The Paris Accord does not address fundamental issues, and the voluntary targets indicated by each nation are not sufficient to ensure that global warming will be well below 2 degrees Celsius and 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2100. In addition, the document is failing to present proposals that contribute to building a model of sustainable development on our planet in place of the current unsustainable model of capitalist development. Another issue not addressed at COP 21 concerns wars, which is also largely responsible for the worsening environment of the planet, which is proliferating around the world. The Paris Accord is also silent on the construction of a system of governance on the planet capable of ensuring the reorganization of the world economy that is leading the world to depression, the environment of the planet threatened by catastrophic climate change and international relations that worsen every day fueling the proliferation of wars.
COP21 POLICIES AND ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE: Political Economy of Hawking’s Irre...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Climate and earth scientists have convinced a large majority of people that climate change occurs
today. And the new theory of abrupt climate change entails that huge feedback lopes will change the Earth already
within the next one or two decades. Yet, this information is only half the story, as the pragmatical side is also part
of climate change: will the COP21 promise of global decarbonization be fulfilled? It requires global coordination
by states or government, which is very hard to achieve. The COP process by the UNFCCC and the IPCC never
speaks about it. The aim of this paper is to emphasize that global decarbonization can only be accomplished by
global state coordination, which reduces the probability of COP21 success considerably.
Climate Change: Implications for CitiesECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base that will be used around the world to formulate
climate policies in the coming years.This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief that the cities sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely, relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
Grateful thanks are extended to all reviewers from both the science and business communities for their time, effort and invaluable feedback on this document. The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts of global warming and the consequent global climate change on human health and the solutions to avoid its harmful consequences against humanity. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to promote a profound transformation of current society, which has been extremely destructive of the planet's living conditions. Therefore, it is essential to build a sustainable society, replacing the current dominant economic model throughout the world with one that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement was analyzed based on the COP 21 organized by the UN through which 195 countries and the European Union defined how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades, as well as was analyzed literature related to global warming and climate change to extract the conclusions that point out how to replace the current development model with the sustainable development model.
COP21 POLICIES AND ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE: Political Economy of Hawking’s Irre...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Climate and earth scientists have convinced a large majority of people that climate change occurs
today. And the new theory of abrupt climate change entails that huge feedback lopes will change the Earth already
within the next one or two decades. Yet, this information is only half the story, as the pragmatical side is also part
of climate change: will the COP21 promise of global decarbonization be fulfilled? It requires global coordination
by states or government, which is very hard to achieve. The COP process by the UNFCCC and the IPCC never
speaks about it. The aim of this paper is to emphasize that global decarbonization can only be accomplished by
global state coordination, which reduces the probability of COP21 success considerably.
Climate Change: Implications for CitiesECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base that will be used around the world to formulate
climate policies in the coming years.This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief that the cities sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely, relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
Grateful thanks are extended to all reviewers from both the science and business communities for their time, effort and invaluable feedback on this document. The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts of global warming and the consequent global climate change on human health and the solutions to avoid its harmful consequences against humanity. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to promote a profound transformation of current society, which has been extremely destructive of the planet's living conditions. Therefore, it is essential to build a sustainable society, replacing the current dominant economic model throughout the world with one that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement was analyzed based on the COP 21 organized by the UN through which 195 countries and the European Union defined how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades, as well as was analyzed literature related to global warming and climate change to extract the conclusions that point out how to replace the current development model with the sustainable development model.
Milwaukee Area Technical College Presentation - 2015 Green Vehicles Workshop ...Wisconsin Clean Cities
George Stone, Milwaukee Area Technical College, gave an overview of the effect of transportation emissions on air quality in Southeastern Wisconsin for the 12th Annual Green Vehicles Workshop held on April 21, 2015 at the Milwaukee Area Technical College.
Ecology versus economic growth? There is not general solution to this dilemma or trade-off (de
Bruyn, 2012; Eriksson, 2013; Managi, 2015). Following the COP21 Agreement objectives and their decentralised
implementation over this century, the countries of the world, guided by international governance, must learn how
to invest in projects that both foster growth and innovation as well as environmental sustainability and
decarbonisation. It will be far more difficult, not to say much uncertain, whether the COP21 approach can work.
Seeds of actions on Climate Change, Is it now India’s moment? TERRE Policy Centre
Secretary of State John Kerry will be in India this week and India should lend its support on priority for HFC phase down under the Montreal Protocol. Indian Prime Minister’s visit to Washington DC later this year can seal the deal to demonstrate that three largest economies of the world working shoulder to shoulder to take action on climate change would be good omen and a strong signal.
What's in it for South Asia? Key findings from the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Re...CDKN
This presentation, What's in it for South Asia? Key findings evaluates what the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report has to say about the future of South Asia's climate in a series of innovative infographics, key facts, statements and images.
This presentation is free to use by anyone for educational purposes. Please feel free to share the slideshow and help continue the discussion on climate change.
Climate change is any change in climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity and that alters the composition of the global atmosphere (United Nations 1992). Climate change is caused by the increment of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels and land use (United Nations 1992). This causes increased radiation of infrared rays back to the earth hence temperature increases through the greenhouse gas effect.
Climate change worldwide is affecting biophysical and social systems (Maitima. J. et al 2009). The spatial extent and intensity of these effects vary geographically from one place to another depending on the location in the global atmospheric systems, regional settings, land cover, land use patterns, topography and weather patterns (Maitima. J. et al 2009). These effects have become a major concern for most countries of the world due to their longterm implications and adverse effects on development activities with developing and underdeveloped nations being the most affected (ECOLAO 2012) Indigenous people are most vulnerable to impacts of climate change due to their high reliance on climate sensitive natural resources, inhabitation of fragile ecosystems and social, economic plus political marginalization (ECOLAO 2012).
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty (also known as a multilateral environmental agreement) that was opened for signature at the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and came into force in 1994.
The ultimate objective of the Convention is to “stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system." It states that "such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.“ 194 countries signed the UNFCCC showing near universal agreement that there is a problem and that action is required against climate change.
This powerpoint presentation is produced by IPCC Working Group I for outreach purposes. It is based on the figures and approved text from the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers with some additional information on the process. The IPCC Working Group I website www.climatechange2013.org provides comprehensive access to all products generated by Working Group I during the fifth assessment cycle of the IPCC.
This presentation is entitled as Climate change impact on Bangladesh. It includes the possible impact on Bangladesh in different sectors like agriculture, food security, coastal areas, industry, migration pattern etc. It also describes about the possible climate change scenarios of Bangladesh in different condition along with its impact.
Leaders from 196 countries will gather in Glasgow, Scotland, between the 1st and 12th of November this year for the great climate conference, COP 26. COP26 is a meeting to discuss climate change and how countries intend to fight it. COP26 will be the twenty-sixth meeting since the treaty entered into force in March 1994 with the aim of reducing the impact of human activity on the climate. Actions to limit climate change and its effects, such as sea level rise and extreme weather events, are expected to be negotiated. The meeting is seen as crucial for us to be able to exert some control over climate change. In Glasgow, global leaders will assess the results of the 2015 Paris Agreement, COP 21, which was a milestone in international climate negotiations. This agreement was the most important step so far taken by countries in an attempt to limit climate change.
Agreement of cop 21 is not enough to save the planet earth of catastrophic cl...Fernando Alcoforado
Paris Agreement does not address the fundamental issues, as well as voluntary targets set by each of the combined nations are not sufficient to ensure that global warming be below 2 degrees Celsius, heading 1,5 degree Celsius by the year 2100. Moreover, the document is silent to not submit proposals that contribute to the construction of a model of sustainable development on our planet to replace the unsustainable existing capitalist development model and to build a world of peace that opposes the wars that proliferate around the world. The capitalist development model in force and wars are the most responsible for compromise the environment of the planet. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the Paris Agreement is omitted, also, with regard to the construction of a governance system on the planet that is able to ensure the reordering of the world economy that is taking the world into depression, the planet's environment threatened by catastrophic climate change and international relations worsening every day feeding the proliferation of wars. Faced with these serious omissions of COP 21, it can be said that hardly we will be successful in trying to avoid the catastrophic changes in Earth's climate in the twenty-first century.
Milwaukee Area Technical College Presentation - 2015 Green Vehicles Workshop ...Wisconsin Clean Cities
George Stone, Milwaukee Area Technical College, gave an overview of the effect of transportation emissions on air quality in Southeastern Wisconsin for the 12th Annual Green Vehicles Workshop held on April 21, 2015 at the Milwaukee Area Technical College.
Ecology versus economic growth? There is not general solution to this dilemma or trade-off (de
Bruyn, 2012; Eriksson, 2013; Managi, 2015). Following the COP21 Agreement objectives and their decentralised
implementation over this century, the countries of the world, guided by international governance, must learn how
to invest in projects that both foster growth and innovation as well as environmental sustainability and
decarbonisation. It will be far more difficult, not to say much uncertain, whether the COP21 approach can work.
Seeds of actions on Climate Change, Is it now India’s moment? TERRE Policy Centre
Secretary of State John Kerry will be in India this week and India should lend its support on priority for HFC phase down under the Montreal Protocol. Indian Prime Minister’s visit to Washington DC later this year can seal the deal to demonstrate that three largest economies of the world working shoulder to shoulder to take action on climate change would be good omen and a strong signal.
What's in it for South Asia? Key findings from the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Re...CDKN
This presentation, What's in it for South Asia? Key findings evaluates what the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report has to say about the future of South Asia's climate in a series of innovative infographics, key facts, statements and images.
This presentation is free to use by anyone for educational purposes. Please feel free to share the slideshow and help continue the discussion on climate change.
Climate change is any change in climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity and that alters the composition of the global atmosphere (United Nations 1992). Climate change is caused by the increment of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels and land use (United Nations 1992). This causes increased radiation of infrared rays back to the earth hence temperature increases through the greenhouse gas effect.
Climate change worldwide is affecting biophysical and social systems (Maitima. J. et al 2009). The spatial extent and intensity of these effects vary geographically from one place to another depending on the location in the global atmospheric systems, regional settings, land cover, land use patterns, topography and weather patterns (Maitima. J. et al 2009). These effects have become a major concern for most countries of the world due to their longterm implications and adverse effects on development activities with developing and underdeveloped nations being the most affected (ECOLAO 2012) Indigenous people are most vulnerable to impacts of climate change due to their high reliance on climate sensitive natural resources, inhabitation of fragile ecosystems and social, economic plus political marginalization (ECOLAO 2012).
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty (also known as a multilateral environmental agreement) that was opened for signature at the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and came into force in 1994.
The ultimate objective of the Convention is to “stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system." It states that "such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.“ 194 countries signed the UNFCCC showing near universal agreement that there is a problem and that action is required against climate change.
This powerpoint presentation is produced by IPCC Working Group I for outreach purposes. It is based on the figures and approved text from the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers with some additional information on the process. The IPCC Working Group I website www.climatechange2013.org provides comprehensive access to all products generated by Working Group I during the fifth assessment cycle of the IPCC.
This presentation is entitled as Climate change impact on Bangladesh. It includes the possible impact on Bangladesh in different sectors like agriculture, food security, coastal areas, industry, migration pattern etc. It also describes about the possible climate change scenarios of Bangladesh in different condition along with its impact.
Leaders from 196 countries will gather in Glasgow, Scotland, between the 1st and 12th of November this year for the great climate conference, COP 26. COP26 is a meeting to discuss climate change and how countries intend to fight it. COP26 will be the twenty-sixth meeting since the treaty entered into force in March 1994 with the aim of reducing the impact of human activity on the climate. Actions to limit climate change and its effects, such as sea level rise and extreme weather events, are expected to be negotiated. The meeting is seen as crucial for us to be able to exert some control over climate change. In Glasgow, global leaders will assess the results of the 2015 Paris Agreement, COP 21, which was a milestone in international climate negotiations. This agreement was the most important step so far taken by countries in an attempt to limit climate change.
Agreement of cop 21 is not enough to save the planet earth of catastrophic cl...Fernando Alcoforado
Paris Agreement does not address the fundamental issues, as well as voluntary targets set by each of the combined nations are not sufficient to ensure that global warming be below 2 degrees Celsius, heading 1,5 degree Celsius by the year 2100. Moreover, the document is silent to not submit proposals that contribute to the construction of a model of sustainable development on our planet to replace the unsustainable existing capitalist development model and to build a world of peace that opposes the wars that proliferate around the world. The capitalist development model in force and wars are the most responsible for compromise the environment of the planet. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the Paris Agreement is omitted, also, with regard to the construction of a governance system on the planet that is able to ensure the reordering of the world economy that is taking the world into depression, the planet's environment threatened by catastrophic climate change and international relations worsening every day feeding the proliferation of wars. Faced with these serious omissions of COP 21, it can be said that hardly we will be successful in trying to avoid the catastrophic changes in Earth's climate in the twenty-first century.
COP21 POLICIES AND ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE: Political Economy of Hawking’s Irre...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Climate and earth scientists have convinced a large majority of people that climate change occurs
today. And the new theory of abrupt climate change entails that huge feedback lopes will change the Earth already
within the next one or two decades. Yet, this information is only half the story, as the pragmatical side is also part
of climate change: will the COP21 promise of global decarbonization be fulfilled? It requires global coordination
by states or government, which is very hard to achieve. The COP process by the UNFCCC and the IPCC never
speaks about it. The aim of this paper is to emphasize that global decarbonization can only be accomplished by
global state coordination, which reduces the probability of COP21 success considerably
WWF: Policy Expectations for COP 19 WarsawWWF ITALIA
Oggi possiamo salvare il clima e conquistare un futuro di benessere per noi e i nostri figli. Bruciare i combustibili fossili per procurarsi energia e calore ha portato la concentrazione di CO2 in atmosfera ai livelli di 3 milioni di anni fa. Dobbiamo riconquistare l'energia, puntare sulle fonti rinnovabili e l’efficienza energetica. Occorre investire le risorse pubbliche e private nel nostro futuro. E invece i nostri soldi continuano a finanziare il passato fossile. E' ora di cambiare noi, non il clima." Mariagrazia Midulla, Responsabile Clima ed Energia
http://www.wwf.it/riprenditilenergia.cfm
Global warming is long-term rise in the average temperature of the earth’s climate system. It is a major aspect of current climate change, and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements of various effects of the warming. The term commonly refers to the human caused increase in global surface temperatures. Although there prehistoric phases of global warming, but observed changes since the mid 20th century have been much greater than previous records covering decades to thousands of years.
TOO4TO Module 3 / Climate Change and Sustainability: Part 1TOO4TO
This presentation is part of the Sustainable Management: Tools for Tomorrow (TOO4TO) learning materials. It covers the following topic: Climate Change and Sustainability (Module 3). The material consists of 3 parts. This presentation covers Part 1.
You can find all TOO4TO Modules and their presentations here: https://too4to.eu/e-learning-course/
TOO4TO was a 35-month EU-funded Erasmus+ project, running until August 2023 in co-operation with European strategic partner institutions of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Poland), the Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), Turku University of Applied Sciences (Finland) and Global Impact Grid (Germany).
TOO4TO aims to increase the skills, competencies and awareness of future managers and employees with available tools and methods that can provide sustainable management and, as a result, support sustainable development in the EU and beyond.
Read more about the project here: https://too4to.eu/
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. Its whole content reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. PROJECT NUMBER 2020-1-PL01-KA203-082076
Speeding up the Transition to Sustainable EnergyMark Lyttleton
In November 2021, COP26 brought together governments, businesses, organisations and investors from all over the world to discuss the shift to clean energy. With the effects of climate change making themselves felt with increasing frequency and ferocity, experts warn that we must scale up the shift to clean power faster to provide sustainable and affordable energy for all.
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que o povo brasileiro vive o inferno representado pelas catástrofes políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais que estão conduzindo o País a um desastre humanitário sem precedentes em sua história de gigantescas proporções. A catástrofe política no Brasil poderá ocorrer com o fim do processo democrático resultante da escalada do fascismo na sociedade pela ação do presidente Jair Bolsonaro que busca colocar em prática sua proposta de governo tipicamente fascista baseada no culto explícito da ordem, na violência de Estado, em práticas autoritárias de governo, no desprezo social por grupos vulneráveis e fragilizados e no anticomunismo. Soma-se à catástrofe política, a catástrofe econômica caracterizada pela estagnação da economia brasileira que amarga uma recessão em 2020 agravada pela pandemia do novo coronavirus porque o PIB caiu 4,1% em relação ao de 2019, a menor taxa da série histórica, iniciada em 1996, bem como com a taxa de desemprego em patamar recorde de 14,8 milhões de pessoas em busca de emprego no País. A catástrofe social se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro nada fazer para reduzir as taxas de desemprego reativando a economia, atuar em prejuízo dos interesses dos trabalhadores promovendo medidas contra os direitos sociais da população e contribuir para o número elevado de infectados e mortos pelo coronavirus no Brasil ao sabotar o combate ao vírus. Finalmente, a catástrofe ambiental se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro contribuir para a inação de órgãos governamentais responsáveis pela fiscalização contra as agressões ao meio ambiente, abrir caminho para atividades de mineração, agricultura, pecuária e madeireira na Floresta Amazônica e afastar o Brasil do Acordo do Clima de Paris.
Cet article vise à démontrer que le peuple brésilien vit l'enfer représenté par les catastrophes politiques, économiques, sociales et environnementales qui conduisent le pays à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent dans son histoire aux proportions gigantesques. La catastrophe politique au Brésil pourrait survenir avec la fin du processus démocratique résultant de l'escalade du fascisme dans la société par l'action du président Jair Bolsonaro, qui cherche à mettre en pratique sa proposition de gouvernement typiquement fasciste. fondée sur le culte explicite de l'ordre, la violence d'État, les pratiques gouvernementales autoritaires, le mépris social pour les groupes vulnérables et fragiles et l'anticommunisme. Outre la catastrophe politique, la catastrophe économique caractérisée par la stagnation de l'économie brésilienne après une récession en 2020, aggravée par la nouvelle pandémie de coronavirus, car le PIB a baissé de 4,1% par rapport à 2019, le taux le plus bas du série historique, commencée en 1996, ainsi qu'avec le taux de chômage à un niveau record de 14,8 millions de personnes à la recherche d'un emploi dans le pays.La catastrophe sociale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro ne fait rien pour réduire les taux de chômage en réactivant la économique, agissant au détriment des intérêts des travailleurs, promouvant des mesures contre les droits sociaux de la population et contribuant au nombre élevé de personnes infectées et tuées par le coronavirus au Brésil en sabotant la lutte contre le virus. Enfin, la catastrophe environnementale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro contribue à l'inaction des agences gouvernementales chargées de surveiller les agressions contre l'environnement, ouvrant la voie aux activités minières, agricoles, d'élevage et d'exploitation forestière dans la forêt amazonienne et retirant le Brésil de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat.
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter et d'analyser le rapport du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), agence liée à l'ONU, rendu public le 9 août 2021 à travers lequel il montre l'ensemble des connaissances acquises depuis la publication de son précédent rapport en 2014 sur le climat de la planète Terre. 234 auteurs de 66 pays ont examiné plus de 14 000 études scientifiques et leur travail a été reçu avec plus de 78 000 commentaires et observations de chercheurs et d'experts qui travaillant pour les 195 gouvernements auxquels ce travail est destiné. Ce rapport révèle une connaissance approfondie du climat passé, présent et futur de la Terre. Le résumé de ce rapport est à lire dans l'article Selon le GIEC, le changement climatique est irréversible, mais peut encore être corrigé disponible sur le site <https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/climat/selon-le-giec-le-changement-climatique-s-accelere-est-irreversible-mais-peut-etre-corrige_156431>. Alors que peut-on faire pour éviter cette catastrophe climatique ? La solution est de réduire de moitié les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2030 et de zéro émission nette d'ici le milieu de ce siècle pour arrêter et éventuellement inverser la hausse des températures. La réduction à zéro des émissions nettes consiste à réduire autant que possible les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en utilisant les technologies propres et les énergies renouvelables, ainsi que comme capter et stocker le carbone, ou l'absorber en plantant des arbres. Très probablement, le monde ne réussira pas à empêcher d'autres changements climatiques en raison de l'absence d'un système de gouvernance mondiale capable d'empêcher l'augmentation du réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique catastrophique résultant de l'impuissance de l'ONU.
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os impactos do aquecimento global e da consequente mudança climática sobre a saúde humana e as soluções que permitam evitar suas maléficas consequências contra a humanidade. Para alcançar este objetivo, é necessário promover uma transformação profunda da sociedade atual que tem sido extremamente destruidora das condições de vida do planeta. Diante disso, é imprescindível que seja edificada uma sociedade sustentável substituindo o atual modelo econômico dominante em todo o mundo por outro que leve em conta o homem integrado com o meio ambiente, com a natureza, ou seja, o modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Foi analisado o Acordo de Paris com base na COP 21 organizada pela ONU através do qual 195 países e a União Europeia definiram como a humanidade lutará contra o aquecimento global nas próximas décadas, bem como foi analisada literatura relacionada com o aquecimento global e a mudança climática para extrair as conclusões que apontam como substituir o modelo de desenvolvimento atual pelo modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável.
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les impacts du réchauffement climatique et du changement climatique qui en découle sur la santé humaine et les solutions pour éviter ses conséquences néfastes contre l'humanité. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est nécessaire de promouvoir une transformation profonde de la société d'aujourd'hui qui a été extrêmement destructrice des conditions de vie sur la planète. Il est donc essentiel de construire une société durable, en remplaçant le modèle économique actuel dominant à travers le monde par un autre qui prenne en compte l'homme intégré à l'environnement, à la nature, c'est-à-dire le modèle de développement durable. L'Accord de Paris a été analysé sur la base de la COP 21 organisée par l'ONU à travers laquelle 195 pays et l'Union européenne ont défini comment l'humanité luttera contre le réchauffement climatique dans les prochaines décennies, ainsi que a été analysée la littérature liée au réchauffement climatique et au changement climatique pour extraire les conclusions qui indiquent comment remplacer le modèle de développement actuel par le modèle de développement durable.
Cet article a trois objectifs : 1) démontrer qu'il y a un changement drastique du climat de la Terre grâce au réchauffement climatique, qui contribue à la survenue d'inondations dans les villes aux effets de plus en plus catastrophiques ; 2) proposer des mesures pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; et 3) proposer des mesures pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes. Récemment, des inondations se sont produites qui exposent la vulnérabilité des villes d'Europe et de Chine aux conditions météorologiques les plus extrêmes. Après les inondations qui ont fait des morts en Allemagne, en Belgique et en Chine, le message a été renforcé que des changements importants sont nécessaires pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements similaires à l'avenir. Les gouvernements doivent admettre que les infrastructures qu'ils ont construites dans le passé pour les villes, même à une époque plus récente, sont vulnérables à ces phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. Pour faire face aux inondations qui deviendront de plus en plus fréquentes, les gouvernements doivent agir simultanément dans trois directions : la première est de lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; le second est de préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes et le troisième est de mettre en œuvre une société durable aux niveaux national et mondial.
This article has three objectives: 1) to demonstrate that there is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are increasingly catastrophic in their effects; 2) propose measures to combat global climate change; and 3) propose measures to prepare cities to face extreme weather events. Recently, floods have occurred that expose the vulnerability of cities in Europe and China to the most extreme weather. After the floods that killed people in Germany, Belgium and China, the message was reinforced that significant changes are needed to prepare cities to face similar events in the future. Governments need to admit that the infrastructure they built in the past for cities, even in more recent times, is vulnerable to these extreme weather events. To deal with the floods that will become more and more frequent, governments need to act simultaneously in three directions: the first is to combat global climate change; the second is to prepare cities to face extreme weather events and the third is to implement a sustainable society at the national and global levels.
Este artigo tem três objetivos: 1) demonstrar que está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos; 2) propor medidas para combater a mudança climática global; e, 3) propor medidas visando preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Recentemente, ocorreram enchentes que expõem a vulnerabilidade das cidades da Europa e da China ao clima mais extremo. Depois das enchentes que mataram pessoas na Alemanha, Bélgica e China foi reforçada a mensagem de que são necessárias mudanças significativas para preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos similares no futuro. Os governos precisam admitir que a infraestrutura que construíram no passado para as cidades, mesmo em tempos mais recentes, é vulnerável a esses eventos de clima extremo. Para lidar com as inundações que serão cada vez mais frequentes, os governos precisam agir simultaneamente em três direções: a primeira consiste em combater a mudança climática global; a segunda consiste em preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos extremos no clima e a terceira consiste em implantar uma sociedade sustentável nas esferas nacional e global.
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que as eleições de 2022 são decisivas para o futuro do Brasil porque que o povo brasileiro terá que decidir entre os valores da civilização e da democracia ou os da barbárie e do fascismo defendidos pelos candidatos à Presidência da República. É preciso observar que a Civilização é considerada o estágio mais avançado que uma sociedade humana pode alcançar do ponto de vista político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. O contrário de civilização é a Barbárie que é a condição daquilo que é selvagem, cruel, desumano e grosseiro, ou seja, quem ou o que é tido como bárbaro que atenta contra o progresso político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. A barbárie sempre se caracterizou ao longo da história da humanidade por grupos que usam a força e a crueldade para alcançar seus objetivos.
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que les élections de 2022 sont décisives pour l'avenir du Brésil car le peuple brésilien devra trancher entre les valeurs de civilisation et de démocratie ou celles de barbarie et de fascisme défendues par les candidats à la Présidence de la République. Il convient de noter que la civilisation est considérée comme le stade le plus avancé qu'une société humaine puisse atteindre d'un point de vue politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. Le contraire de la civilisation est la barbarie, qui est la condition de ce qui est sauvage, cruel, inhumain et grossier, c'est-à-dire qui ou ce qui est considéré comme barbare qui attaque le progrès politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. La barbarie a toujours été caractérisée tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité par des groupes qui utilisent la force et la cruauté pour atteindre leurs objectifs.
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that the 2022 elections are decisive for the future of Brazil because the Brazilian people will have to decide between the values of civilization and democracy or those of barbarism and fascism defended by candidates for the Presidency of the Republic. It should be noted that Civilization is considered the most advanced stage that a human society can reach from a political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological point of view. The opposite of civilization is Barbarism, which is the condition of what is savage, cruel, inhuman and coarse, that is, who or what is considered barbaric that attacks political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological progress. Barbarism has always been characterized throughout human history by groups that use force and cruelty to achieve their goals.
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que foi dito pelo falecido cientista Stephen Hawking que afirmou em 2018 que a espécie humana poderia ser levada à extinção em 100 anos e que, devido a isto, forçaria os seres humanos a saírem da Terra, bem como demonstrar que as ameaças de extinção da espécie humana citadas por Hawking podem ser enfrentadas sem que haja a necessidade de fuga de seres humanos da Terra.
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à présenter ce qu'a dit le regretté scientifique Stephen Hawking qui a déclaré en 2018 que l'espèce humaine pourrait être amenée à l'extinction dans 100 ans et que, de ce fait, il forcerait les êtres humains à quitter la Terre, ainsi que démontrer que les menaces d'extinction de l'espèce humaine citées par Hawking peuvent être affrontées sans que les êtres humains aient besoin de s'échapper de la Terre.
Today the French Revolution is commemorated, which was a dividing mark in the history of humanity, starting the contemporary age. It was such an important event that its ideals influenced many movements around the world.
On commémore aujourd'hui la Révolution française, qui a marqué l'histoire de l'humanité en commençant l'ère contemporaine. C'était un événement si important que ses idéaux ont influencé de nombreux mouvements à travers le monde.
Hoje é comemorada a Revolução Francesa que foi um marco divisório da história da humanidade dando início à idade contemporânea. Foi um acontecimento tão importante que seus ideais influenciaram vários movimentos ao redor do mundo.
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...Fernando Alcoforado
É bastante evidente o descalabro do setor elétrico do Brasil. O planejamento eficaz do setor elétrico é aquele que deve ser desenvolvido com vários anos de antecedência e baseado em estudos técnicos e econômicos. A gestão competente tem que ser baseada no planejamento de longo prazo e com visão sistêmica que está faltando ao governo Bolsonaro. Sem a cultura do planejamento e a não utilização de profissionais competentes nas ações do governo federal, o resultado só poderia ser o que vem se registrando no setor elétrico que está ameaçado de “apagões” e de racionamento de energia elétrica.
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUELFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à analyser les facteurs déclencheurs des révolutions sociales qui se sont produites tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité et à évaluer la possibilité de leur occurrence dans le Brésil contemporain.
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, THEIR TRIGGERS FACTORS AND CURRENT BRAZILFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the triggering factors of social revolutions that have occurred throughout human history and assess the possibility of their occurrence in contemporary Brazil.
AS REVOLUÇÕES SOCIAIS, SEUS FATORES DESENCADEADORES E O BRASIL ATUAL Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar os fatores desencadeadores das revoluções sociais que ocorreram ao longo da história da humanidade e avaliar a possibilidade de sua ocorrência no Brasil contemporâneo.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
The paris global climate agreement (cop 21) and its non compliance
1. 1
THE GLOBAL CLIMATE AGREEMENT OF PARIS (COP 21) AND ITS NON-
COMPLIANCE
Fernando Alcoforado*
After several years of negotiations, impasses, timid advances and failures, 195 countries
and the European Union produced at COP 21 in Paris a global agreement that defines
how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades. For the first time, every
country in the world commits itself to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, strengthening
resilience (ability to return to its natural state, especially after a critical and unusual
situation) and to unite in a common cause to climate change. The agreement has no
legal character for all goals, as the majority wanted.
The COP 21 agreement consists of a 31-page document. It contains a 12-page text, the
Paris Accord, and a decision detailing how the agreement will be implemented.
Together, the two documents form a sort of manual of reorientation of the world
economy. They signal, albeit in a very preliminary way, that the bundle of emissions of
greenhouse gases must come to an end sometime in the 21st century. To the optimists,
the deal represents the end of the era of fossil fuels.
The stated aim of the Paris Agreement is to contain the global average temperature rise
by well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to make efforts to limit the
temperature rise to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels , recognizing that this would
significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. The reference to the target
of 1.5 °C came about thanks to the joint action of the island countries, which will be
condemned to extinction in the long term by the rise in sea level resulting from a
warming of 2 °C.
As the greenhouse gas emission reduction targets presented are unable to hold the
temperature to the required level, it has been decided that adjustments will need to be
made every five years, starting in 2023. These adjustments would need a was
considered in the text of the Paris Agreement. The Paris Accord also envisages that rich
countries commit to disbursing at least US$ 100 billion a year from 2020 for emission
reduction projects in emerging countries and confirms that developing countries can
expand the donor base in the future, even if on a voluntary basis.
At COP 24 held recently in Katowice, Poland, 197 countries agreed to the so-called
"rulebook" that will govern the fight against global warming in the coming decades. The
Paris Agreement establishes that each country's commitments to reduce greenhouse
gases - so-called "national contributions" - are voluntary. The final agreement includes a
reference to an IPCC scientific report that calls for the importance of the "urgent and
unprecedented" commitment to limit the global temperature rise to 1.5 °C. However, an
eight-page decision has been criticized by some countries and ecological groups for not
insisting on greater ambitions on emissions cuts enough to contain the rising
temperatures.
Two key aspects were not considered in the Paris Agreement: (1) the long-term goal of
decarbonizing the economy by 2050 or cutting at least 70% of global greenhouse gas
emissions by the mid-21st century; and 2) the temperature target is not accompanied by
a road map telling how the world intends to reduce the overall average temperature of 2
2. 2
°C or 1.5 °C, which weakens the pursuit of that target. In other words, COP 21 has
produced an agreement that is, in practice, a mere letter of intent.
It is therefore perceived that the Paris Agreement does not solve the fundamental issues,
and the voluntary targets indicated by each of the nations are not enough to ensure that
global warming is well below 2 degrees Celsius towards 1, 5 degree Celsius by the year
2100. Moreover, the document is silent in not presenting proposals that contribute to the
construction of a model of sustainable development on our planet in place of the
unsustainable current model of existing capitalist development.
To change this situation and put an end to the constant climate change that threatens to
destroy our planet and humanity, it is necessary to promote a deep transformation of the
current society. The unsustainability of the current model of capitalist development is
evident, since it has been extremely destructive of living conditions on the planet. Faced
with this, it is imperative to replace the current dominant economic model throughout
the world with another that takes into account man integrated with the environment,
with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. This was not considered at
COP 21.
Another issue not addressed at COP 21 concerns wars, which is also largely responsible
for the planet's environmental aggravation, which is proliferating throughout the world.
Among the countless dire consequences of wars are the devastating effects on the
environment. The bombing of military targets and civilian populations, the intense
movement of military vehicles and troops, the great concentration of combat flights, the
missiles thrown over cities and the destruction of military and industrial structures
during all these conflicts also provoke the emission of metals and other substances that
contaminate soil, water and air. In addition to environmental contamination, it is also
necessary to consider the modification of natural landscapes and the loss of biodiversity
in the long term, either by the presence of landmines or chemical agents dispersed in the
environment. This was also not considered at COP 21.
Finally, it is important to emphasize that the Paris Agreement is also silent on the
construction of a system of governance on the planet that is capable of ensuring the
reorganization of the world economy that is leading the world to depression, of the
planet's environment threatened by catastrophic climate change and of international
relations that worsen every day fueling the proliferation of wars. Faced with these
serious omissions of COP 21, it can be said that we will hardly succeed in trying to
avoid catastrophic changes in the climate of planet Earth in the 21st century.
Katie Reilly reports that the UN IPCC Report warns that sufficiently limiting man-made
global warming "will require rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all
aspects of society" in order to avoid dramatic global consequences, including rising sea
levels, the death of coral reefs and human victims due to extreme heat. The special
report - published by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -
assessed what will be needed to limit global temperature increase to no more than 2.7 °F
(1.5 °C) above pre-industrial levels, according to the Paris Accord of 2015. Scientists
consider that temperature is a turning point in which many severe effects of global
warming will be perceived (REILLY, Katie. the New UN Report. Available on the
website <http://time.com/5418577/what-humanity-of-limit-climate-change/>, 2018).
3. 3
The special UN report shows that "examples of actions include shifting to low- or zero-
emission power generation, such as renewables; changing food systems, such as dietary
changes away from land-intensive animal products; electrifying transport and
developing 'green infrastructure', such as building green roofs, or improving energy
efficiency by smart urban planning, which will change the layout of many cities. The
report called climate change "an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human
societies and the planet," and warned that delayed action would make it impossible to
limit warming to 2.7 °F (1.5 °C). "While the pace of change that would be required to
limit warming to [2.7 °F] can be found in the past, there is no historical precedent for
the scale of the necessary transitions, particularly in a socially and economically
sustainable way" the report stated. "Resolving such speed and scale issues would
require people's support, public-sector interventions and private-sector cooperation".
Reilly reports what the UN report presents as some changes that will need to be made in
order to stop the current pace of global warming:
Reduce carbon emissions by 45%
By 2030, global carbon dioxide emissions should be 45% less than they were in 2010,
the report found. And carbon dioxide emissions must reach net zero around 2075
meaning the amount of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere equals the amount being
removed. By 2050, emissions from other heat-trapping greenhouse gasses, including
methane and carbon black, should be reduced by 35%, relative to the 2010 rate.
Emissions would need to decline rapidly across all of society's main sectors, including
buildings, industry, transport, energy, and agriculture, forestry and other land use.
Remove carbon dioxide from the air
In addition to reducing carbon dioxide emissions, the reported carbon dioxide removal
measures including planting new trees and carbon capture and storage, the process by
which carbon dioxide is trapped and prevented from entering the atmosphere. Most
current and potential [carbon dioxide removal] measures could have significant impacts
on land, energy, water, or nutrients if deployed at large scale.
Use 85% renewable energy and stop using coal entirely
The report recommended far-reaching changes to land use, urban planning,
infrastructure systems and energy use — changes that will be “unprecedented in terms
of scale”. Climate scientists said renewable energy sources will have to account for 70%
to 85% of electricity production by 2050. The use of coal should decrease steeply and
should account for close to 0% of global electricity, and gas just 8%. While
acknowledging the challenges, and differences between the options and national
circumstances, political, economic, social and technical feasibility of solar energy, wind
energy and electricity storage technologies have substantially improved over the past
few years, the report stated. These improvements signal a potential system transition in
electricity generation.
Plant new forests equal to the size of Canada
Scientists recommend that up to about 3 million square miles of pasture and up to 1.9
million square miles of non-pasture agricultural land be converted into up to 2.7 million
square miles for energy crops, which can be used to make biofuels. That would amount
4. 4
to land a little less than the size of Australia. The report also recommends adding 3.9
million square miles of forests by 2050, relative to 2010 — which is roughly the size of
Canada.
“Such large transitions pose profound challenges for sustainable management of the
various demands on land for human settlements, food, livestock feed, fibre, bioenergy,
carbon storage, biodiversity and other ecosystem services”, the report stated. Mitigation
options limiting the demand for land include sustainable intensification of land use
practices, ecosystem restoration and changes towards less resource-intensive diets.
Jonathan Watts (2018) reports that "the world's leading climate scientists have been
warned there is only two years of global warming to be kept to a maximum of 1.5 °C,
beyond which even half a degree will significantly worsen the risks of drought, floods,
extreme heat and poverty for hundreds of millions of people. " Watts claims that the
authors of the landmark report by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) say urgent and unprecedented changes are needed to reach the target, which they
say is affordable and feasible although it lies at the most ambitious end of the Paris
Agreement pledge to keep temperatures between 1.5 °C and 2 °C. The half-degree
difference could also prevent corals from being completely eradicated and ease pressure
on the Arctic, according to the 1.5 °C study, which was launched after approval at the
final plenary of all 195 countries in Incheon in South Korea that saw delegates hugging
one another, with some in tears.
Watts (2018) states that policymakers commissioned the report at the Paris climate talks
in 2016, but since then the gap between science and politics has widened. Donald
Trump has promised to withdraw the US - the world's largest source of historical
emissions - from the Paris Agreement. The Brazil's presidential election put Jair
Bolsonaro in a strong position to carry out his threat to withdraw Brazil from the Paris
Agreement and also open the Amazon rainforest to agribusiness.
The UN report shows that the world is currently 1 °C warmer than preindustrial levels.
Following devastating hurricanes in the US, record droughts in Cape Town and forest
fires in the Arctic, the IPCC makes clear that climate change is already happening,
upgraded its risk warning from previous reports, and warned that every fraction of
warming would worsen the impact . The report was presented to governments at the UN
climate conference in Poland. At the current level of commitments, the world is on
course for a disastrous 3 °C of warming. The UN report authors are refusing to accept
defeat, believing the visible damage caused by climate change will shift their way.
Climate change is occurring earlier and more rapidly than expected. This report is
really important. It has a scientific robustness that shows 1.5 °C is not just a political
concession. There is a growing recognition that 2 °C is dangerous.
* Fernando Alcoforado, 79, holder of the CONFEA / CREA System Medal of Merit, member of the Bahia
Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development by the
University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business
planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is the author of 14 books addressing issues
such as Globalization and Development, Brazilian Economy, Global Warming and Climate Change, The
Factors that Condition Economic and Social Development, Energy in the world and The Great Scientific,
Economic, and Social Revolutions that Changed the World.