The Orchidaceae is one of the two largest flowering plant families, containing over 100,000 species. Orchids are found all over the world apart from glaciers, with the richest diversity in the tropics. They have evolved specialized pollination mechanisms and highly modified flowers and roots. Orchids first appeared 76-84 million years ago, potentially coexisting with dinosaurs. They have a wide variety of uses including perfume ingredients and cultivation for their attractive blooms.

1. The
Orchidaceae
By Anna Selivanova

2. THE ORCHIDACEAE
The Orchidaceae is a morphologically
diverse and widespread family of
monocots in the order Asparagales. It is
one of the two largest families of
flowering plants. The number of orchid
species equals more than twice the
number of bird species, and about four
times the number of mammal species. It
also encompasses about 6–11% of all
seed plants.
Since the introduction of tropical species
in the 19th century, horticulturists have
produced more than 100,000 hybrids
and cultivars.

3. The name comes from the Greek ὄρχις
(órkhis), literally meaning "testicle",
because of the shape of the root. Orchid
was introduced in 1845 by John Lindley in
School Botany, due to an incorrect attempt
to extract the Latin stem from Orchidaceae.
The Greek myth of Orchis explains the
origin of the plants. Orchis, the son of a
nymph and a satyr, came upon a festival of
Dionysios in the forest. He drank too much,
and attempted to rape a priestess of
Dionysios. For his insult, he was torn apart
by the Bacchanalians. His father prayed for
him to be restored, but the gods instead
changed him into a flower.
These flowers were previously called
Orchis, Satyrion, or "ballockwort".

4. Orchidaceae are cosmopolitan, occurring in almost every habitat apart from glaciers. The world's
richest concentration of orchid varieties is found in the tropics, mostly Asia, South America and
Central America, but they are also found above the Arctic Circle, in southern Patagonia, and even
two species of Nematoceras on Macquarie Island, close to Antarctica.
Orchids are easily distinguished from other plants, as they share some very evident apomorphies.
Among these are: bilateral symmetry, many resupinate flowers, a nearly always highly modified
petal, fused stamens and carpels, and extremely small seeds.

5. Terrestrial orchids may be
rhizomatous or form corms or
tubers. The root caps of
terrestrials are smooth and
white.
Epiphytic orchids have
modified aerial roots that can
sometimes be a few meters
long. In the older parts of the
roots has the function to
absorb humidity. It is made of
dead cells and can have a
silvery-grey, white or brown
appearance.

6. Orchidaceae are well known for the many structural variations
in their flowers.
Some orchids have single flowers, but most have a racemose
inflorescence, sometimes with a large number of flowers.
Orchid flowers with abnormal numbers of petals or lips are
called peloric. Peloria is a genetic trait, but its expression is
environmentally influenced and may appear random.

7. The complex mechanisms which orchids have evolved to achieve cross-pollination were
investigated by Charles Darwin and described in his 1862 book Fertilisation of Orchids.
Orchids have developed highly specialized pollination systems, thus the chances of being
pollinated are often scarce, so orchid flowers usually remain receptive for very long
periods, and most orchids deliver pollen in a single mass. Each time pollination succeeds,
thousands of ovules can be fertilized.
Some orchids mainly or totally rely on self-pollination, especially in colder regions
where pollinators are particularly rare.

8. A study has hypothesized that the origin of orchids goes back
much longer than originally expected.
Indicates orchids may have arisen 76 to 84 million years ago
during the Late Cretaceous. In other words, they may have coexisted
with dinosaurs. It also shows insects were active pollinators of
orchids then.

9. The leaves of some orchids are considered
ornamental. They show a sparkling silver
and gold veining on a light green
background. The attractive mottle of the
leaves of lady's slippers from tropical and
subtropical Asia, is caused by uneven
distribution of chlorophyll.

12. The scent of orchids is frequently analysed by perfumers to identify
potential fragrance chemicals.
The other important use of orchids is their cultivation for the
enjoyment of the flowers. Most cultivated orchids are tropical or
subtropical, but quite a few which grow in colder climates can be found
on the market.