THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
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Prokaryotic cells include bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and PPLO. They lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The cell envelope consists of an outer glycocalyx layer, a peptidoglycan cell wall, and an inner plasma membrane. The cell contains genomic DNA and sometimes plasmid DNA. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis and prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S. Inclusion bodies store reserved materials in the cytoplasm.
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Prokaryotic cell Of Bacteria
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus. They contain genetic material in the form of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 micrometers in diameter. The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that encloses prokaryotic cells and is composed of phospholipids and proteins arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and are composed of RNA and protein. Inclusion bodies are insoluble protein aggregates that form in bacteria when they are forced to overproduce foreign proteins.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in animal cells that produce ATP through respiration. They have a double membrane structure and two inner compartments. The inner membrane contains proteins for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Mitochondria use oxygen and food molecules to produce ATP through aerobic respiration. They are abundant in high-energy cells like muscle. Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes and are only inherited from mothers.
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introduction to cell biology
Cell Biology
The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All living things are cells or composed of cells.
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The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All living things are cells or composed of cells.
The interior contents of cells in the cytoplasm.
Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed.
A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast.
Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature.
These cells cooperate with other specialized cells and become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as humans and other animals.
The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as 0.2 μm in diameter.
Largest cell ….
The largest single-celled organism is an animal
called Syringammina fragilissima, which can grow to a width of 4 inches.
– are highly folded, forming a complex network of tubes.
The biological science which deals with the study of structure, function, molecular organization, growth, reproduction, and genetics of the cells, is called cytology or cell biology
(Gr., kytos = hollow vessel or cell; logos = to discourse).
Much of cell biology is devoted to the study of structures and functions of specialized cells.
Individual cells that form our bodies can grow, reproduce, process information, respond to stimuli, and carry out an amazing array of chemical reactions.
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Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, with their DNA and intracellular components located together in the cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane. They are smaller than eukaryotic cells, ranging from 0.1-5.0 μm in diameter. Key distinguishing features include a single circular chromosome not associated with histones, division by binary fission, and cell walls containing peptidoglycan in most cases. Structures include a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, and sometimes a glycocalyx, flagella, or fimbriae.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubules and sacs found in eukaryotic cells. It consists of two types - smooth ER and rough ER. Smooth ER is involved in lipid and glycogen metabolism, while rough ER contains ribosomes and is abundant in cells that synthesize proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum provides structure, transports molecules, and aids in various metabolic functions through its enzymes and continuity with other organelles. It helps synthesize proteins and lipids, metabolize drugs and toxins, and provides mechanical support to the cell.
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Bacteria have several external and internal structures. External structures include flagella, pili, and the cell wall. Flagella are hair-like projections that help bacteria move. Pili are involved in genetic transfer during bacterial mating. The cell wall maintains shape and protects the cell. Internally, bacteria have a cytoplasmic membrane, mesosomes in some gram-positive bacteria, ribosomes, plasmids, and a nucleoid containing genetic material. Bacteria can also take up genetic material through transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Some bacteria form spores or cysts as dormant, resistant structures.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant and algal cells that conduct photosynthesis. They contain their own DNA and can replicate independently. Chloroplasts have a double membrane structure and a thylakoid membrane system within a protein-rich stroma. They vary in shape and number per cell depending on the plant species. Chloroplasts capture sunlight using chlorophyll and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis, and also perform other functions like amino acid synthesis.
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Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus. They contain genetic material in the form of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 micrometers in diameter. The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that encloses prokaryotic cells and is composed of phospholipids and proteins arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and are composed of RNA and protein. Inclusion bodies are insoluble protein aggregates that form in bacteria when they are forced to overproduce foreign proteins.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in animal cells that produce ATP through respiration. They have a double membrane structure and two inner compartments. The inner membrane contains proteins for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Mitochondria use oxygen and food molecules to produce ATP through aerobic respiration. They are abundant in high-energy cells like muscle. Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes and are only inherited from mothers.
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The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
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The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All living things are cells or composed of cells.
The interior contents of cells in the cytoplasm.
Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed.
A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast.
Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature.
These cells cooperate with other specialized cells and become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as humans and other animals.
The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as 0.2 μm in diameter.
Largest cell ….
The largest single-celled organism is an animal
called Syringammina fragilissima, which can grow to a width of 4 inches.
– are highly folded, forming a complex network of tubes.
The biological science which deals with the study of structure, function, molecular organization, growth, reproduction, and genetics of the cells, is called cytology or cell biology
(Gr., kytos = hollow vessel or cell; logos = to discourse).
Much of cell biology is devoted to the study of structures and functions of specialized cells.
Individual cells that form our bodies can grow, reproduce, process information, respond to stimuli, and carry out an amazing array of chemical reactions.
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, with their DNA and intracellular components located together in the cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane. They are smaller than eukaryotic cells, ranging from 0.1-5.0 μm in diameter. Key distinguishing features include a single circular chromosome not associated with histones, division by binary fission, and cell walls containing peptidoglycan in most cases. Structures include a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, and sometimes a glycocalyx, flagella, or fimbriae.
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Prokaryotic cells are the simplest and most primitive cells. They lack membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus, with their DNA located in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane and cell wall, and may possess flagella or pili to aid movement. The structures that make up a prokaryotic cell include the plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm containing ribosomes, and the nucleoid region containing DNA.
cell biology, cell theory, bacterial cell
The document summarizes key information about cell biology. It discusses how Robert Hooke first observed cells and coined the term in 1665. It then outlines the modern cell theory which states that all living things are made up of cells, cells arise from pre-existing cells, and cells contain DNA. The document also provides details on bacterial cell walls, differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, bacterial cell structures like the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, and plasmids. Finally, it briefly discusses the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane proposed in 1972.
Bacteria cell structure.pptx
This document provides information about Riaz Khan's lecture on clinical bacteriology and bacterial cell structure. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including an introduction to clinical bacteriology, bacterial cell structure, and bacterial classification. The document then goes on to describe the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It provides detailed information on the various components of bacterial cells, including cell walls, membranes, flagella, pili, and cytoplasmic inclusions. It also discusses bacterial shapes and classifications.
Cell - the unit of life
This document provides an overview of cell structure and organelles. It begins with the cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann stating that all living things are composed of cells that arise from pre-existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document outlines several cellular structures common to both cell types, such as the cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, and endomembrane system including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. It provides details on the structure and functions of these various organelles.
bacteriastructureandfunction-201109055324.pdf
This document provides information on the structure of bacterial cells. It discusses the key components of bacterial cells including the cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, pili, nucleoid region, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies. It notes that bacteria can be either gram-positive or gram-negative and describes the differences in their cell wall structures. The document also discusses cellular structures like endospores, cysts, and vacuoles that allow bacteria to survive in harsh environmental conditions.
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This document describes the morphology and structures of bacteria. It discusses their size, which can range from 0.5-3 μm depending on type. The structures include a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and sometimes capsules, flagella, pili or endospores. The cell wall provides shape and protection, while the cell membrane is selective and involved in transport. Cytoplasm contains ribosomes, nucleic material, and inclusions. Flagella, pili and endospores help with motility, attachment and dormancy. Gram staining distinguishes cell wall composition and bacteria are viewed with microscopes.
Bacteria structure and function
This document provides information on the structure of bacterial cells. It discusses the key components of bacterial cells including the cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, pili, nucleoid region, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies. It notes that bacteria can be either gram-positive or gram-negative and describes the differences in their cell wall structures. The document also discusses cellular structures like endospores, cysts, and vacuoles that allow bacteria to survive in harsh environmental conditions.
Microbial Bio energy & Bio Fuels
This document discusses the key differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains the crystal violet stain, appearing purple, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer between the inner and outer membranes, appearing pink. It also defines the kingdom Monera as unicellular prokaryotes like bacteria that lack organelles and a nuclear membrane. The document outlines the structures of bacterial cells including the capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids, flagella, and pili.
Cell stucture of bacteria
Bacterial cells have a typical prokaryotic structure, lacking organelles. They have an outer capsule or slime layer, a peptidoglycan cell wall, and an inner cell membrane. The cell wall provides structure and protection, and its composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The cytoplasm contains genetic material, ribosomes, and other inclusions, and some bacteria possess flagella or pili for motility. Bacterial cells show diversity in their structures but share the basic prokaryotic organization.
Plant Pathogenic Prokaryotes.pdf
This document provides an overview of prokaryotic cell structure and function. It begins by describing structures outside the cell membrane including flagella, fimbriae, pili, and the glycocalyx. It then discusses the cell wall and structures within it like the periplasmic space and periplasmic flagella. Moving inside the cell membrane, it outlines the cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, and various inclusions. It concludes by covering specialized cell types such as endospores. The document comprehensively reviews the key anatomical features of prokaryotic cells.
Bacterial amatomy.ppt
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that exist in communities of millions. They come in various shapes such as cocci, bacilli, and spirals. Bacteria have a cell wall, cell membrane, and sometimes a capsule, flagella, and endospore. The cell wall gives the cell its shape and protects it from bursting due to osmotic pressure. Bacteria are classified as gram-positive or gram-negative based on differences in their cell wall composition and thickness. The cell membrane regulates what passes in and out of the cell.
basic introdution on bacteria.pdf
I. Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They range from 0.5-5 micrometers in size and can be spherical, rod-shaped, spiral, or curved.
II. Bacteria have distinct cellular structures like a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and some have flagella or pili. Their genetic material is located in the nucleoid region. They reproduce through binary fission.
III. Bacteria are classified based on their shape as cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), or spiral. Cocci can be arranged singly or in pairs, chains, clusters, or cubes. Bac
Chapter 4 functional anatomy of prok and euk partial
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in their structures. Prokaryotes lack organelles and have no nucleus, while eukaryotes have organelles and a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells and can have various shapes. Their genetic material is a single circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane. Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell wall containing peptidoglycan, while some also have additional structures like flagella, pili, or capsules. The structures and composition of the cell wall determine whether a bacterium is gram-positive or gram-negative.
Similar to THE PROKARYOTIC CELL (20)
Morphology of bacterial cell presentation new 1.pptx
Morphology of bacterial cell presentation new 1.pptx
Chapter 4 functional anatomy of prok and euk partial
Chapter 4 functional anatomy of prok and euk partial
THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
- 1. THE PROKARYOTIC CELL Represented by: • Bacteria • Blue-green algae • Mycoplasma, and • PPLO (Pleuron pneumonia-like organism)
- 2. The Bacteria
- 3. STRUCTURE Cell wall is the outermost boundary, followed by the cell membrane. Cytoplasm occupies the volume of the cell. Prokaryotic cell lacks the membrane bound nucleus. The cell contain two types of DNA: the genomic DNA and the plasmid DNA.
- 4. Genomic DNA – contains the genetic information of the organism. Plasmid DNA- small circular DNA other than genomic DNA. i. It is used to monitor bacterial transformation with the foreign DNA in biotechnology. ii. It confers certain unique characters to bacteria, for example, resistance to antibiotic. Only ribosomes are common in both cell types. Inclusion bodies are present in prokaryotes. Mesosomes are found in all prokaryotic cells. It is a specialised differentiated form of a cell membrane.
- 5. CELL ENVELOPE The cell envelope is consists of three structure: i. Glycocalyx (outermost) ii. Cell wall (middle) iii. Cell membrane (innermost) Each layer performs a unique function but, together they act as a single protective unit. GLYCOCALYX (mucilage sheath) i. made up of glycoprotein and polysaccharide. ii. it may form a loose sheath called Slime layer or a tough sheath called Capsule. Based on the composition of glycocalyx the bacteria are classified into two categories: i. Gram-positive- the bacteria which retain the Gram-strain are called Gram-positive bacteria. They have tough glycocalyx layer/ capsule. ii. Gram-negative- the bacteria which does not retain the Gram-stain are called Gram negative bacteria. They have loose glycocalyx layer/ slime layer. The glycocalyx resist phagocytosis.
- 7. CELL WALL – made up of peptidoglycan or murine in prokaryotes and cyanobacteria. i. Determine the cell shape ii. Provides structural support iii. Prevents the cell from collapsing. PLASMA MEMBRANE- semi-permeable in nature. i. The plasma membrane is modified into mesosomes. ii. It helps in cell wall synthesis. iii. DNA replication. iv. Distribution of daughter cells. v. In cyanobacteria, the modified mesosome (chromatophores) performs the function of chloroplast as it contains photosynthetic pigments. Plasma membrane of prokaryotes are structurally similar to eukaryotes. Bacteria may be motile or non-motile.
- 8. RIBOSOMES i. Site of protein synthesis. ii. Prokaryotic ribosome is 70 S ribosome made up of two sub-units: 50S and 30S. iii. Many ribosomes are attached to mRNA to form polysome/polyribosomes. INCLUSION BODIES i. The reserved material such as phosphate , glycogen granules etc. are present in the form of inclusion bodies. ii. Blue-green algae and purple and green photosynthetic bacteria contain gas vacuoles in the cytoplasm.