The document summarizes several major scientific and technological events between 1945 and 2015 in 3 sentences or less each: - The transistor was invented in 1947, laying the foundation for modern electronics. - In 1953, Watson and Crick published their model of DNA as a double helix. - In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite and beginning of the Space Race.

1. THE MAJOR SCIENTIFIC
AND TECHNOLOGICAL
EVENTS
1945-2015
ERASMUS+
70 YEARS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY 1945-2016

2. TRANSISTOR
1947

3. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to ampify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power.
The first working transistor was constructed by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain in
December 16, 1947. The following year , William Bradford Shockley from the same
laboratory developed a theory junction transistor, which has managed to build in the
1950s.
For the invention of the transistor they received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956.

4. DNA STRUCTURE
1953

5. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a model of the
structure of DNA as a double helix based on the work of Rosalind
Franklin, for which in 1962 were awarded the Nobel Prize.
The double helix is a fundamental element of the spatial structure
of the DNA molecule .

7. ARTIFICIAL
SATELLITE
1957

8. .
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the
Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet
Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer
(there is a crater on the lunar far side which bears his
name). This in turn triggered the Space Race between the
Soviet Union and the United States.

9. THE DISCOVERY
OF A PULSAR
1967

10. Pulsar is a highly magnetized, rotating
neutron star that emits a beam of
electromagnetic radiation.
The precise periods of pulsars make
them useful tools. Observations of
a pulsar in a binary neutron star
system were used to indirectly
confirm the existence of
gravitational radiation. The first
extrasolar planets were discovered
around a pulsar, PSR B1257+12.
Certain types of pulsars rival atomic
clocks in their accuracy in keeping
time.

11. The Vela Pulsar and its surrounding pulsar wind nebula.

12. THE HAYFLICK LIMIT
1965

13. In 1965 Hayflick observed that cells are able
to divide a limited number of times, and the
closer the limit the more the signs of aging
show.
Hayflick limit is considered to be one of the
causes of human aging.
Hayflick limit is the number of times a
normal human cell population will
divide until cell division stops.

14. Cybernetics base
1948

15. Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for
exploring regulators systems, Their structures,
constraints, and Possibilities. Cybernetics is
relevant to the study of systems, such as
mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive,
and social systems.
In 1948, Jewish American
mathematician Norbert Wiener
formulated the basics of
cybernetics -

16. Astronauts
walk
on the Moon
1969

17. They spent about two and a quarter
hours together outside the
spacecraft, and collected 47.5
pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material for
return to Earth.
Apollo 11 was the first
spaceflight that landed humans
on the Moon. Mission
commander Neil Armstrong
and pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the
lunar module Eagle on July 20,
1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong
became the first to step onto
the lunar surface six hours later
on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC;
Aldrin joined him about 20
minutes later.

18. Astronaunt jumps up

19. First computer
1969

20. Ted Hoff builds the first
single-chip computer or
microprocessor.
In November, 1971, a
company called Intel
publicly introduced the
world's first single chip
microprocessor, the Intel
4004 invented by Intel
engineers Federico Faggin,
Ted Hoff, and Stanley
Mazor.

21. First
mobile phone
1973

22. Martin Cooper
develops the first
handheld
cellphone (mobile
phone).
While at Motorola in the 1970s, Cooper
conceived the first handheld mobile phone
(distinct from the car phone) in 1973 and led
the team that developed it and brought it to
market in 1983. He is considered the "father
of the cell phone”and is also cited as the first
person in history to make a handheld cellular
phone call in public

23. Beginning of
the internet
1973

24. Robert Metcalfe figures out a simple
way of linking computers together
that he names Ethernet. Most
computers hooked up to the
Internet now use it.
Ethernet was developed in May 1973 by US
computer engineer Dr Robert ("Bob")
Metcalfe (1946–), who went on to found
3Com and later became a well-known
computer-industry pundit (perhaps,
somewhat unfairly, best known for predicting
a spectacular collapse of the Internet in 1995
that never actually occurred).

25. the World
Wide Web
1989

26. Tim Berners-Lee
invents the World
Wide Web.
Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist at CERN,
invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in
1989. The web was originally conceived and
developed to meet the demand for
automatic information-sharing between
scientists in universities and institutes around
the world.

27. WI FI
1997

28. Electronics companies agree
to make Wi-Fi a worldwide
standard for wireless Internet
The first version of the 802.11 protocol was
released in 1997, and provided up to 2
Mbit/s link speeds.

29. The Wikipedia
online
encyclopedia
2001

30. The Wikipedia online
encyclopedia is
founded by Larry
Sanger and Jimmy
Wales.
A free encyclopedia built collaboratively
using wiki software.

31. iPod
2001

32. Portable MP3 players
had been around for
many years before
Apple launched its
version in 2001.
the iPod was the technology that really
transformed the way people listened to
music. The device's large internal storage
capacity meant it was no longer necessary
to carry around CDs or cassette tapes, and
the sleek design made it a desirable item to
own.

33. Roomba®
vacuum
cleaning robot
2002

34. iRobot Corporation releases the
first version of its Roomba®
vacuum cleaning robot
After more than a decade of offering military
products, iRobot debuts its first domestic robot -- the
Roomba. The Roomba is an autonomous robotic
vacuum cleaner, though it is not the first: The
Electrolux Trilobite hit the market a year before. By
2004, a million Roombas had been sold. It is
suspected, though not confirmed, than an equal
number of Rosie the Robot references had been
made by the media.

35. E-book reader
2007

36. Amazon.com
launches its Kindle
electronic book (e-
book) reader.
An e-reader, also called an e-book
reader or e-book device, is a mobile
electronic device that is designed
primarily for the purpose of reading digital
e-books and periodicals

37. 3D TV
2010

38. 3D TV starts to
become more
widely available
3D television (3DTV) is television that conveys
depth perception to the viewer by employing
techniques such as stereoscopic display, multi-
view display, 2D-plus-depth, or any other form of
3D display. Most modern 3D television sets use an
active shutter 3D system or a polarized 3D
system, and some are autostereoscopic without
the need of glasses.