The document discusses the necessity of transitioning to GPS/GNSS alternatives for critical Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) infrastructure due to the unreliability of GPS as a single point of failure. It advocates for the deployment of resilient, multisource PNT assurance systems to protect against disruptions and cyber threats. Key elements include compliance with upcoming guidelines and standards for Defense Department applications leveraging 5G and AI technologies.

1. The need for GBaaS as GPS/GNSS is no longer a reliable source for
critical PNT infrastructure
Nino De Falcis, sr. director, sync business development Americas, Oscilloquartz
Jan 24, 2023 | Long Beach, CA | 5:10-5:30P (Session A1) | ION ITM/PTTI 2023

2. © 2022 ADVA. All rights reserved.
2
• PNT stands for Positioning, Navigation & Timing. Timing enables P & N
• Protect defense/industry critical infrastructure (CI) against PNT services disruption from frequent
GPS & network timing attacks – GPS, commercial or M-Code, is a single point of failure & can no
longer be considered as a sole reliable source for PNT services in CI
• Deploy resilient, multisource and survivable PNT assurance systems
• Target critical infrastructure sectors under national security threats
• Use published resilient PNT guidelines & standard in progress
• DHS Resilient PNT Conformance Framework
• NIST Cybersecurity Framework for PNT Profile
• IEEE P1952 Resilient PNT for User Equipment Standard working group
Driven by US Federal Executive Order 13905
The new resilient PNT mandate & standard
Power grids Finance Transportation
DoD
Communications
DoD Data centers

3. C5ISR - Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance
DISA/DISN
Army
Air Force
Navy
Space Force
C5ISR
land
sea
air
Data Centers
space
Current C5ISR Center is the concept of supporting the Army’s combat capabilities with reliable & real-time
information for tactical battlefield decisions. Secure, resilient & synchronized datacomms support critical land,
sea, air & space missions
network
Centralized

4. JADC2 – Joint All-Domain Command & Control
DoD/DISN
Army
Air Force
Navy
Space Force
land
sea
air
Neural Data
Centers
space
Future JADC2 is the concept to connect sensors & weapons from all branches of the armed forces into a unified
network powered by AI. Tactical networks will utilize 5G/5G ORAN capabilities for ubiquitous high-speed connectivity,
to move massive data to connect distant sensors into a dense & resilient battlefield network. Low-latency &
synchronized datacomms will enable next-gen connected unmanned/autonomous weapons systems across all domains
5G
network
Core
Backhaul
Mid/Fronthaul
Edge/Mobile
C5ISR
JADC2
Decentralized
AI
5G
5G
5G

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5
UNDER REVIEW
What are the PNT threats & GPS vulnerabilities?
jamming
environmental
satellite
attacks
adjacent-band transmitters
spoofing
External GPS/GNSS level
RARE
PNT threats
COMMON
GPS/GNSS
degradation
causes
sat ground
station
space
debris
Figure 4.1 – Known GPS vulnerabilities to telecom (updated)
RARE
Cyberattacks
Internal network level
COMMON
NTP
PTP
/ /
client clock
boundary
clock
network
interference
GPS/GNSS
receiver

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6
Are GPS/PNT threats real?
Oct 27, 2022
Jan 21, 2022
Disruption “lasted for 33.5 hours. Wireline and cellular providers had
timing backup systems and were unaffected. A radio system withno
backups suffered, as did a simulcast radio system that used rubidium
backup clocks”
March19, 2022
Oct 19, 2022

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7
TaaS+GBaaS solution for DoD’s zero-trust PNT strategy for all domain branches
New PNT requirements
• DoD zero-trust strategy “never
trust, always verify”
• GPS cannot be a single point
of failure in critical PNT services
• Secure, resilient & assured PNT
with six 9’s reliability
• DHS Resilient PNT guideline
specifies the use of multiple
sources vs. user’s risk profile
• PNT capability with end-to-end
defense-in-depth
resiliency
Next-gen PNT applications
• Resilient & assured PNT for all combat domains (land, sea, air, space)
• Secure & synchronized multidomain tactical datacomms
• Accurate timing for real-time DISN/C5ISR information network
• Synchronized JADC2 network powered with AI & 5G/5G ORAN
• Precise timing for connected sensors/radars (event trigger/timestamp)
Resilient & assured PNT solution
• GPS TaaS+GBaaS (Time-as-a-Service + GPS-Backup-as-a-Service)
concept
Defense network timing requirements, applications & solution
GPS/Mcode
Diversified/Encrypted LEO PNT
Surveillance
DISN
AI
Unified JADC2 battlefield network of AI/5G-connected sensors & weapons

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8
ITU-T standard-based GPS TaaS+GBaaS systems
PRTC (G.8272 A/B)
Frequency + phase
GPS (Mcode too)
Grandmaster time server
PRTC A accuracy: 100ns | PRTC B: 40ns
ePRTC* (G.8272.1)
Frequency + phase
Cs
backup
Validator+
Combiner
Grandmaster time server
network
ePRTC accuracy: 30ns
network
NTP PTP NTP PTP
PTP PTP
Cesium (Cs) backup
*enhanced
Primary
Reference
Time Clock
TaaS
GPS
Other sources
GBaaS

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9
PPS/PPS+ToD
10 MHz
BITS
SyncE
PTP/NTP
GPS TaaS+GBaaS configuration & performance
GPS/Mcode
Receiver
GPS/Mcode
antenna
Smart multisource
clock validator &
combiner
Grandmaster
time server
Optical Cesium
clock backup
ePRTC (G.8272.1)
(functional diagram)
GPS receiver+ Combiner functions integrated into the
Grandmaster
Other sources Time/Phase holdover if GPS/Mcode goes down
ePRTC: 100ns over 55 days
1µs over 4 months
14 days
Time error
100ns
30ns
Short-term GPS backup holdover performance
Long-term GPS backup holdover performance
35ns
Masks
IRIG
GPS/Mcode

10. Implementing a GPS TaaS+GBaaS architecture in MIL networks/data
centers with resilient & assured PNT services, to support secure
5G/DISN/C5ISR/JADC2 applications with high reliability
GPS/Mcode
Diversified/Encrypted LEO PNT
Surveillance
DISN
AI
Unified JADC2 battlefield network of AI/5G-connected sensors & weapons

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11
WAN network
Networkwide
Sync Mgmt
packet LAN network
GPS TaaS+GBaaS architecture in MIL networks/data centers
MIL Network Node/
Data Center (Site-1)
MIL Network Node/
Data Center (Site-2)
PTP failover backup
cross reference monitoring
1
2
GM-2*
NTP
1
*GPS/Mcode NTP/PTP
Grandmaster Time Server
GM-1*
Cesium, eLoran, LEO
PNT, etc.
+/-30ns
GPS/Mcode
3
PTP PTP
PNT backup
sources
Servers/VMs running critical
JADC2 battlefield applications
AI-based timing
management

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12
Networkwide
Sync Mgmt
WAN network
packet LAN network
GPS TaaS+GBaaS architecture in MIL networks/data centers
MIL Network Node/
Data Center (Site-1)
MIL Network Node/
Data Center (Site-2)
PTP failover backup
1
2
GM-2*
1
GM-1*
Cesium, eLoran, LEO
PNT, etc.
+/-30ns
GPS/Mcode
PNT backup
sources
PTP PTP
4
NTP 5 6
ms accuracy µs accuracy ns accuracy
Slaved NTP client
software with sync
monitoring
Slaved PTP client
software with sync
monitoring
Server-pluggable GPS
Grandmaster time card
with sync monitoring
3
cross reference monitoring
AI-based timing
management

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13
Managing GPS TaaS+GBaaS architecture for zero-trust PNT services
Intelligent timing management system with multilevel fault-tolerance for
end-to-end control, visibility & self-survivability
geolocation Site-1 & Site-2
PTP backup assurance
from core GM-1
timing chain alert with Cesium/
PTP backup rearrangements
core GM-1 alert with Cesium backup + PTP backup to GM-2
timing topology with
Cesium/PTP backup
GPS
attack
vendor-
agnostic
analytics for
GPS assurance
trusted PTP
backup
Cesium backup
GM-2 alert with PTP
backup from GM-1
Site-2
Site-1
Site-2
Site-1
GM-2
GM-2 GM-1
trusted
PTP
ePRTC
Site-1/
GM-1
Site-2/
GM-2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Networkwide
Sync Mgmt
8 AI-based timing
management

14. Thank you
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