The Naegleria Fowleri Amoeba

The Naegleria Fowleri Amoeba
Introduction
The Naegleria fowleri amoeba resides in lakes, rivers, thermal springs, dirty swimming pool and
sometimes soil. The amoebas thrive during the summer months due to the increase of
temperature(Shakoor, Beg, and Mahmood 258). Naegleria amoeba infects and targets brain tissue of
the central nervous system and the neuromuscular system. The central nervous system is responsible
for integrating and responding to neural signals. The nervous system and muscles in the body work
together to permit movement called the neuromuscular system. The brain is the main control for
integrating sensory neurons and coordinating body functions: voluntary and involuntary. When
needed to move a body part, a message is sent to the afferent sensory neurons, which go through the
brain and into the spinal cord where the efferent motor neurons send an electrical signal to trigger
the muscle to contract. Errors such as sliding of the actin and myosin filaments or failure to release
neurotransmitters from the neuron can happen. The infection causes primary amebic
meningoencephalitis (PAM) (Shakoor, Beg, and Mahmood 258).. It cannot be contracted by person–
to–person, or by drinking contaminated water. The amoeba enters the body via nose by infected
water and/or dust and penetrates the cribriform plate(Shenoy, Wilson, and Prashanth [Page 309]). It
travels to the brain by the nerves that transmit olfactory senses and causes PAM. It causes brain
tissue damage and inflammation of the brain. The
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Bio 201 Lab 9
Lab Report: Exercise 10: Organization of Nervous Tissue
Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? Are there any safety concerns associated with this
exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. To understand the structure
and function of multipolar neuron,unipolar and bipolar neurons. Also to identify the structures of a
nerve. There are no safety concerns for this lab.
Step 1: Relates to Lab Exercise 10/Activity 1, 3, and 4.
Assignment 1:
Write a brief description of the three slides (Neuron, Spinal Cord Smear and C.S of Myelinated
Nerve Fibers) as though you were explaining it to someone who cannot see the slide.
Neuron– There is a reddish rounded shape with lighter thin looking branches these are ... Show more
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The axons are slender processes of uniform diameter arising from the hillock. There is usually only
one unbranched axon per neuron.
Step 2: Define terms related to nervous tissue
Click on the Loyola University/ Part 6: Nervous Tissue. For each of the following terms, find at
least one example slide containing the term. Identify the slide by number and define the term in your
own words.
1. Axon is a singular fiber that carries information away from the soma to the synaptic sites of other
neurons.
2.Dendrite are the receptive region of the neuron. They conduct electrical impulses toward the cell
body.
3. Axon Hillock is a cone shaped area on the side of the soma and is where the axon arise.
4. Soma is the control center of the neuron.
5.Nissl bodies are in the soma of the nucleus and are made up ofrough ER.
6. Axodendritic Synapse axons that connect the axon to the dendrite.

7. Myelin Sheath whitish fatty segmented sheath around most long axons. It protects the axon,
electrically insulates fibers from one another , and increases the speed of nerve impulse transmition.
8. Muscle spindle are sensory receptors in the muscle. They can detect changes in muscle length and
then communicate it to the central nervous system.
9. Pacinian Corpuscles connective tissue wrapped around a nerve ending located in the deep layers
of skin.
10.Astrocyte most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cell. They support and brace
neurons, anchor neuron to

Exploring The Possibilities Of Discovering The Neural...
Exploring the possibilities of discovering the neural correlates of visual consciousness
In the ongoing strive to better understand the mechanism of consciousness, the possibility of
discovering the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs) is arguably the leading agenda in its
scientific research. Although the question of whether consciousness can be fully reduced to its
neural correlates remains debatable, it is still credible that whenever an appropriate brain process
occurs, the associated subjective experience follows (Chalmers, 2013). Thus, this essay will
demonstrate that it is plausible that the minimal brain processes necessary for a conscious percept
can be experimentally narrowed down to a smaller coalition of neurons. Understandably, the
complexity of the cortical system that is yet to be fully deciphered, along with the technological
difficulties in obtaining essential data has hindered the search for the NCCs and have lead some to
doubt the possibility of ever locating it (Fins & Plum, 2004). It is also likely that there are numerous
NCCs, each associated with different modalities, which complicates the task further (Chalmers,
2013). For the purpose of this essay, the possibilities of discovering the neural correlates of visual
consciousness are discussed in particular. This essay aims to define the foundational concepts of the
science of consciousness, outline the experimental projects in finding the neural correlates of visual
consciousness, and address

How Does Stress Affect The Immune System?
Question Set A:
1. When we experience stress, how is the endocrine system activated? How does it become
deactivated?
The stress response involved the HPA–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. First, the hypothalamus
activates the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal gland then secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine, which increase heart rate. The pituitary gland produces hormones that tell the
adrenal gland to secrete cortisol, which is involved with the release of stored energy. The negative
feedback loop comes into effect when the hypothalamus detects that the cortisol has reached a
certain concentration, thus returning the body to homeostasis.
2. How does stress directly affect the immune system?
Stress negatively impacts the ability of the immune system to fight infection. Glucocorticoids,
which include cortisol in the HPA, inhibit responses of both B and T cells by preventing them from
recognizing interleukin (a cytokine subclass) signals. Glucocorticoids also inhibit the expression of
fc receptors on macrophages, which impacts their ability to phagocytose pathogens.
3. What is the difference between allostasis and homeostasis?
Allostasis is the process of achieving homeostasis, or internal balance, through behavioral,
HPA/hormonal, and other physiological changes. Homeostasis is when the body maintains stability
despite environmental stressors or changes, such as a change in temperature.
4. How do ulcers arise?
Stress is not the only factor in the development of

The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Social Behaviors
Within the realm if biological psychology, there are two known types of behaviour. One being
regulatory and the other, non–regulatory. Regulatory behaviour is controlled by the hypothalamus
and maintains homeostasis in the body by continuing the processes of the vital body systems. An
example of this could be; eating. Regulatory behaviour occurs in a person's everyday life without
them noticing that it happens. Non–regulatory behaviour, on the other hand is not controlled by a
homeostatic mechanism in the hypothalamus but rather in the orbitofrontal cortex. Example of non–
regulatory behaviour include; parenting, aggression and social behaviour. (Swartz, L. et al, 2011)
The orbitofrontal cortex is a part of the brain that is located superiorly to the eye socket and
inferiorly to the frontal lobe. Part of its function is that it is involved in the regulation of reward–
orientated behaviour, inhibiting unwanted behaviour as well as being involved with emotions and
decision making (Swartz, L et al, 2011).
The orbitofrontal cortex is greatly associated with social behaviour. With reference to (Beer, J. S. et
al), there are two theories that are coherent social short–comings associated with the orbitofrontal
cortex. These are one, "deficient emotional systems" and two, "self–monitoring". Deficient
emotional systems or the lack of behavioural monitoring can be characterized by the "somatic
marker hypothesis". This theory suggests that the orbitofrontal cortex is an imperative part

Taking a Look at Dementia
Dementia is a broad term that encompasses a variety of different diseases and syndromes(The
dementia timebomb, 2013). About 38 million in the united states and 820,000 in the United
Kingdom are diagnosed with one of the over 100 types of dementia. It is also and aged related
condition, so most people inflicted with it are older rather than younger. A person can have multiple
forms of dementia or a disease such as alzheimer's diseases that involves dementia symptoms.
Symptoms of dementia include: memory loss, disorientation, loss of motor skills, not being able to
eat or drink, depression and even hallucinations. Most of these symptoms are caused due to a
problem within the central nervous system, more specifically the brain. As the condition progresses
so do the symptoms related to it. In the later stages of the condition, many patients have been noted
to have vivid hallucinations that they believe to be real life events. They may not be able to
recognize their own loved ones, but sometimes are able to recall back on old memories. In some
patients they forget the time and place and even resort back to being a child again (Jenkins C
McKay A, 2013).
In many forms of dementia, The Frontal lobe and the temporal lobe of the brain has been damaged.
The cells in these lobes are dying off slowly and connection is losted. This is due to the loss of
neurons in both lobes of the brain. Scary tissues develops in these parts of the brain also. Many of
the surviving cells tend to have

Essay on Clinical Uses of Electroencephalogram
CLINICAL USES OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is actually a test to measure the electrical activity of the brain as
recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. A routine clinical EEG recording typically lasts 20–30
minutes (plus preparation time). An EEG can tell us if there is abnormal electrical activity in the
brain and, in some cases, the types of seizures that someone might be going through. One of the
most common EEG applications is to show the type and location of the activity in the brain during a
seizure. This information can then be used for making the right diagnosis. EEG also useful in the
investigation and management of patients with epilepsy. The presence of "epileptiform" activity in
the EEG ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, the EEG reflects the function of the brain and is therefore a complement, rather than
an inconsequential alternative, to these newer procedures. The third major use of
electroencephalography is in the investigation of patients with certain neurologic disorders that
produce characteristic EEG abnormalities which, although nonspecific, help to suggest, establish, or
support the diagnosis. These abnormalities are exemplified well by the repetitive slow–wave
complexes sometimes seen in herpes simplex encephalitis, which should suggest this diagnosis if the
complexes are found in patients with an acute cerebral illness. The electrical findings are best
regarded as one more physical sign, however, and as such should be evaluated in conjunction with
the other clinical and laboratory data. A further use of electroencephalography–one that may
increase in importance with the development of quantitative techniques for assessing the data that
are obtained–is in the screening or monitoring of patients with metabolic disorders, because it
provides an objective measure of the improvement or deterioration that may precede any change in
the clinical state of the patient. Electroencephalography is also an important means of evaluating
patients with a change in

Brain and Prerequisites General Education
QUIZ 1: Chapter1–21. People who are strong in the eight qualities shown in the On Course self–
assessment tend to make wiser choices at forks in the road than do people who are weak in these
qualities. True False
2. The quality of our lives is determined by the quality of the ____________________ we make on
a daily basis. choices goals decisions A and C
3. A time–tested tool for designing the life you want to lead is a ____________________, a written
record of your thoughts and feelings about your past, present, and future. essay memory book letter
journal
4. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion given by the textbook to help you create a
meaningful journal? be spontaneous don't express emotions write for ... Show more content on
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Courses that must be completed before you are eligible to enroll in higher level coursework. college
catalogue advisor or counselor prerequisites general education requirements your "major"
23. Someone who assists you in making wise choices such as what courses to take. college
catalogue advisor or counselor prerequisites general education requirements your "major"
24. The area of study in which you are seeking a certificate or degree. college catalogue advisor or
counselor prerequisites general education requirements your "major"
25. A resource that contains most of the factual information you'll need on the road through college.
college catalogue advisor or counselor prerequisites general education requirements your "major"
26. The key ingredient of personal responsibility is choice. True False
27. When people allow life to happen to them, they are acting as ____. Creators Victims Students
None of these
28. When we respond to a stimulus as a Creator we are most likely to ____. Seek solutions Take an
action Try something new All of these
29. When we respond to a stimulus as a Victim, we are most likely to ____. Blame Complain
Excuse All of these
30. When people create the best life possible given their circumstances, they are acting as ____.
Creators Victims Students All of these
31. When you

Questions on Psychology
1. Which of the following statements most accurately represents the use of plant–based psychoactive
substances? A. Plant–based psychoactive drugs are uncommon today and rarely used. B. Today
marijuana is the only plant–based psychoactive substance that is still used. C. All plants that yield
psychoactive substances are illegal today. D. About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and
the vast majority are not illegal.
2. The Gin Epidemic... E. is a myth F. was brought under control through high taxes and the strict
regulation of the sale of gin G. devastated the Middle East H. is a current problem
3. The British encouraged the planting of hemp in the new American colonies for ... Show more
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are fictitious t. have been exaggerated
19. Which form and method of using cocaine produces the most intense immediate high? u. chewing
pure coca leaves v. snorting powdered cocaine w. smoking crack cocaine x. ingestion of cocaine in a
beverage
20. How long will the high from snorting a typical dose of powder cocaine (0.2 to 0.5 grams)
generally last? y. 1 minute z. 5 to 20 minutes {. 40 to 60 minutes |. 2 to 3 hours
21. How long will the high from smoking a typical dose of crack cocaine (1 rock) generally last? }.
1 minute ~. 5 to 20 minutes . 40 to 60 minutes . 2 to 3 hours
22. How long will the high from a typical oral or snorted dose of amphetamine generally last? . 40
to 60 minutes . 1 to 2 hours . 2 to 3 hours . 4 to 6 hours
23. The illicit manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine in the United States today is due to
the involvement of... . biker gangs like the Hell's Angels . renegade pharmaceutical and industrial
chemists . Mexican gangs and drug cartels . Colombian cartels
24. Continued smoking to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal is known as... . inverse
tolerance . negative drug reinforcement . positive drug reinforcement . reverse tolerance
25. Which of the following best describes how the first cigarette of the day affects

A Brief Biography of Karl Lashley
Karl Lashley was born on June 7, 1890 in Davis, West Virginia and died at 68 years old on August
7th, 1958 in France. He was raised in a middle–class family as an only child. Lashley gained the
love of learning from his mother. She was a stay at home mom and often had women from the
community teach Karl various subjects. Lashley kept to himself when he was a kid. He didn't have
many friends, and spent most of his time wandering the woods collecting mice, butterflies, or other
animals. Karl was very smart even as a small toddler. He learned to read at the age of 4.
Lashley attained a major achievement by graduating high school at the age of 14. After high school
Lashley enrolled in the University of West Virginia. When he first started there he chose to major in
English. However, Lashley changed his major to zoology. Lashley began teaching biology at
University of Pittsburgh soon after he got his Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of West
Virginia. When Lashley finished his master's degree he started to study at Johns Hopkins University,
once there he gained his Ph.D degree in genetics. Lashley became a professor at the University of
Minnesota, University of Chicago, and Harvard University after he got his Ph.D.
Lashley did very well throughout his career. When Lashley first started pursuing his career he
researched brain mechanisms and how they related to sense receptors. Lashley also studied instinct
and color vision. Adding on to this work, he began to research a

Different Types Of Memory Through Comparing Short Term And...
Introduction
The human brain is a very complex organ in its composition and the way it functions. The brain
forms one of the main components of the central nervous system (CNS) in which the other is the
spinal cord. The brain's tissue consists of gray matter where neurons' cell bodies are concentrated
with their dendrites and glial cells, and white matter where the myelinated nerve fibers are bundled.
The function of the brain varies from sensory perception, language and maintenance of balance to
coordinating and planning, and involving with emotions and basic behavioral patterns (Klandorf,
Sherwood, & Yancey, p.177). Other functions of the brain are learning and the ability to recall
experiences and acquired knowledge; the later of these is called memory. According to the authors
memory is defined as the brain storage for acquired information and the ability to retrieve these
information over time (Klandorf, Sherwood, & Yancey, p.195). The purpose of this paper is to drive
clarity about the different types of memory through comparing short–term and long–term memory,
and to explain the underlining physiological mechanisms of short–term and long–term memory.
Also, how memories are retrieved will be discussed.
The Different Types of Memory
Memories are stored in the brain in the form of information through three different processes; these
processes are encoding, storage, and retrieval. What people perceive, think, or feel is converted into
permanent memory through the

Maturational Perspective of Motor Development
Mental intelligence, interests, abilities, personality and behaviour tendencies are affected by nature
and nurture. Nature vs. nurture is an ongoing debate between genetic inheritances and
environmental factors that shape development. Nature, also known as heredity, is the genetic code a
person is born with. In motor development, nature refers to the genetic inheritance of characteristics
and tendencies that influence development. The maturational perspective of motor development
focuses on nature influences. The maturational perspective explains functions of maturational
processes, particularly through the central nervous system, which control or dictate motor
development (Payne & Isaacs, 2012). Motor development is an internal ... Show more content on
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(Haywood et al., 2012) Therefore, as a person's central nervous system develops, their motor skills
develop. Shirley's research supports the idea that a person's motor development is an internal
process determined by biological processes. Specific problems in the body cause motor delays.
Motor delay means following a normal course of development at a level below suggested
expectations for that child's age. Problems with an internal system, the central nervous system, can
lead to very specific movement problems. The cerebrum is a part of the central nervous system, if
damaged it will limit or eliminate modulation, cause astereognosis and agnosia, damage reflexes,
and impair laterality. Apraxia is a motor disorder caused by the damage of the cerebrum. Apraxia is
a disorder of motor planning. Children with apraxia are clumsy and poorly coordinated when
learning new motor tasks. Their advancement with new motor skills is not as efficient as other
children. This is because their movement is very stiff, they have extraneous movements, seem to not
understand where their body is in space, and have trouble with eye–hand and eye–foot coordination.
(Payne & Isaacs, 2012) The damage in a child's central nervous system, in this case cerebrum, result
in a natural motor delay. This specific disorder supports the maturational perspective. Apraxia is an
internal process determining change in a child's motor development.
While

Men, Women: Maybe We Are Different Essay
Women are drastically underrepresented when it comes to executive jobs. For example, in the state
of California only 10.4% of women hold the highest paid executive jobs, and 47% of companies
contain only men in their boardroom. Based on these numbers, it appears that either companies are
scared to put women in the executive positions or fewer women are qualified or skilled enough for
the executive positions compared to men. However, there is also the possibility that the way the
brain works differently for both genders plays a significant role. If the brain causes men and women
to think differently it could cause men and women to have different priorities and excel at different
skills. Therefore, I am intrigued with the question, are the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Later in the interview Witelson explained that women tend to link everything together, emotions,
information, relationships, while men tend to separate this information. One actuality I found most
interesting was that the dominance sense in men is vision, while women use all senses equally.
Interestingly enough, men and women only differ by one Y chromosome, yet there are numerous
differences in the brains processes. With improved technologies such as Magnetic Resonance
Imaging, known as the MRI, scientists are now able to examine the brain even more meticulous than
ever. In an article entitled, ""Men and Women Really Do Think Differently," Carey's research
confirmed that men and women have different skills. For instance, men are skillful with mental
rotation of objects and spatial perception. Women, on the other hand, are better at verbal memory
and fluency. This skill in women is due to the fact that they have two areas in their brain related to
language while men only have one. Because women use both sides of their brain for speech, if they
were to have a stroke on one side of their brain, they would still have some capability left to speak
and be more likely to recover than men.
Through this research, it is clear that the male and female brain does in fact process differently but
what exactly

The Evolution of Primate Intelligence
One of the main reasons why we are so interested in the other primates is that by looking at them we
can obtain some ideas of what our ancestor must have been like a few millions years ago. Even
though, we are not descended from any modern–type monkey or ape, our lineage does appear to
have gone through stages in which we were a medium–sized, reasonably intelligent creature with
good binocular vision, hands that were good at manipulation and the ability to climb trees. An
evolutionary trend in primates involves the development of offspring both before and after birth and
their integration into complex social systems. Another trend in primate evolution has been toward a
more elaborate brain. In addition to brain size and gestation periods, ... Show more content on
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In general gestation periods for primates are relatively long, allowing for the development of a more
complex brain. Also the more sophisticated species exhibit longer infant and juvenile stages, which
are related to the time required for a more advanced mental development. Primates usually have a
closer infant/mother bond and a longer childhood than other animals. During the time a primate is
an infant and child it learns from its mother of how to survive in the environment. Primates also
learn what to eat, where to find food, how to eat different foods, mating rituals, social structure, and
females also learn maternal behavior. While still in the uterus, the brain starts growing. Thus the
longer the gestation period, the larger the relative size of the brain will be in the infant. It is assumed
that the more time spent in infancy and childhood, the more an animal learns. There is a direct
correlation to length of the gestation period, infancy and childhood development, and lifespan in
primates.
Due to the higher degree of intelligence, different types of primates engage in different complex
social groups. The three main ways to group primate societies are monogamous, polygynous and
multi male multi female groups.
Monogamous System
An example of the monogamous system is gibbons. Monogamous system consists of one male and
one female join to rear at least a single brood. There is little opportunity to form relationship besides
the one with the mate, so

Human Intelligence Can Be Increased Due At Exercise
The beginning and an end. The start and the finish. Once something begins, it will eventually come
to an end. But, that true, does everything in the universe actually end? Numbers; a start with no
finish. Numbers, something so simple, yet so complex. An infinite creation of the human mind
subdued by our unmeasurable human intelligence. This is all capable due to the human brain. The
brain is the most complex and unique organ in the human body. Some even considerable it a muscle.
Similar to muscles, your brain can be trained and worked for better functionality. But, did you that
there's a direct connection between exercising and increased intelligence in humans? In this paper I
will be backing up my statement that human intelligence can be increased due to exercise. I will also
give a view on the opposite side, using research that hypothetically disproves the idea that human
intelligence can be gained through exercise. Then, I will be evaluating my claim, backing up my
point by applying reason, utilizing the four tests of an argument and taking advantage of my critical
thinking skills to validate my claim. Lastly, I will be concluding and synthesizing my argument.
According to a couple studies exercise and intelligence have no connection. Some even suggest that
exercise has negative effects on human intelligence. The first study was done by Kaycee M. Sink,
M.D., M.A.S., of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center and her colleagues, evaluated whether a 24–
month physical activity

Benefits of Co-Curricular Activities
Benefits of Co–curricular Activities
Everyone knows about co–curricular. What some of us don't know about curriculum is that
curriculum is as a body of knowledge to be transmitted, it is also as an attempt to achieve certain
ends in students – product, plus it is as a process and it is as praxis(Mark K. Smith 1996, 2000). It
gave many benefits to a wide range of students and it may help them in many ways. It is also a part
of education where it is held outdoors or indoors. Co–curricular activities are optional and pursued
outside the classroom to enrich the course syllabi. They are meant to complement and not interfere
with the studies. Some say that it is does intervene with studies but there are many researches which
state the benefits ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is because some situations may put the students in the wrong information about co– curricular
activities but when they are already participate they will have the opportunity to learn from these
mistakes. Otherwise, self confidence can give the students the opportunity to have faith in others.
Sometimes responsibility is not delegated to the student, and in these cases the student must trust
their colleagues. Besides, students will be motivated by having self esteem in their life. Self esteem
can teach students to believe in themselves. Students will have confidence in their own choices
especially when people don't trust them. It also can teach students not to fear or to be de–motivated
by rejection. Students will almost always face rejection, though they must not be provoked in these
circumstances. Self respect teaches students to fully respect their decision and thoughts. When a
student shows respect for choices they have made, others around them in turn will also learn to
respect them. It also encourage students not be second judging their own decisions. Most students
face the dilemma of second judging their choices, especially when the odds are against them. By
doing co curriculum activities, students are encouraged to have faith in the choices they make.
Thirdly, it can build the skills such as social skills, leading skills, and teamwork skills. In social
skills, it gives students the opportunity to socialize with other peoples. For

Yoga as medication?
Introduction
Individuals who practice yoga experience an awareness of their body and environment. Yoga helps
them to relax and feel at peace with a subtle feeling of stimulation. This paper examines the use of
prescription drugs/stimulants that are used to treat ADHD in children, and the use of an alternative
that for some can be just as effective to treat ADHD. Yoga has beneficial factors for managing
ADHD symptoms. According to the "yoga Journal" through deep breathing exercises, yoga teaches
kids to tap into their breath in daily life as a source of mental and physical control. According to a
published study in ISRN, pediatrics have researched the benefits of yoga with children, and have
found that yoga increases the school performance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the part of the brain associated with higher learning and increases neuroplasticity, which
helps people to learn new things as well as change the way things are done.
Yoga has been found to unify the body as a whole. During yoga the body and mind are in a state of
balance. "Relaxation is when the body and mind are in a state of balance," said Jasmine Kaloudis, a
yoga instructor in Philadelphia( Myhealthnewsdaily contributor 2010). What that means is that yoga
works as releasing chronic muscle tension and restoring natural diaphragmatic breathing.
Here is a chart describing the different forms of yoga and how they help with ADHD. To find out
more check out this link below. [http://www.livescience.com/35129–yoga–increases–brain–
function–bone–density.html]
Forms
Description
Helps ADHD
Ashtanga
Focuses on strengthening the body and stimulating the mind.
Affects the central nervous system and slows down thinking.
Vinyasa
Focuses on matching the breath to movement
Connecting the breath with the mind and body
Iyengar
Focuses on holding muscles tight to relieve stress and become more flexible
Relaxes and numbs the area of the body resulting in a calm mind
Kundalini
Involves chanting and focuses on exploring the effects of breathing
Relieves stored energy

Bikram
Hot yoga that includes inversions, and increases blood

Spatial Cognition is Necessary for Navigation and to...
1. Introduction
Spatial cognition concerns the ability to acquire, organize, store and retrieve knowledge of spatial
properties (e.g., location, distance, direction) in the complex environment in order to navigate and
perceive location precisely (Allen et al., 1996; Hardiess et al., 1999). It is one of the most important
abilities that animals and humans have to help them adapt and survive in the world. For example,
identifying food location, wayfinding, perceiving scenes are all based on this ability. For many
years, elegant behavioral, neurobiological and neuropsychological methods have been used to
investigate the spatial behavior of human and non–human species (Denis & Loomis, 2007). In this
essay, I am going to talk about how different neuroscientific approaches contribute to our
understanding of neural bases of spatial cognition and their role in related processes.
2. Brain regions involved in spatial cognition and related processes
Much studies using various methods, including single–unit recordings, patient/lesion studies, non–
invasive brain imaging and brain interference studies, have been done to investigate neural
mechanisms underlying spatial cognition. As results, researchers have found several brain regions
involved in processing of spatial information, including parietal cortex and hippocampus (Burgess,
Jeffery, & O'Keefe, 1999). Also, it is very important to know which reference frame is used when
we discussing spatial functions of these brain regions

Mini Bio : Social Assessment
Mini Bio–Psycho– Social Assessment A sixty year old, African–American, forty percent service
connected Vietnam–era veteran (E.S.) was referred to therapy because he recently lost his son and
needed help within the grieving process. He reported being the father to ten (now nine) children
from multiple wives. Veteran (E.S.) disclosed that the death of his son was a case of mistaken
identity and that his son was in the wrong place at the wrong time (suspected gang affiliation).
Unfortunately, the killer was unidentified and was never caught, which brought much grief and guilt
to this veteran. It seemed that this veteran was also robbed in not getting any closure, and this was
very evident in our sessions because he was always ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But what happens if one experiences negative intersectional play? His or her life tends to be full of
distress, hardship, oppression, discrimination, and hurt. This is evident in E.S.'s case. E.S. had a
complex case because he was not only grieving the loss of his son but he soon thereafter was
grieving the loss of his grandson. The grieving process appeared to be quite tough for E.S. since his
family unit had been torn apart (some lived in Los Angeles, while others lived in Chicago). Since his
children come from different wives it was hard for E.S. to navigate the family unit upon the loss of
one of his sons. He mentioned that it was difficult to talk with the boy's mother in this time of grief "
because she would start crying and I just couldn't handle that." It appears that he felt inadequate for
not being the support that his ex–wife needed. This veteran did present signs of depression and grief.
E.S. attended a Bereavement Group in Building 500 at the West Los Angeles VA. Before I was
forced to terminate with E.S., I found out that he was on three different types of medications. He
was prescribed an antidepressant (Zoloft), medication for his blood pressure, and medication for his
cholesterol. While he was on this combination of medications, this veteran reported thoughts of
suicide. Veteran confirmed that the suicidal thoughts stemmed from his anti–depressant (Zoloft), and
once he stopped taking the Zoloft and

Working Memory and Its Benefits Essay
What makes our everyday life very simple? What helps us to know what is happening now, what we
are thinking now and what we are doing now? We are aware of the present moment or any changes
in this moment, and this ability helps us in functioning effectively to face immediate environmental
changes in our everyday life. This ability is called the Working Memory. The term working memory
was coined by Miller, Galanter, and Pribram in 1960 (Baddeley, 2003). It refers to the temporary
storage in the brain for manipulation of necessary information to execute cognitive tasks. According
to Baddeley and Hitch's study (1974), working memory comprises three main components, a control
system, the central executive and two storage systems, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
During their study, these researchers found that blind participants performed higher than the sighted
control group in a number of auditory, tactile and olfactory tasks ranging from basic sensory up to
higher levels of cognitive tasks. According to a study by Muchnik, Efrati, Nemeth, Malin and
Hildesheimer (1991) found that blind participants outperformed sighted participants in auditory
tasks. Similar results were noted by Alary, Duquette, Goldstein, Elaine, Voss, Buissonniere–Ariza
and Lepore (2009) for tactile tasks. Other researchers also found similar results for olfactory
perceptual discrimination (Cuevas, Plaza, Rombaux, Volder & Renier, 2009), auditory localization
(Lessard, Pare, Lepore and Lassonde, 1998), speech perception (Muchnik et. al, 1991), temporal
perception (Muchnik et. al, 1991), voice processing (Klinge, Rӧder & Büchel, 2010b) and short
term (Bliss, Kujala & Hamalinen, 2004) –long term memory tasks(Amedi, Raz, Pianka, Malach &
Zohary, 2003).
These researches were done to understand intramodal plasticity and intermodal plasticity. The
understanding of these modal will help in explaining how different neural mechanisms contribute to
behavioral compensation including changes within the intact modality systems and changes that
cross modality boundaries. For example, a study by Matteau, Kupers, Ricciardi, Pietrini and Ptito
(2010) observed that visual deprivation can lead to higher

The Effect Of The Inevitable
The Impact of the Inevitable Every hour of every day, somewhere, a baby is being born into this
world. The family rejoices as its newborn takes its first breath and begins to cry. The beginning of
life is such a wonderful and miraculous event that makes everyone happy to be a part of, however,
what about the end of life? Or the inevitable as I like to call it. It may sound jaded or cynical, but it
is true. Death is an inevitable part of life and we will all experience it one day. Unlike the beginning
of life, death is more difficult to understand and deal with. Death results in the loss of someone and
the realization that we will not live forever so each day we have with each other is precious and
must be treated as such. I came to realize this at a young age when I lost my oldest brother and since
then I have learned not to take life for granted and to cherish the ones you love while you still have
them. I was 11 years old in August of 2001 and it was a hot summer day that had turned into
thunderstorms that evening. I was sitting in the living room talking with my parents when the home
telephone rang. My mother picked up the phone and I could hear another woman talking. A look of
grief overcame my mother's face as she dropped the phone and screamed. She ran towards the front
door and exclaimed that my brother, Trent, was hurt and they were calling an ambulance. Details
were sparse and panic had set in as we ran to the car and started towards Warsaw,

Reality Is A Perception That Organizes How People Relate...
Reality is a perception that organizes how people relate and organize the world. The Paracingulate
sulcus is a structure in the brain that is associated with our monitoring of what is reality and what is
not. With out this monitoring system people end up with disorders such as schizophrenia. The New
York Times interprets the results of a study published by the University of Cambridge and
University of Melbourne on the effects of the Paracingulate sulcus on how people monitor what is
reality. The Study, "A Specific Brain Structural Basis for Individual Differences in Reality
Monitoring," examines a variety of research on the matter and presents the hypothesis that the
people with out a Paracingulate sulcus will have poorer monitoring of memory compared to people
with a clear Paracingulate sulcus on either one or both sides of the brain. Even though both articles
explain the exact same research, it is interesting to see the many differences of the two articles. The
article was chosen for more then its connection to cognition and what is being studied in class. The
article interested both participants in more ways than one. The idea of reality being a perception that
changes from person to person is not something people think about explicitly. It is merely by
reading the article that one can take interest in the fact that each person perceives the world a
different way. Even more so, this perception can be altered by having, or not having, a specific
structure in the

I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain Analysis
Morgan Russell
Shaw
English 200
6 November 2012
Essay Two – I felt a Funeral, in my Brain
1. Part One
Solitary: Deprived of the company of others; the state of being alone; a reference to solitary
confinement (solitary). The use of the word solitary in line 16 illustrates how although people have
been described as taking part in the funeral, they do not relate or understand her. Although there are
others around her, there is no communication between them. She is described as wrecked in the
same line that "solitary" is used, showing the reader that her state of isolation is due to her being
damaged – her state of being insane. Although the use of other words, such as the use of the non–
inclusive words they and them, give hint to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is significance in this in that it reflects how isolated she is in this journey. Despite there being
mourners around her, she is alone her despair, isolated inside of her own brain.
World: A state or realm of existence, often used in reference to human existence on Earth or in
reference to Heaven and Hell; A person's normal or habitual sphere of though (world). In the poem,
"world" is used in the introduction of a new state. In this sense, the word "World" has many
interpretations. Through implementation of the metaphor, made at the beginning of the poem,
between a person's descent into insanity and a funeral, we can look at the use of "world" in two
different ways. In one sense, "world" is referring to ones state of mental stability and the change
from the state of sanity to insanity. In another sense "world" is referring to leaving the realm of
human existence on earth and arriving at the afterlife. The worlds that the afterlife inhabits, Heaven
and Hell, are both referenced; Heaven being mention in line 13 and Hell being referenced by the use
of the words dropped in describing the transition between Earth and the afterlife.
Plank: A long wooden board forming the main part of a structure; a gravestone (plank). Being a long
wooden board, one that acts as a support for something, a plank has to be sturdy. The line reads,
"And then a Plank in Reason, broke," The significance of the word

Schizophrenia: A Great Illness
Schizophrenia is a brain disease; Schizophrenia's main problem is with insanity. What is Insanity?
Webster's dictionary states it as "A deranged state of the mind occurring as a specific disorder (as
Schizophrenia) (Merriam–Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 646)." The definition of insanity is
closely related to schizophrenia described as a disorder. When having schizophrenia one's behavior
and thinking change dramatically. One's behavior might contain several signs as loss of personal
contact, social withdrawal, diminution of appetite, depletion of hygiene, delusions and
hallucinations are just to name a few. Individuals with schizophrenia many times have no outward
appearance of looking ill. In another case, a paranoid schizophrenic would ... Show more content on
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The overall symptoms of schizophrenia vary from one another. It may sound strange but there are
positive symptoms as well as negative symptoms. One problem with schizophrenia is that it is
difficult to have a job and socialize with friends. Also having schizophrenia one may experience
sorrow, concern and have thoughts of suicide or have suicidal behaviors. In the beginning
schizophrenia starts out slow one may experience symptoms as irritability, have trouble
concentrating or difficulty sleeping. As the disease progresses one has trouble thinking as well as
behavioral and emotional problems arise. ("Schizophrenia") To diagnose schizophrenia there are no
medical tests to prove one has schizophrenia. But a psychiatrist or shrink will be able to assess a
patient to make a complete diagnosis. The diagnosis is made up with different tests for one the
discussion from the psychiatrist. The psychiatrist basically asks questions to the patient to get a
better understanding of whether the patient is mentally sane. Here are some questions the
psychiatrist will ask one–– how long has one had the symptoms, tell me a little about one's family
history and genetics, is one on any medication and if so what medications are working for one. The
second test would be a blood test to check if one is presumed normal. The third test would be a brain
scan to further question if one has schizophrenia. ("Schizophrenia") There are various treatments for
schizophrenia which can be prescribed

Understanding The Purpose Of The Triune Brain Model
Do you know what your purpose in life is? There are many different theories as to what a purpose is
or what your purpose is in life. Living your life with a purpose versus without drastically changes
how you feel and how you live. Even if you do not know what your purpose is right now, you will
find out soon enough. Everyone has a purpose in life whether he or she knows what it is or not.
When a person lives with a purpose and is purposeful during their day, they receive many more
benefits than someone who lives without a purpose. In a study in the Journal of Positive Psychology,
400 American adults were surveyed and asked to fill out surveys over a period of weeks. "These
surveys asked people to answer a series of questions, their happiness ... Show more content on
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In a recent TED Talk, Adam Leipzig talks about how he has figured out a way to show a person their
purpose with a series of questions. When Adam asked his colleagues if they were happy, 80% of
them said they were not. The 20% that we're happy "we're living our lives expansively with life's
ups and downs, and we did not feel that we had wasted a single minute" (Leipzig, Adam). All of
these people who felt that they were happy knew the answers to these five things: "who they were,
what they did, who they did it for, what those people wanted or needed, and what they got out of it,
how they changed as a result" (Leipzig, Adam). If you can ask yourself these five questions, you can
figure out what your life purpose

Handwriting v Typing
The process of reading and writing involves a number of senses, she explains. When writing by
hand, our brain receives feedback from our motor actions, together with the sensation of touching a
pencil and paper. These kinds of feedback is significantly different from those we receive when
touching and typing on a keyboard.
Learning by doing
Together with neurophysiologist Jean–Luc Velay at the University of Marseille, Anne Mangen has
written an article published in the Advances in Haptics periodical. They have examined research
which goes a long way in confirming the significance of these differences.
An experiment carried out by Velay 's research team in Marseille establishes that different parts of
the brain are activated when we read ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A lack of focus
There is a lot of research on haptics in relation to computer games, in which for instance vibrating
hand controls are employed. According to Mangen, virtual drills with sound and vibration are used
for training dentists.
But there has been very little effort to include haptics within the humanistic disciplines, she
explains. In educational science, there is scant interest in the ergonomics of reading and writing, and
its potential significance in the learning process.
Mangen refers to an experiment involving two groups of adults, in which the participants were
assigned the task of having to learn to write in an unknown alphabet, consisting of approximately
twenty letters. One group was taught to write by hand, while the other was using a keyboard. Three
and six weeks into the experiment, the participants ' recollection of these letters, as well as their
rapidity in distinguishing right and reversed letters, were tested. Those who had learned the letters
by handwriting came out best in all tests. Furthermore, fMRI brain scans indicated an activation of
the Broca 's area within this group. Among those who had learned by typing on keyboards, there was
little or no activation of this area.
"The sensorimotor component forms an integral part of training for beginners, and in special
education for people with learning difficulties. But there is little awareness and understanding of the
importance of handwriting to the learning

Lab Report on Reaction Time
A. Introduction
Title: The effect of reading Shakespeare on reaction time
Research Question: Does reading a passage of Shakespeare decrease a person's reaction time while
completing a puzzle? One day in class, I was reading an interesting article about how people who
read and are exposed to Shakespeare and Wordsworth and other renowned writers have better brain
activity, attention spans, and can have more moments of beneficial self–reflection.
In the article, scientists and psychologists at Liverpool University monitored the brain activity of
subjects as they read poetry or prose by Shakespeare, Wordsworth, and T.S Eliot. They also tested
the subjects after they had translated the old time texts into a more modern and straightforward ...
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Give him heedful note; For I mine eyes will rivet to his face, And after we will both our judgments
join In censure of his seeming.]
VI. Method:
Ask a subject to complete a one hundred piece puzzle
Time them
Record the time when finished
Have the subject select a different on hundred piece puzzle
Have the subject read the passage from Hamlet
Ask the subject to complete the second selected puzzle
Time them
Record the time when finished
B. Data collection and processing:
I. Raw Data:
Subject Number
Recorded time for first puzzle
Recorded time for second puzzle (having completed the Shakespeare reading)
1
35 minutes and 39 seconds

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Uncertainty: +/– .5 seconds
III. Processed Data:
This table below shows the original times converted into seconds, for the purpose of not having to
round numbers and equal calculations.
(number of minutes x 60) + number of seconds
Subject Number
Recorded time for first

The Life Of Catherine Malabou And Levi Bryant
Catherine Malabou and Levi Bryant: A critical comparison of materialisms
Speculative materialism arose in response to the post–Kantian philosophy of correlationism.
Scholars have since debated the relationship of the perceived (object) and the perceiver (subject).
Kant's transcendental materialist philosophy supports what Quentin Meillassoux terms weak
correlationism in that it allows for the thinking of the unknowable. However, strong correlationist
(i.e. Heidegger and Hegel) refute that humans can escape their own thoughts, therefore making it
impossible to know or even imagine that anything outside of the correlationist circle (objects in and
of themselves) exists. Both Catherine Malabou and Levi Bryant can be seen as emphasizing
speculative materialism in that they attempt to move beyond this subject–object correlate. While
Malabou describes neuronal plasticity in What Should We Do With Our Brain, Bryant focuses on
"machines" and their ontology in Onto–Cartography: An Ontology of Machines and Media.
Malabou's ultimate description of the resistance and contradiction between the brain and mind fails
to be accounted for by Bryant's ontology and conception of "machines". Bryant's object oriented
ontology does little to explain the origin of freedom in his "machines" (whereby we can begin to
take charge of society); however, Bryant does suggest the use of thermopolitics to attack institutions.
Together, Malabou and Bryant's philosophies provide new ways of thinking about

Chapter 4 & 5 Study Guide Essay
Chapter 4 Study Guide
1. What are the two main functions of the sympathetic nervous system?
(A) Activating system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations –
fight/flight (B) Regulates strong emotional reactions
2. What are the two main functions of the parasympathetic NS?
"Rest and Digest," Calming system that conserves energy.
3. How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together (what are some
images and metaphors used to describe them)?
As one is more active, the other is less active. Imagers are of two rheostats with sliding controls that
allow you to turn a light up and down gradually rather than on and off. Examples include sexual
arousal and nausea. Common analogy gas pedal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
20. What are the different ways in which the immune system becomes dysfunctional?
Initial response to stress activates immune systems; prolonged stress weakens the immune system
making you more susceptible to getting sick.
21. What are the main factors contributing to the emergence of cancers?
Poor diet, no exercise, smoking,
22. What has research revealed about the relationship between "emotional" personalities and heart
disease?
Frequent intense but inhibited bouts of anger lead to an increase in frequency of transient
myocardial ischemia (brief period of inadequate blood flow to the heart–painless, but seen as a
precursor to heart attack)
23. What are some variables related to better health that are also related to emotions?
Healthy social network/ support, exercise, good diet, sleep,
24. What areas of emotion appear to be associated with parasympathetic NS activity?
Possibly associated with positive emotions (contentment, affection/attachment, social engagement)
Chapter 5 Study Guide
1. What three areas of the brain are designated in the "triune brain model"?
Reptilian (sensory, survival, and reflex action), Mammalian–limbic (emotion), and Neocortex
(complex cognition and reasoning).
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the following measures to examine emotions
in the brain?
a. Lesion method: disadvantages–no control over location of lesion, brain lesions resulting from
trauma or

Psy/345 Week One Worksheet Essay
Respond to the following questions in 75 to 150 words each.
1. Differentiate between sensation and perception. Explain the importance of separating these
concepts.
The term sensation is used when referencing the process of sensing the environment through taste,
touch, sound, smell, and sight (Goldstein, 2014). Moreover, it is the process that occurs once the
sensory receptor experiences stimulation, which in turn produces nerve impulses that are sent to the
brain to be processed in its raw form, then perception comes into play (Goldstein, 2014). Perception
is used to describe the way people interpret these sensations and tries to make sense of everything
around them on a daily basis. Perception is the occurrences of the brain ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
3. As we age or incur visual impairment, we may need brighter light when reading. Explain why this
is the case.
As a person ages, the constant need to accommodate when looking at nearby objects such as in
reading or doing close–up work becomes more difficult (Goldstein, 2014). The main reason a person
may experience the need for a brighter light when they get older is a result of a condition called
presbyopia, also referred to as "old eye" (Goldstein, 2014). Old eye describes when the distance of
the near point increases as a person ages. According to Goldstein (2014), "The near point for most
20–year–olds is at about 10 cm, but it increases to 14 cm by age 30, 22 cm at 40, and 100 cm at 60"
(p. 25). Generally, this change occurs because the lens hardens with age and the ciliary muscles in
the eye become weaker, causing great difficulty in vision when looking at objects in close range
(Goldstein, 2014).
4. You are shown a picture of an elephant. Explain how that stimulus is processed from the retina to
the visual cortex of the brain.
Focusing an image clearly onto the retina is the initial step in the process of vision, but although a
sharp image on the retina is essential for clear vision, a person does not see the picture on the retina.
Vision occurs not in the retina, but in the brain. Before the brain can create vision, the light on the
retina must activate the visual receptors in the retina by a two–element

The Effects of Caffeine on Daphnia
This experiment is to see The Affect of Caffeine on Daphnia. Daphnia is also known as a water flea.
It is a distant relative of crabs and shrimps. (Marshall Cavendish, 2002) Daphnia have a hard
external skeleton with jointed appendages and limbs. The head contains a large central eye which is
made of two eyes joined together. Daphnia has two pairs of antennae which are used for swimming.
Each daphnia has five pairs of limbs. These limbs lie in a certain space under the body bounded by
the carapace. (Marshall Cavendish, 2002) A carapace is a hard upper shell or chitinous outer
covering on the back of some animals. The daphnia is well preserved because of its shells which are
composed of chitin. The usual size of this microorganism is about 0.2–0.3 mm; they look like flat
disks. Their bodies are divided into three parts – head, thorax, and abdomen. The head is typically
dome–shaped with five pairs of appendages. Among these five are two pairs of antennae; there is a
small pair and a larger pair. The smaller pair of antennae serves as a sensory function and the larger
one is used for swimming. The other three appendages' purpose is to secure food they intake.
(Michael Hutchins, 2003) The thorax holds four to six pairs of legs that are used for gathering food,
filtering water, or grasping mates. There are over 400 species of daphnia and they are distributed
worldwide. Daphnia uses their thoracic legs to produce a constant current of water; this allows them
to filter food

The Discovery Of Hormones And Their Function
1. Introduction/Background Information The discovery of hormones and their function has been
relatively recent. The term was first coined by Professor Earnest Starling in 1905. He derived the
word from the Greek meaning "to arouse or excite." However, the idea of the role hormones could
be traced back as far as ancient Greece. Though Hippocrates' theory on humors has been refuted, the
concept of "bodily fluids," or in this case, the amount of hormones circulating in the blood directly
affecting temperament and emotions are related. Scientists continue to research the relevance of
hormones, as well as neuropeptides on human behavior. Amazingly, throughout evolutionary
history, both neuropeptides and steroid hormones were able to preserve ... Show more content on
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This research gives insight into the underlying neural mechanisms and also demonstrates substantial
hormonal control over human behavior. After reviewing and discussing the placebo–controlled
studies, they proposed a theoretical model that synthesized detailed knowledge of
neuroendocrinology of social–emotional behavior in animals, as–well–as the recently gained data on
humans. The study of emotional and behavioral disorders have become more popular in the last
twenty years. Characteristics of these irregularities include: learning disabilities that are not
explainable by either sensory, health, or intellectual factors; persistently inappropriate feelings and
conduct; and/or chronic unhappiness or depression (gadoe.org). The authors of this study thoroughly
analyzed the underlying neural mechanisms of supplemental hormones and how they affect
participants as opposed to using a placebo. Research into human behavior as it relates to
neuroendocrinology will be crucial to future generations and their interrelations.
3. Methods and Results For the purpose of this paper, the authors did not do their own research.
They used a collection of studies that looked at behaviors and their specific connections to
hormones and neuropeptides. The first studies the authors reviewed attempted to make a connection
between evolution and naturally occurring hormones. This portion of the paper, paragraph 2,

Visual Information Processing Paper
Visual Information Processing Paper
Laura Nancy Vargas
PSYCH/64
December 2, 2013
Holly Berry Perception Paper
Humans have a unique and wonderful device in how one sees. The eye and brain work together to
turn the world into visual data one's brain can understand and use. There are some eye conditions
that inhibit the sight or the recognition of the shapes one sees. Research continues to overcome these
conditions as well as to further understand the biochemical reaction that gives humans the sight and
understanding one has of visual data. Included in the paper are some of the latest research methods.
Describe Visual Information Processing The way a human eye and brain works together to produce
visual data understandable to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to current research there are about 800,000 ganglion cells in the human optic nerve (J.R.
Anderson, 2009,pg. 35). The ganglion cells are where the first encoding of the visual information
happens. Encoding is the process of recognizing the information and changing it into something
one's brains can understand and store. Each ganglion cell is dedicated to encoding information from
a specific part of the retina. The optic nerve goes then to the visual cortex and the information enters
the brain cells. There are two types of cells that are subcortical, or below the cortex; the lateral
geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus. The lateral geniculate nucleus is responsible for
understanding details and recognizing objects. The superior colliculus is responsible for
understanding where objects are located spatially. This collection of cells working together is called
the "what–where" distinction. The division of labor continues, as the information is further
processes. The "what" information travels to the temporal cortex, the "where" information travels to
the parietal regions of the brain.
The brain identifies what it sees in a series of steps. The brain makes a feature map of the eye
breaking the visual field into sections. Information collected in a particular section of the visual field
will always be sent to the

The Effects Of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Over the last several decades, one of the diseases that continues to cause concern and difficulties
during the later years of life is mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Mild cognitive impairment ranges
from minimal loss of cognitive problems to the point it changes normal life. Large changes in our
demographics have occurred during the twentieth century. Life expectancy has increased by over
thirty years. When you factor in the increase of fertility problems, the age groupings shift
dramatically (Mohajeri, Troesch, & Weber, 2014). These changes impact the demand for health and
long–term care, as well as expenses for pensions and social security (Mohajeri, et al., 2014).
Another factor adding to this situation is, health expectancy is 8 ... Show more content on
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This research paper will explore current findings in the area of nutrition, and its' effects on the
cognitive brain functions of the over fifty year old adult.
What factors impact Mild Cognitive Impairment?
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a newly recognized medical condition that involves the stage
between normal, age–related cognitive decline and more serious decline associated with dementia.
People with MCI can have problems with memory, language, thinking, and judgement that generally
aren't severe enough to cause significant problems in their day–to–day lives and usual activities
(Murray, 2014).
Senior adults who have MCI are more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease, or another form of
dementia, but it is not a certainty that everyone with MCI will get Alzheimer's. MCI is a new
diagnosis, so drug companies are busy formulating drugs to fill the needs of the senior adults who
are actively looking for help. Medications currently used for Alzheimer's are known as "cognitive
enhancers" and they are being used to treat MCI. But, studies do not show any benefit and the side
effects can cause even more problems. One of the drugs, tacrine (Cognex), has already been taken
off the market (Murray, 2014).
Nutrition is being examined as a factor that can impact the brain. Brain cells are the most complex,
long living and nutritionally demanding cells in the body (Murray, 2014). These cells are impacted
by the nutrition available

Central Auditory Processing Disorder
Except for outwardly appearances, speech may be the one of the most defining elements of a
person's identity, "psychologists generally consider language a prime manifestation of underlying
cognitive processes" (Solso, MacLin, & MacLin, 2008, p. 468). Just by listening over the phone, I
can tell whether a family member is feeling positive, in ill health, or worried about events in their
lives. Should vocal language be the only measure of underlying cognitive processes?
As a small child, it was frustrating to not be able to make the adults in my life understand me. Many
years later after development of the brainstem auditory evoked response test (BAER), a doctor who
it seemed was always on the cutting edge of his science and working with neurologists at the old
Lovelace Medical Center, tested my hearing using the BAER . For me, the results of this test were
life changing because for the first time in 28 years my not being able to understand much of the
conversation around me and consequently, my ability to communicate had a name–a diagnosis–
central auditory processing disorder–I heard at two different speeds and both were at a slower rate
than that of the general population.
The BAER measures latency in milliseconds or in layman terms, the BAER measures the length of
time it takes for sound to travel from the ear to the brain stem (Ness, 2009). An important benefit of
the BAER is that it can be easily used for diagnosis of auditory processes in infants and young

Diagnosis Of Stage 4 Alzheimer's Disease
The writer of this case study met with client Maria Sanchez on February 16th, 2015. This client was
referred to this writer after a recent diagnosis of stage 4 Alzheimer's disease by a clinician to assist
with planning for her future. Upon initially meeting with this client, this writer could determine her
demographic information. Maria Sanchez is married; however her husband is currently residing in
Mexico City. This client is 68 years old. Sanchez has been living in the United States for the last 20
years. She is a legal permanent resident (LPR). Client has spent 17 of these 20 years in the work
force, and paid into social security. Currently this client's only income comes from social security
and from her daughter for child and household care (100 dollars per month). Client is currently
receiving a social security check of 356.12 each month. Client has saved up 4500 dollars in the last
couple of years. This client currently has no health insurance. Sanchez has been given a probable
diagnosis of stage 4 Alzheimer's disease. Through the initial assessment signs of depression can be
seen were seen by this writer. Client Sanchez has a very close bond with her family, and uses them
as her support system. She will be going through the assessment process and interventions with the
assistance of her daughter. This client has come into the office seeking help, empowerment and
interventions in order to get control over her situation. This case study will go through her
assessment,

Neurological Disorders
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by university students in academic essays. The system embeds comments into your paper and
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that the suggested change is appropriate for your paper, but remember that your instructor's
preferences for style and format prevail. You will also need to review your own citations and
references since WritePoint capability in this area is limited. NOTE: WritePoint comments are
computer–generated writing and grammar suggestions inviting the consideration and analysis of the
writer; they are not infallible statements of right/wrong, and they should not be used as ... Show
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The neurons start to work less efficiently. Also, [Remove comma] the neurons stop communicating
with each other and later die. The damage caused by the plaques and Tangles spreads to the
Hippocampus and this leads to loose [Check spelling. This is an adjective meaning "not tight." The
verb "lose" means to fail to keep] of memory. As the disease advances from one stage to another, the
neurons continue to die and the brain continues to shrink (Hooper, 2000). Alzheimer's disease leads
to destruction of brain cells. It also leads to death of the brain cells as this makes it difficulty for
cells to communicate. The brain is made up of nerve cells that communicate with each other. This
makes it easy for a person to think, learn and [Check punctuation: insert a comma before this word
if this is the last in a list of more than two –– or if it begins a new clause] remember things. When a
person has Alzheimer's the nerve cells stop functioning as they are damaged. [Passive voice] This
leads to loose [Check spelling. This is an adjective meaning "not tight." The verb "lose" means to
fail to keep] of memory and confusion. People having [Clearer writing suggestion––"having" as a
transitive verb is vague. Reconsider the sentence using "possessing," "acquiring," "developing," etc.
Often "having" can simply be deleted] Alzheimer's disease are usually confused [Passive voice]
ands have low memory. They have difficulties in learning new things

Taking a Look at Optical Technologies
Q1:
The main pathway of color vision is as following: light⇒photoreceptor⇒ bipolar cell ⇒Ganglion
cell⇒ LGN ⇒ cortex⇒ extracortex. Here I will stress some key points of color vision.
1) photoreceptors ( mainly cones, because rods are sensitive to low light level and blind to color)
absorb light, and through photochemical reactions transfer solar energy to electrical energy which
can be indirectly displayed as action potential of cells. There are three cones: L, M, S cones
respectively. L cones are responsible to long wavelength; M for middle wavelength; and S for short
wavelength. The typical receptive field of cones is center and surround pattern. For example, on–
center Receptive Field will maximally activate if the surrounding was dark and center was light–on;
the reverse is true for the off–center RF. There are two complementary theories of color vision: One
of them is the dominant and popular trichromatic theory, which argues that three types of cones (L,
M, S) are sufficient to code the color vision. However, Hering raised a different theory––– color
opponent theory. He argued that there were four elemental colors (R,Y, G, and B) not three. He also
noted the pairing of R & G, and of B & Y. Three cone types provides input to two different "color
opponent" ganglion cells. For example, the opponent neuron that produces the neural response we
see as red or green gets excitation from the L cones and inhibition from the M cones. When the L
cones are more active than the M

The Effects of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
First used as a drug to help the clinically depressed look into themselves and how to better express
their feelings, 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA for short, was later classified as
schedule 1 drug in July 1984. MDMA is making a comeback in recent years hitting the club scene
and ravers of all ages are beginning to get mixed up with MDMA and taking it irresponsibly. People
unbeknownst to the repercussions to the effects of this drug are dying as a result to it. There has
been many studies on MDMA's effects on rats which can show similarities and the effects of what
they can do to humans. MDMA affects people in many ways. MDMA affects memory, social
interaction, the nervous system and it has lasting effects on rats. According to Dzietko (2010), a
small dose of MDMA in a rat during a time where the rats brain is developing goes through major
changes in different parts of the brain. The amphetamine like substance, MDMA, has neurotoxic
effects that lead to damage in the nervous system including serotonergic fibers, dopamine levels,
and neurons. MDMA specifically has a direct effect on serotonin levels where it unleashes large
amounts of it into the brain where there is not normally that amount present. The negative emotions
and feelings that should be present that the brain is making is at the time is contained. With that
much in the brain it leads to nerve endings and synpatic vesicles clouded with serotonin which stops
the intake of the body producing

The Naegleria Fowleri Amoeba

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