George Washington steps down after two terms as the first President of the United States. In his farewell address, he warns against the dangers of political parties and calls for unity. He also advises the country to avoid long-term alliances with foreign nations. The first two political parties, the Federalists and the Republicans, emerge to succeed Washington. The Federalists favored a strong central government while the Republicans emphasized states' rights.

1. Spring 2011The New nation

2. Change in House of Representatives Leadership today, 1/5/11Nanci Pelosi (D-California) out, Ralph Boehner (R-Iowa) in

3. Definition: an example used to justify similar situations that happen at a later timeBAV TERM: PrecedentSET PRECEDENT

4. This happens RIGHT before we write the Constitution:Some states owed money after the Revolutionary WarWhen they couldn’t pay, the states seized their farms and took the land as paymentFarmers in Massachusetts grew very upsetOne ANGRY farmer, Daniel Shay, (Rev. war captain) led 1,000 men toward an arsenal in Mass. and started fighting the state militia about his stolen landIf this occurred today, what would happe? Under the Articles of Confederation, what could the US do? There was NO ARMY, to protect people in Mass.There were NO TAXES that the national government could charge to pay off the state’s debtThere was NO PRESIDENT to step in and help!Shay’s Rebellion!Shows the need for the Constitution

6. Shays rebellion

7. GW won EVERY vote in the Electoral CollegeRemember, the runner up is supposed to be his VPHad to have a separate election for VP, winner = John AdamsGeorge Washington: Elected using the new constitution!

8. Created a cabinet…Issue #1: Washington needs Help

9. Sec. of State (in charge of US relations with other countriesSec. of the Treasury (deals with all financial matters)Sec. of War (in charge of national defense)Attorney General (in charge of all legal affairs)Washington’s Cabinet, then and now…A cabinet is the group of people who are selected by the president to help him in his daily duties. To the right are the first cabinet positions, and those who served Washington then, and Obama today.There were originally only 3 cabinet positions. Today, there are 21.

11. Hamilton believed STRONGLY that the US should pay for ALL the remaining Revolutionary War debtThe other members of the cabinet disagreed. Especially those from VASo they needed to COMPROMSE. Washington said he would move the capital to VA if VA would let him pay off EVERYONE’s debt.Alexander Hamilton's thoughts on national debtI’m Alexander Hamilton, first Sec. of the Treasury

12. Capital moves from NY to dc

13. Established the first cabinet…Allowed his Sec. of Treasury to make a plan to take on all remaining Rev. War debtIn exchange, he moved the capital the VA (eventually becomes Washington DC) Today: Whiskey Rebellion and political parties emerge…Washington Review

14. Changes in GW’s cabinet

15. Now that Hamilton has the okay to pay off the war debt, he needs to raise taxes. And he decides first to tax imports and exports, and then, he taxes whiskeyIn western PA, farmers turned their leftover grain to whiskeyWeren’t pay their taxes and tax collectors were sent inWhiskey rebellion

16. Washington was very upset about how these farmers were handling their frustrationHe went to solve the problem himselfPersonally marched army to PA to stop the rebellionTold people if they wanted to change the laws they had to follow the new rules in the ConstitutionWashington’s reaction

17. Washington announces to those close to him that he WILL NOT run for a 3rd term. No matter what…So the buzz begins, who will take his placeDifferent people with different ideas start to make their moveThe emergence of political partiesI’m retiring this time… seriously!Seriously!? Me too…

18. Political party: people with similar ideas about government, who join together and try to get their candidates into officeThe first two political parties had leaders who each formerly served in GW’s cabinet:Thomas JeffersonRepublicansAlexander Hamilton FederalistsFirst political parties

19. Washington Says goodbye… “Farewell address”

21. The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the executive government of the United States being not far distant, and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made.AKA: Another election is coming up and I have decided not to run againmain ideas in his farewell address

22. I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally. This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but, in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of public liberty. AKA: political parties are bad and we should NOT have them in AmericaFarewell address ideas cont.

23. It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary and would be unwise to extend them. Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies. Harmony, liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences; AKA: steer clear of Permanent Alliances, don’t make other countries mad by showing favoritesFarewell address ideas cont.

24. The First Two Parties Were…Federalists RepublicansFavored strong central government."Loose" interpretation of the Constitution.Encouragement of commerce and manufacturing.Strongest in Northeast.Favored close ties with Britain.Emphasized order and stability.Emphasized states' rights."Strict" interpretation of the Constitution.Preference for agriculture and rural life.Strength in South and West.Foreign policy sympathized with France.Stressed civil liberties and trust in the people

25. John Adams Becomes PresidentElection of 1796Adams = first placeJefferson = second placeThese two men were from opposing parties: Adams = Federalist, Jefferson = Republicanhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiEO1jQcSjc