The document summarizes several major scientific and technological events that occurred between 1945-1968. It describes the invention of the transistor in 1947, the discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953, the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 initiating the space race, the discovery of pulsars in 1967, the identification of the Hayflick limit in 1965 describing the limited number of times cells can divide, and the formulation of cybernetics as an interdisciplinary field of studying systems by Norbert Wiener in 1948.

1. THE MAJOR SCIENTIFIC
AND TECHNOLOGICAL
EVENTS
1945-1968
ERASMUS+
70 YEARS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY 1945-2016

2. TRANSISTOR
1947

3. A transistorisa semiconductordeviceusedtoampifyorswitchelectronicsignalsandelectricalpower.
Thefirstworkingtransistorwas constructedbyJohn BardeenandWalterBrattaininDecember16, 1947.Thefollowingyear
, WilliamBradfordShockleyfromthesamelaboratorydevelopedatheoryjunctiontransistor,whichhasmanagedtobuildin
the1950s.
FortheinventionofthetransistortheyreceivedtheNobelPrizeforPhysicsin1956.

4. DNA Structure
1953

5. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a model of the
structure of DNA as a double helix based on the work of Rosalind
Franklin, for which in 1962 were awarded the Nobel Prize.
The double helix is a fundamental element of the spatial structure
of the DNA molecule .

7. ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE
1957

8. .
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union
on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with
Sergei Korolev as chief designer (there is a crater on the lunar far side
which bears his name). This in turn triggered the Space Race between
the Soviet Union and the United States.

9. THE DISCOVERY
OF A PULSAR
1967

10. Pulsar is a highly magnetized, rotating
neutron star that emits a beam of
electromagnetic radiation.
Thepreciseperiodsofpulsarsmake themuseful
tools.Observationsofapulsarina binaryneutron
starsystemwereusedtoindirectlyconfirmthe
existenceofgravitationalradiation.Thefirst
extrasolarplanetswerediscoveredarounda pulsar,
PSRB1257+12.Certaintypesofpulsarsrivalatomic
clocks intheiraccuracy inkeepingtime.

11. The Vela Pulsar and its surrounding pulsar wind nebula.

12. THE HAYFLICK LIMIT
1965

13. In 1965 Hayflick observed that cells are able
to divide a limited number of times, and the
closer the limit the more the signs of aging
show.
Hayflick limit is considered to be one of the
causes of human aging.
Hayflicklimitisthenumberoftimesanormalhuman
cellpopulationwilldivideuntil celldivision stops.

14. Cybernetics base
1948

15. Cybernetics isa transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulators
systems, Their structures, constraints, and Possibilities.
Cybernetics isrelevant tothe studyof systems, such as mechanical,
physical, biological, cognitive, and socialsystems.
In 1948, Jewish American
mathematician Norbert Wiener
formulated the basics of
cybernetics -

16. Thank you
for attention