2. Objectives: Identify the parts of the brain
Describe the structure and functions of the brain and nerves
Describe how the brain works
Identify ailments that affect the brain and nerves
Describe the symptoms, causes and treatment of ailments that affect the
brain and the nerves
Identify habits and practices to keep the brain and nerves healthy
Human body has one body part, which is the center of everything
we do, think and remember. It is the .
Our composed of billions of microscopic nerve
cells with trillions of long, wire-like fibers and
connections. Most of these cells make up the nerves that
snake away from the brain, forming a network that links
the brain to all body parts, which is the .
4. The is the bone structure that forms the head in the
human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a
cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the
brain from injury.
The brain is mass of billions of neurons being
surrounded by cells called that support and supply
them with nutrients.
Inside the skull are three soft membranes called
. The meninges wrapped around the brain.
) – is a liquid layer between two
meninges. Both the meninges and CSF form a soft
cushion around the brain.
5. – it is the
lowest part of the brain,
consisting of the
, , and
, and continuing
downward to form the
spinal cord. It is
responsible for many vital
functions of life, such
as ,
,
, , and
.
6. When the is the person will immediately
. Note: Medulla plays an important role in transmitting messages
from spinal cord to the brain and also controls autonomic activities. If
, it can lead to
.
relays information about , ,
, , , and .
is a portion of the central nervous
system (CNS) associated with
– is a portion of the brain in the back of the
head between the cerebrum and the brain stem. The
cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, and
other complex motor functions.
7. The largest part of the
brain. It is divided into four regions
called and into left and right
halves the , called the
. Areas within
the cerebrum
is the largest site
of neural integration in the central
nervous system. It plays a key role in
attention, perception, awareness,
thought, memory, language, and
consciousness.
8. - is a small structure
within the brain located just above
the brain stem between the
cerebral cortex and the midbrain
and has extensive nerve
connections to both. The primary
function of the thalamus is to relay
motor and sensory signals to the
cerebral cortex.
- It plays a part in many
essential functions of the body such as:
9. The Neurons
Neurons (also called neurones
or nerve cells) are the
fundamental units of the brain
and nervous system, the cells
responsible for receiving sensory
input from the external world, for
sending motor commands to our
muscles, and for transforming
and relaying the electrical
signals at every step in between.
- are information messengers. They use electrical
impulses and chemical signals to transmit information
between different areas of the brain.
Structure of the neurons
10. The Nerve Junctions
look like the branches of a tree and receive
messages for the cell. Neurons communicate with each
other by sending chemicals, called
across a tiny space, called a , between the
and of adjacent neurons.
A is the small gap between two neurons, where
nerve impulses are relayed by a neurotransmitter from the
axon of a presynaptic (sending) neuron to the dendrite of a
postsynaptic (receiving) neuron. It is referred to as the
synaptic cleft or synaptic gap.2
- allow neurons to transmit electrical and
chemical signals to other cells.
11. - a chronic, typically progressive disease
involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and
spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness,
impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred
vision, and severe fatigue.
- is inflammation of the active tissues of the brain
caused by an infection or an autoimmune response. The
inflammation causes the brain to swell, which can lead to
headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, mental confusion and
seizures.
- an acute virus disease of the nervous system of
mammals that is caused by a rhabdovirus usually transmitted
through the bite of a rabid animal and that is characterized
typically by increased salivation, abnormal behavior, and
eventual paralysis and death when untreated.
12. - is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective
membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral
infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually
causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and
other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
- is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in your
brain. Many different types of brain tumors exist.
- or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening
disease caused by the poliovirus. The virus spreads from person
to person and can infect a person's spinal cord, causing
paralysis.
- headaches cause pain in the head,
face, or upper neck, and can vary in frequency and intensity. A
migraine is an extremely painful primary headache disorder.
usually produce symptoms that are more intense and
debilitating than headaches. Some types of migraines do not
cause head pain.
13. - the electrical signals in the brain become scrambled
and there are sometimes sudden bursts of electrical activity. This
is what causes seizures. You may have tremors (shaking
movements), twitching or jerking movements that you can't
control. This could happen on one or both sides of your face,
arms, legs or your whole body. It could start in one area and then
spread to other areas, or it could stay in one place.
- A tingling or numb feeling
is a condition called . It's a sign that a nerve is
irritated and sending extra signals. Think of that pins-and-needles
feeling as a traffic jam in your nervous system.
14. 1. Eat nutritious and right foods like prune juice, vegetables,
meat, eggs, grains, and fruits, and foods rich in Iron such
as leafy green vegetables, beef, and beans. Must have
enough sleep and do physical activities.
2. Wash your hands before and after eating, before and after
using toilet, and before and after handling foods.
3. Never share personal things like hairbrush, combs, towels
with other to ward off infections. Keep yourself clean and
neat. Do not share food and drinks with other people. So
not eat or drinks someone else’s plate or glass.
Taking Care of the Brains and Nerves
15. Taking Care of the Brains and Nerves
4. Get at least 8 hours of sleep. Lack of sleep leads to poor
concentration on the next day.
5. Read as much as you can. It can stimulates brain’s
functions especially those area involved in imagination, and
strengthens its ability to absorb as much information as
possible.
6. Involve yourself to different mentally challenging activities
like playing puzzles, playing games such as chess, scrabble,
and even computer games.
7. Listen to music. It enhances mental functioning and helps
improve mental focus.
8. Protect yourself from injury. Wear a helmet when riding a
motorcycle, bicycle, or even skateboards.
