM)
type detectors were used
• One problem encountered was that the electronics were sensitive
to temperature variations
Use of hand held monitors
• More broad dose rates and contamination bands around the several
principal foci showed by this precise dose rate measurements
27. Environmental Monitoring
To quantify the environmental dispersion of caesium, more
than 1300 measurements were made of radioactivity due to
caesium-137 in soil, vegetation, water and air.
In soil measurements ,the levels ranged from 102 to 105 Bq/kg
and decreased with distance from the main foci.
At the same locations as for soil, 263 samples of vegetation
were collected and analyzed, including leaves, branches and
fruit.
The radiation level is below the minimum detectable (1 Bq/L)
when measured in pubic water supply.
28. Environmental Monitoring
In Ground water measurements, only wells near the main foci
had levels of radioactivity above the detection limit (1.5 Bq/L).
The highest level of radioactivity detected,30 Bq/L, was in the
disused well of a residence.
No caesium-137 was detected above the level of the limit of
detection (150 Bq/L ), during rainwater measurements.
In the Capim Puba creek , Jao Dam , a tributary of the Meia
Ponte river that receives flood control water and sewage ,a
survey was conducted on the sewerage system of the district.
Monitoring showed no significant radioactivity
29. Decontamination was undoubtedly the most
resource intensive element of the response to the
accident
with some 550 workers participating m Goiania
This section presents the salient features of this
work.
• 7 main contaminated places
• 42 additional contaminated places
• 85 contaminated houses; 7 demolished
• 50 vehicles decontaminated
Decontamination
30. DECONTAMINATION
PROCESSES
a) the gamma dose rate was measured.
b) Daily dose limit for workers set as 1.5mSv
c) the area in which the highest dose rate was found was profiled.
d) the soil layer indicated by the profile was removed, and then an
additional layer was removed.
e) the gamma dose rate and the soil's average specific radioactivity
were measured.
f) if these measurements were close to derived limits, the area
was covered with 30 mm of new soil.
31. Disposal of the waste
Waste storage site:
20 km away from the city
Designed to accommodate 4-5 km3 of waste
Classification and Control system :
1) Non-radioactive: radioactivity <74 kBq/h
2) Low level waste: dose rate < 2 mSv/h close to the surface of the
package
3) Intermediate level waste: dose rate > 2 mSv/h
but < 20 mSv/h Liquid waste was solidified in cement and
classified in the same way.
32. Disposal of waste
Types of waste packaging used:
4,500 metal drums (200L)
1,400 metal boxes (5 tones)
10 shipping containers (32m3)
6 sets of concrete packaging
Volume of waste stored: 3,500 m3,
or more than 275 construction lorry loads
33. Disposal of the waste
Transport of the waste to the storage site
transported in such a way as to meet
Brazilian legal requirements and IAEA's Regulations
for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material
Between 25 October and 19 December, 275
lorry loads of waste were transported to the
temporary storage site
Inventory
Data on the external dose rates for packages,
recorded on the inventory cards, were used later to
estimate the radioactivity of each drum
About 44 TBq (1200 Ci) of radioactive waste
recovered.
34. GUIDELINES FOLLOWED FOR THE
DISCHARGE OF PATIENTS
It is recommended that monitoring in whole
body counters and 24 hour urine collection be
carried out for internal contamination.
It is further recommended that only those
persons whose levels of in-body radioactivity
are lower than the applicable values given in
Table, and the mean radioactivity of whose
urine is less than 15 kBq/L (0.4 µCi/L ),
should be discharged from hospital to rejoin
the community.
35. Radiological Protection
Routine contamination measurements were made to define the need of decontamination
Air monitoring was undertaken ,Water and solid effluents were also monitored
Plastic sheeting was put on floors and walls to facilitate decontamination.
Numerous spots where dose rate exceeded 1.0 Sv/h . decontamination had to be planned.
Film badge and QFE pens were used to monitor the radiation level in workers
To help in this planning and in the general control of doses, authorized dose limits for
workers were set for various time periods, namely: • 1.5 mSv per day
• 5.0 mSv per week
• 15.0 mSv per month
• 30.0 mSv per quarter
36. Psychological Follow-up of the victims
Psychological alterations
• Continuation of some early problems
• Discrimination from the other people
• Establishment of illness behavior
• Concern about the consequences of the exposure
Stigmatization
• Victims blamed for accident by many citizens
37. International Co-operation
An IAEA-Brazil co-operation programme on emergency preparedness had
made a significant contribution to their preparedness well before the
accident in Goiania
The Brazilian authorities informed the IAEA of the accident soon after its
discovery ,requested assistance under the terms of the international
Convention on Assistance in case of a radiological emergency
Since the accident, numerous collaborative activities have been
undertaken by Brazilian and other experts to evaluate the experiences
and to learn lessons from it
38. LESSON LEARNED
The following lessons were drawn by CNEN from the accident in Goiania:
A radiological accident like Goiania incident can be very much fatal if much time
elapses before the discovery of the accident.
The physical and chemical properties of a radioactive source are important factors in
an accident. The records of sealed sources should contain that information.
An adequate system of information is essential to avert panic on the part of the public.
An adequate system of social and psychological support should be provided following a
radiological accident causing serious contamination.
39. LESSON LEARNED
Instrumentation should be capable of being adjusted to withstand field conditions, so
that it can be used in high humidities, high temperatures and unstable environmental
conditions.
Experts in each area of action should be available to be contacted in the event of an
emergency to give support to the local radiological protection teams.
The provision of a temporary waste storage site near the area affected by a
radiological accident is mandatory.
Training programme should be arranged to train the radiation worker for radiation
emergency situation
40. Bibliography
Report “THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT IN GOIANIA , INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
VIENNA, 1988”
Wikipedia.org/wiki/Goiânia_accident
Dosimetric and medical aspects of the radiological accident in Goiânia in 1987, IAEA ,1998
Radiation sources: Lessons from Goiânia report By IAEA
Wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nuclear_Event_Scale