The Legacy Of The Jim Crow Era

The Legacy Of The Jim Crow Era
Phil Robertson the patriarch of Duck Dynasty has little to no knowledge about the events that
happen in the Jim Crow era. To see how wrong he is lets take a look at the Jim Crow era. First Jim
Crow was the name of the racial class method which operated mainly, but not purely in the south,
between eighteen seventy–seven and the nineteen sixty. Jim Crow was more than a series of severe
anti black laws. It was a way of life to african americans. Under Jim Crow, African Americans were
relegated to the status of second class citizens. Jim Crow represented the legitimization of anti–
black racism. Many Christian ministers and theologians taught that caucasian were the Chosen
people, african americans were cursed to be servants, and God ... Show more content on
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Sexual relations between african americans and caucasian would produce a bastard race which
would destroy The United States, treating african americans as equals would encourage interracial
sexual unions, any activity which suggested social equality encouraged interracial sexual relations;
if necessary, violence must be used to keep african americans at the bottom of the racial hierarchy.
Black people where not treated as equal and this continued because the Jim Crow etiquette operated
in conjunction with Jim Crow laws . People like Phil Robertson did not see that the Jim Crow laws
where mainly there to excluded african americans from public transport and amenities, juries, jobs
and school districts . When they passed the 13, 14, and 15th Amendments, the Constitution had
granted african americans the same legal protections as caucasian. However, after eighteen seventy–
seven, and the election of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, southern and border states began
restricting the liberties of african americans. Unfortunately for african americans, the Supreme Court
helped undermine the Constitutional protections of african americans with the infamous Plessy v
Ferguson case, which legitimized Jim Crow laws and the Jim Crow way of life.
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Jim Crow Laws Affected the Lives of Black Americans
Every aspect of life of the blacks living in America was affected by the Jim Crow laws. Segregation
in America became apparent and the order of the day and was evident in several instances such as in
churches, hospitals, cemeteries, saloons and all other social avenues and even in the manner in
which public school textbooks were sold (Morehouse, 2000). The blacks were denied the right to
access certain locations such as swimming pools and amusement parks. The most intimidating part
of the Jim Crow laws is that some of the whites used it as an avenue to demoralize the blacks as it
was evident in the entrance of public parks which had signs reading "Negroes and Dogs Not
Allowed". This kind of sign was very intimidating since it compared the blacks with the dogs.
Medical services were denied to the blacks in several hospitals despite the fact that healthcare is
primary need of every human being (Robin and Kelley, 2005). This was worsened when a
requirement was passed that nurses in every hospital should only help and treat only patients who
came from the same race. If a black had the urge for entertainment, they had to purchase different
tickets to those being purchased by the whites and even in the halls there were different seating for
the different races this forced the Africans to seat in the balcony which was later named after as
"nigger heaven" (Robin and Kelley, 2005). The consumption of goods such as clothes and shoes was
not spared by the Jim Crow laws since in most

Jim Crow Laws Of The States
Jim Crow Laws in the States Chonte' Thomas American Military University, HIST222 Professor
Angela Gunshore March 22, 2015 "Jim Crow" in reference to the History of African Americans can
be simply described as a derisive slang term for a black man. (Constitutional Rights Foundation,
2015) It is often used to describe the segregation laws, rules, and customs. Each state had a set of
Jim Crow Laws forbidding blacks of certain acts. These laws existed from 1877 until the mid–
1960s. Jim Crow Laws were not only a set of laws, but also a way of life for blacks. Jim Crow
statutes regulated social interactions between whites and blacks. Inter–racial dating, marriage, and
any type of sexual act were strictly forbidden between blacks and whites. Signs were also placed
above water fountains, door entrances and exits, and in front of public facilities stating whether or
not Blacks were allowed. There were even separate hospitals, prisons, schools (both public and
private), public restrooms, hotels, churches, and even cemeteries for blacks and whites. (Pilgrim,
2012) The military was also segregated until after World War II. Jim Crow etiquette existed in pretty
much all of the Jim Crow States. One common example of the Jim Crow etiquette was that a black
man could not offer his hand to a white man, in the case of a handshake. It signified that both were
equal, which during this era blacks were viewed as "inferior" and not equal to whites. Blacks and
whites could not

Social Inequality Breaks the Meaning of the Constitution
Social inequality limited the growth of the United States in many ways such as breaking what the
constitution stood for independence which did not apply to African Americans because the
prominent race which was white. However congress started to go against this inequality and stood
for equality. The phrase Jim Crow came along in the 1880 which was the same time that the
Supreme Court had tried and failed to eliminate the Poll taxes which was also known as the
grandfather clause, even though the laws undermined all federal protections for African American's
civil rights. At the same time that African Americans lost voting rights, southern states passed racial
segregation laws to separate people of the opposite race in public and private ... Show more content
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In 1881–1964, Jim Crow laws separated Americans by race in 26 states. The most common type of
segregation was De Jure segregation which was the legal separation of Americans by race. There
was another type which was named de facto segregation which separated people based on customs
and beliefs. This type of segregation was much harder to fight than De Jure Segregation because
eliminating it would require changing people's attitudes rather than repealing the law. The rule of
law imposed penalties and punishments on people who broke the statutes and ordinances mandating
segregation. Separate Car Law was a law passed by the Louisiana State Legislature in 1890 which
required "equal, but separate" train car accommodations for Blacks and Whites. The civil rights act
of 1785 tried to abolish this. Civil war abolished slavery but brought white supremacy. In 1964,
congress outlawed all

White Supremacy In To Kill A Mockingbird
How would you feel if a family member was convicted guilty when you and the jury know they
were innocent? Many African American families had that feeling because of unfair court trials in the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As reconstruction ended many things came about such as Jim
Crow laws, discrimination, and the idea of white supremacy. These laws, feelings, and ideas made it
so there were no fair trials with African Americans against Caucasians in the south in the late 1800s
and early 1900s. As the nineteenth century was coming to a close, Jim Crow laws were coming
about. These laws affected how blacks and whites were treated and what they could or could not do.
The Jim Crow laws discriminated against blacks in public places including ... Show more content on
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White supremacy and superiority was an idea that turned into a belief among many that the white
race was better than the other races ("White Supremacy", Jenkins). White supremacy gave people
the idea that people of the white race were better than African Americans. People on the jury of
court trials were almost always white and had this idea in their brain which led to whites always
being considered innocent and African Americans guilty. This is shown in To Kill a Mockingbird
during the Tom Robinson trial when the jury was all white and they knew Tom was innocent but
because he was African American and was going against a white person he was considered guilty of
rape (Lee). Even though that particular example was from a book, it is based on true stories that
actually occurred. White supremacy was in the brains of whites and states only helped to support
this idea. States had "emphasized white superiority" because government were made up of whites
and that is what they believed in ("Student Edition Page 236"). When white superiority was brought
into the mix of things like the Jim Crow laws, it made discrimination and segregation worse and
more common. The idea of white superiority was brought into the court systems so every time an
African American was against a white in court, they would have no chance and would be found
guilty. In the United States the Jim Crow laws were

Analysis Of James Baldwin 's ' Blues For Mister Charlie '
James Baldwin in his play "Blues for Mister Charlie" describes the racial hatred between the white
town and the black town. The play concerns with Richard, a black man who returns to the South
with a gun to recover from drug addiction and start a new life. Richard carries a gun with him as he
returns, but he passes the gun to his father voluntarily. At the end, Richard was killed by a white
man named Lyle for his provocative behavior. Why is Richard carrying a gun and why did he gives
it to Meridian? Richard is afraid of being exposed as weak and vulnerable because it will
compromise his felt sense of masculinity; therefore, he carries a gun to make his appearance as a
strong man who would never bow down to oppression. Richard was ... Show more content on
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Unfortunately, he continues to experience discrimination which weakened his masculinity. Self–
blame and low self–esteem caused his drug addiction. He uses drugs to mask his vulnerability, and
he carries a gun to prove his masculinity. After struggling in the North, Richard moved back to the
Southern town of his birth to recover from the addiction. He was aware of the racial violence caused
by the Jim Crow Laws. Richard was afraid to end up like his mother, so he carried a gun with him as
he goes back to the South for protection. When his grandmother found out that he has had the gun
for a long time, Richard insists in keeping the gun and he commanded her not to tell his father,
Meridian of the gun. However, after the interactions with Juanita and Lyle, Richard gives the gun to
his father voluntarily. What causes Richard to change his mind and give the gun to his father? Given
Richard's provocative behavior toward Lyle, one might suggests that Richard pass the gun to
Meridian because he wants to be defenseless. He offends Lyle hoping that he will retaliates and
eventually ends his life. But why would he want to die? Perhaps because he fails to pursue his
dream to become a blues singer in the place where African American can succeed. In addition, his
drug addiction had made his life a mess and Richard choose to be defenseless just to end the
suffering of discrimination. Instead of passing the gun to people

What Are The Effects Of Jim Crow Laws
Franklin D. Roosevelt once said, "Men are not prisoners of fate, but only prisoners of their own
minds," (1939). President Roosevelt could have meant many things when saying this quote.
However, many believe that he was saying that the inner thoughts and emotions such as greed and
jealousy override what is truly standing in front of everyone. The answer to many problems that you
stay up late trying to solve and figure out why it's that way and not another. Often people like to call
this conclusion an answer, but others prefer another term the truth. After the Civil War with the help
of Abraham Lincoln, the south went into the reconstruction of their landmarks and homes. Almost
everything had been burned to the ground when the south succeeded from the Union. Shortly after,
however, President ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, a law in Georgia was, " The Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct
apartments are arranged for said patients so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be
together." Yet, this law was not apparaent in the state of Alabama. Jim Crowe laws differed by state
and had no real guideline for which laws had to be enforced or not. According to Gale
Encyclopedia, Jim Crow Laws were overall designed to ensure that people of color and the whites
never had any contact, as though there was a split between every area. Only colored citizens allowed
here, and white citizens allowed there.
The most memorable effect of the Jim Crow laws is the outcome of the actions of the people both
colored and white. Whites to ensure that people of color would not get into line formed groups to
help keep everything in order. The most well–known group is the KKK or otherwise known as the
Ku Klux Klan. The KKK was designed to show that all blacks know their place. Jim Crow Laws
states, "The insidious Jim Crow caricature of the Negro became a

Rosa Parks Speech
Rosa Parks was one of the most inspirational women in america in the 1960s. Rosa Parks was very
inspiring, not only because of the bus boycott in 1955, but because of her many speeches against
racism and the Jim Crow Laws in 1966 and 1967. Firstly Rosa Parks gave many speeches that
inspired thousands of people. Secondly, she had a hard time trying to finish high school, and had to
drop out twice. But, she still managed to finish high school with two diplomas. Lastly, Rosa has
memorable quotes from her speeches. Her quotes are very inspiring and made a memorable impact
on her.
Rosa Parks made various speeches throughout her life (after 1955). She said that the purpose of her
speeches are to inspire people to overcome anything life throws at them. Firstly, Although she
received a lot of criticism and hate for the speeches she gave, she still continued to give these
speeches and talk about the bus boycott in 1955. In addition, she even stood up to some of the
people that backlashed at her (and even attacked her). First of all, one main reason why Rosa Parks
is so well known and inspiring is because of her many speeches she gave. One of these speeches
were, "Beyond the Bus: Rosa Parks' Lifelong Struggle for Justice." Her main topics that she spoke
about were, her experience with bus boycotting throughout her life, how she was treated, and overall
what her life had been like before and after she took the brave act in 1955. Secondly, She said, "Two
policemen came on the bus,

The Jim Crow South As Depicted By Richard Wright And...
In the Jim Crow South as depicted by Richard Wright and Eudora Welty, race is a matter of
visibility. For black southerners, forever under the looming threat of white surveillance, to be seen is
to be to be in danger. While Welty and Wright existed on opposite sides of the white gaze, the
authors make contact as they explore and critique the barrier it created between white and black
southerners, and the violence that resulted from this divide. In Welty's "A Curtain of Green" and
Wright's "Down by the Riverside," the surveyors become the surveyed, and a new perspective is
born that resists the dominance of the white point of view. Welty introduces the problem of white
blindness in "A Curtain of Green" by placing the white women of Larkin's Hill "in the windows of
their houses, fanning and sighing, waiting for the rain" (107). These southern ladies, who
"occasionally, looked down from their bedroom windows as they studiously brushed their hair,"
epitomize the ideals of white southern womanhood that the Jim Crow laws were supposedly erected
to preserve (108). "Gazing down from their upstairs windows" into Mrs. Larkin's "slanting, tangled
garden," these women assume a position of privilege––of surveillance (107, 108). Yet what is
significant to the relationship between Mrs. Larkin and her neighbors is not what "might be
observed" from their elevated vistas, such as her unkempt hair and soil–stained overalls, but rather
what "her neighbors could not see": the threat of racial

Black No More Toni Morrison Character Analysis
Black No More Essay Toni Morrison once said, "In this Country American means white. Everybody
else has to hyphenate." In the novel Black No More, by George S, Schuyler, the main character Max
lives in Harlem, New York as an American citizen during the renaissance period, but he doesn't feel
as though he belongs. It wasn't until max receives a transformation to become white, that he feels
like he is a man who can play an important role in society. Max is living in a whole new world now,
one that if full of wealth, power, and acceptance. He no longer has to feel like a burden on society
due to the fact that he's now white. This was seen as the only true definition of an "American." As
Max's transformation takes place, one can see the oppression ... Show more content on
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The treatment he faced by people of authority and other white citizens made him and other black
people during this time believe that to be a true citizen he needed to be white. It is not until Max
makes the decision to change his appearance that he finally experiences what it is like to be treated
like a real citizen. Max mentions these new experiences he will be able to have when he says, "What
a treat it would be to mingle with white people in places where as a youth he had never dared to
enter. At last he felt like an American citizen" (Schuyler 29). Max is showing his excitement to
become an active member in society. He can finally go places that all citizens should be allowed to
go, but never got the chance to because of the color of his skin. One could imagine how being
restricted from places in many communities can cause a feeling of unimportance and a lack of
equality. One starts to understand the power that being white can grant a person. If one is white they
will have many more opportunities in life to succeed. In a study done by George Lipsitz he talks
about this concept explaining, "Collective exercises of group power relentlessly channeling rewards,
resources and opportunities from one group to another will not be seen as racist from this
perspective, [...] but they work to construct racial identities by giving people of different races vastly
different life chances" (Lipsitz 381). The chances that are mentioned are given to the white people
because they want to keep and secure their power. The feeling of citizenship comes along with
opportunities and Max was not able to receive these when he was black. Max was aware of the
rights that he was unfairly stripped of, largely impart of the Jim Crow Laws. These laws created and
enforced unequal practices in the American society. In the New Jim Crow it explains, "The federal
government no longer made any effort to enforce federal

Race : Race And Race Essay
Race has been a controversial topic for many years. Depending on your race it can be a blessing or a
misfortune. According, to articles such as "Ten Things Everyone Should Know About Race" or
"Race: Is It a Valid Issue?" they all come to the conclusion that race is a social construct because
race cannot be determined by genetics or the color of the skin. There is no such thing as subspecies
we are all human beings. Yet, for many years' people of European ancestry (whites) have committed
monstrous acts towards people of color. Whites enslaved people of color tearing countless families
apart, and taking away liberties that every human being should possess. As the issue of race
continues, many laws have been implemented as an attempt to mitigate white supremacy; however,
alongside with each successful attempt, white supremacy continues prevailing. Background In 1537,
thanks to the efforts of Bartolome de Las Casas, a Catholic priest, one of the first successful
attempts towards equality was achieved (Manchaca CH.2). Pope Paul III declared Indians to be
human beings able to own property and thus it was illegal to enslave Indians (Manchaca CH.2).
However, as Indians gained their freedom Africans lost theirs. The importation of African slaves to
Mexico began in 1527 and drastically increased between 1599 and 1637 (Manchaca CH.2).
Spaniards were aware that they were enslaving human beings and therefore, compensated by giving
them the right to marry the spouse of their choice

Analysis Of The Documentary Unchained Memories
The Slave narrative documentary; Unchained Memories, released in 2003, brought to light many
things that had not before been seen, or even thought of by many people. Even before the film was
released, the telling of the stories inside changed many ideas regarding slavery. The history of
slavery in the United States of America has always been commonly known, but not many people
have, at this point in time, had to really think of what that meant, what slavery truly was to the
millions of Africans, and African–Americans who experienced it. The film and the stories
themselves changed many people's views on slavery, by enlightening them. The narratives of these
slaves were told to reporters in the 1930's, a time when racism and segregation were still very much
apparent. The telling of these stories forced the people hearing them to recognize what was really
happening to the slaves. Previously, due to fear of retaliation, or simply a lack of care from the white
people, these stories were something that had never before been publicly told. You can imagine the
horror, the shock, and maybe even some guilt of the white people upon hearing the stories. A white
person who had owned slaves would never have spoken of the horrible things that they had done to
people, instead, if they talked of slavery at all, it would only be to tell their children how nice it was
to have help, or how wrong it was. The white people in that generation had never heard such tales.
The stories would have

Racism In The 1960's
"Cause you brought the flames and you put me through hell. I had to learn how to fight for myself"
(Kesha).
The intense and troublesome flashback of the 1960's gives us an illustration of John Lewis's books
the March: Book 1 and March: Book 2. People of color raised an awareness to Americans about the
issues of segregation, discrimination, and civil rights. Matter of fact, they "wanted to change
America–to make it something different, something better" (Lewis and Aydin 1:103). In other
words, they dream of total freedom and a new America where everyone treats others equally
regardless of color. The challenges John Lewis and people of color shared during the 1960's was
inspirational, emotional, and an epic time of boldness. Although ... Show more content on
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As an illustration, when we receive an insult from someone, in a way it's like if those insults are
echoing in our mind with no trace of leaving and something inside us shatters into million pieces.
Even though, the Jim Crow laws were positively changing society, today it appears there are similar
characteristics of segregation in our daily life. For example, schools. (Powell 1:95) (Powell 2:125)
Along the same lines, today nothing changed much because we still have segregation everywhere; it
is not as obvious anymore. We have segregated communities and schools. For instance, in Terry
Gross´s article, "How the Systemic Segregation of Schools Is Maintained By 'Individual Choices '",
introduces us to journalist Nikole Hannah–Jones perspective of parents' decisions to pick an
outstanding school for their child's education. A family's poverty also being the main issue for
segregated schools. Segregation is by color and poverty. As Hannah–Jones states, "There 's never
been a moment in the history of this country where black people who have been isolated from white
people have gotten the same resources," and "They often don 't have the same level of instruction.
They often don 't have strong principals. They often don 't have the same technology" (Gross).
Basically, Hannah–Jones is saying that separating districts from each other

America 's Miscegenation Anxiety And The State Of Virginia
Even through contradictory politics and the use of religion as justification in the formation and
adherence to these segregation laws, the resolve of individuals have collectively played a
tremendous role in racial equality in all facets of life.
Before the Civil War, the Constitution gave rights, individual rights, only against the government.
After the Civil War, the 14th Amendment clearly defined national citizenship and prohibited any
single state to deprive any person of "life, liberty or property without due process of law," to deny
any citizen the "privileges and immunities" of citizenship, or to deny any person "the equal
protection of the laws." After the Supreme Court ultimately neutralized this amendment through its
decision in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Is it not the foundation of a greater or less share of beauty in the two races? Are not the fine
mixtures of red and white, the expressions of every passion by greater or less suffusions of colour in
the one, preferable to that eternal monotony, which reigns in the countenances, that immovable veil
of black which covers all the emotions of the other race? Add to these, flowing hair, a more elegant
symmetry of form, their own judgment in favour o f the whites, declared by their preference o f
them, as uniformly as is the preference o f the Oran–ootan for the black women over those o f his
own species. (Jefferson 186, italics mine) Reading Jefferson's constructed history in Notes against
his lived history–his own liaisons with women not "of his own species"–enters us into the profound
rhetorical contradictions of interracialism in America.
In many cases, the success of the major legal battles during the Civil Rights era depended on the
effort, courage, and tenacity of individuals. Richard Loving and Mildred Jeter were two such
individuals. By marrying one another, Richard being white, and Mildred being considered negro,
Richard and Mildred broke the Virginia Racial Integrity Act

Examples Of Anti Miscegenation Laws
Assignment: Statutes
Dr. Jessie Lee
PAD 525 Constitutional and Admin Law
Keisha S Fox
July 27, 2017
In this application, I will research and analyze Anti–Miscegenation Statutes within the United States
and evaluate two cases that are associated with them. Miscegenation is the method of mixing
varionus races, whether they are mixed by marriage, procreation, or even sexual intercourse.
(Martin) Anti–Miscegenation laws embraced racial segregation because it was a crime for different
races of people to get married. These laws were initiated in the late 17th century and continued until
1967. All of the anti–miscegenation laws in the United States barred marriages that consisted of
individuals who were white and those who were considered "non–white." So a white male and black
woman could not have been married or even in a relationship without it being a crime back then.
Some examples of miscegenation laws was when Oklahoma in 1908 had a law on books that barred
marriages between Africans and non–Africans, 1920, Louisiana barred marriages between blacks
and Native Americans, and in 1935, Maryland prohibited the marriages between Filipinos and
blacks. (Pascoe, 2009) Two cases that are relevant to miscegenation are Loving v. Virginia and Perez
v. Sharp.
Loving v. Virginia
Facts of the case: this was a landmark civil rights case that overturned laws that prohibited
interracial marriage. The case involved a black woman named Mildred Loving and a white man
Richard Loving, who was sentenced to prison in the state of Virginia for getting married. It was a
crime because the marriage of the two was a violation of the state's anti–miscegenation law, which
was called the Racial Integrity Act of 1924. The couple got married in Washington, DC and upon
their return they were indicted for unlawful cohabitation and placed in jail. Mildred Loving wrote a
letter to the Attorney General; who was Robert F. Kennedy for assistance and in return she was
referred to the ACLU who represented the couple in the case. The Supreme Court governed that
Virginia's bans on interracial marriages were considered unconstitutional. The court found that the
anti–miscegenation laws did not infringe on the Equal Protection Clause

Springfield, Missouri : Race Relationships Essay
Springfield, Missouri: Race Relationships in the Early 20th Century
Looking back on history, it is important not to forget uncomfortable issues that occurred. Missouri,
filled with successes, has also had its share of important controversial issues. Recent occurrences
like in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014, foreshadow racial tensions in Missouri history. Specifically,
Southern Ozark Missouri history. Starting around 1865, Jim Crow Laws affected the state
tremendously. They created segregation, which turned to into violent acts against those of color. The
NAACP found, during their anti–lynching campaign, Missouri had 81 lynchings between 1889 and
1916. Three of the lynchings happened on the town square of Springfield in 1906. Springfield,
during the early 20th century reflects how Jim Crow laws led to acts of violence against the African
American community. These lynchings are the type of history that should not be overlooked in
Missouri history.
Springfield is located on the Plateau of the Ozarks in the Southwest region of Missouri. It is about
fifty–seven miles from the southern border. Segregation, enacted by Jim Crow laws, was a part of
Springfield society in the late 19th century. Jim Crow laws in Missouri between 1865 and 1952
consisted of, "seven school segregation and five miscegenation statutes, a public accommodations
statute and a law forbidding interracial adoptions." These Jim Crow laws depict the state 's racial
stance, similar of most other border states at

Miscegenation: Progress Then and Now
The freedom to marry whomever one chooses has historically been a huge issue in the United
States, and it continues to be an issue today. Obstacles for romantic relationships can stem from
prejudices regarding wealth, age, gender, and more. This paper in particular aims to examine the
concept of racial discrimination in miscegenation in both the past and the present through its
presence in film. Film can be an incredibly effective window into the popular opinions of the era in
which they are produced. Films portray the ideas, the prejudices, and the treatment of people of
color during the production time. To further explore the concept of the attitudes toward
miscegenation presented in class, this paper will examine the progress of its ... Show more content
Because of social and romantic rejection from both African American and white communities, some
biracial people committed suicides out of isolation. (Scheffer, 2013, p.38) Because this
discrimination was so commonplace in society that it was normal to have laws against interracial
marriages, it makes sense that these ideals would be seen in the media and film during the 1930s.
The belief in the past that miscegenation between a black person and a white person should not
occur is reflected by the entertainment of the time, particularly in film. Zouzou is a 1934 movie that
reflects the societal rejection of African American and white miscegenation in the 1930s. The film
depicts the story of an African American girl named Zouzou, and her white "twin" brother, Jean,
who grew up with her in a travelling circus. Zouzou loves Jean, but he becomes involved with a
white woman (Allegret, 1934). Because Jean, a white man, ends up in love with the white woman, it
reinforces the idea that a romantic relationship between two white people is much more natural and
preferable than one between two different races. In the film, it doesn't matter that Zouzou was a
successful and famous black woman, which was different from many films during its time. The
consequential message was that ultimately Zouzou's race was enough to keep her

Race, Class And Social Inequality In American Society
So, what is the relationship between race, class, and gender on the life balances of people to
progress their relative position in this socially stratified world? Well, to begin with, social
stratification is a system by which a society positions categories of people in a hierarchy. In
American society, it is clearly obvious that some groups have greater status, power, and wealth than
other groups do. It has been this way for centuries. How does race, class and gender impact
inequality in the US today and how are these situations obstructed by the procedures and pretention
of the Trump and his administration. For one, most of his Cabinet is white and male, which pushes
racial diversity out of the window. There has been historically significant problem with racism for
centuries. For example, in the section "The Problem of the Twentieth Century is the Problem of the
Color Line" from the Inequality and Society book, the issue centers on racism remaining prevalent
in society following the singing of the Emancipation Proclamation decades earlier (Dubois 120).
Some factors included not having full rights to a proper education, not having opportunities to earn
decent wages, and not being given a fair trial, resulting in immediate lynching. This period was
known as the Jim Crow period. So, what was the reality about Jim Crow? In the peer–reviewed
article "The Truth about Jim Crow?", it was clearly established of white people's intent to
dehumanize blacks and keep them as second

Racial Pregregation In America's Case : Plessy Vs....
June, 1892, Homer A. Plessy was arrested and jailed for boarding a car that was intended to seat
white patrons only. He was a mix of two races, white and black. Plessy was 7/8ths white and only a
meager 1/8th black. He was allowed to ride in his cart until he made his race known to the
conductor, who then asked him to move to the cars for black patrons. When Plessy refused, the
conductor had him arrested. On May 18, 1896 in a 7–1 decision, the policy of "separate but equal"
was declared constitutional and enacted. This policy of segregation lasted almost 60 years until
Brown vs. Board overturned the law, announcing it to be unconstitutional in 1954. The outcome of
Plessy vs. Ferguson welded segregation into law, ultimately resulting in the perpetuation of pre–
existing divisions in America.
When the Plessy vs. Ferguson case was in progress, some whites began to feel a sense of superiority
over colored persons, while others believed that in order to keep America's goals of liberty and
equality that there could be no superior race. As these feelings arose, many began to take action.
Republicans in the north stated "weakening African American rights in the antebellum south helped
to foster racial separation" (Lerner 304) in addition, there was a notable increase in acts of race–
baited violence. This also lead to white supremacists taking steps to undo the achievements and
progress towards racial equality that were made during the Reconstruction Era. Among many, the
most

Racial Discrimination
Couples comprised of multiple racial and ethnic identities have historically been met with mixed
reactions. Some have viewed them as a form of assimilation into a culture while others consider
them an act unnatural act. The social and legal implications of these odd pairings was most often
determined by the white legislators. Laws banning miscegenation were formed with the intention of
controlling and regulating the complex moral implications of interracial sexuality in an extremely
racialized America. A relationship founded on a mutual attraction between a white person and
colored person, rather than a one purely based on a racialized power dynamic that favored the white
individual, implied a racial equality that threatened American white supremacy. This threat of
egalitarianism was primarily combatted in a legal arena which was inspired by social precedents that
were in turn reinforced by these same laws. Many of the miscegenation laws were used to limit legal
and social rights as well as citizenship of non white individuals.
Peggy Pascoe's "What comes naturally" discusses the miscegenation laws as they relate to white
supremacy in post slavery America. Slavery in the United States existed alongside and reinforced
ideas about racial hierarchy and the dichotomy between people of color and whites. Most of these
arbitrary differences that supposedly exemplified black inferiority were formed to as a means to
justify the treatment of people of color. Although slaves weren't

What Are The Consequences Of The Jim Crow
Separate is NOT Equal: The Effects of Jim Crow Laws
The Jim Crow laws from the 1930s were about power. Power of one race over another. These laws
really highlight the flaws and weakness of human nature. Although the Jim Crow Laws from the
1930s and the various laws presented today have some of the same impacts, there are still many
differences between the two on black rights. The Jim Crow Laws were a system of laws and
regulations that African Americans were forced to follow between 1877 and the mid–1960s. The
laws were to keep black people "separate but equal" from white people. This enforced racial
segregation and discrimination towards black people. Later in the 20th century, the Jim Crow laws
were considered a "violation of civil rights and therefore unconstitutional". The laws are named after
a nineteenth–century minstrel character called Jim Crow, the last name being a reference to a black
bird. Thus, a law having to do with blacks was known as a Jim Crow law. The name Jim Crow on
the other hand comes from a minstrel character which was played by the white actor who went by
the stage name "Daddy Rice". Daddy Rice wore blackface make–up and put on a show filled with
music, singing, and jokes which all degraded black people. The white audiences loved these
performances, therefore, making them very popular. Harper Lee, the author of To Kill a
Mockingbird, published the book in 1959, only a few years before the Jim Crow laws officially
ended. Many people

How Courage Can Be Throughout The World
Throughout history, there have been countless times whenre individuals have courageously fought
for change and societal justice. For instance, Gandhi helped India gain their independence, even
though the circumstances were extremely risky for him, and could have led to his arrest or even
death. However, he continued to persevere through it all, and was able to accomplish great things for
his country. Another example is Malala Yousafzai, who promoted the education of girls in her
country. Despite the clear threat of the Taliban, she continued to fight hard for her cause. Courage
can be defined in many different ways, such as the ability to persevere and accomplish something in
a frightening or risky situation. Examples of courage can be seen all around the world. Without
courageous people, society would not have been able to improve. Being courageous is difficult, and
requires an abundance of dedication and perseverance. It also includes remaining strong, despite the
challenges that may occur along the way. A major US figure who truly exhibits courage is Rosa
Parks. Rosa Parks, or Rosa Louise McCauley, was born in Tuskegee, Alabama on February 4, 1913.
Her parents separated early in her childhood, so she lived with her grandparents, Rose and Sylvester
Edwards. Her grandparents were both former slaves, and were very outspoken about racial
inequality. During Parks' life, discrimination against African Americans was very common,
especially in Alabama. Jim Crow laws, which

Causes Of The Jim Crow Laws
My position is that the Jim Crows Laws were entirely outrageous and gave no real hope to the
people who truly needed it. The Jim Crow laws are the laws that made the separation of the
"nonwhites" (Expert Space) from the whites legal. Some of the whites used to think that they were
"naturally smarter and more civilized than blacks" (Expert Space). The creation of the Jim Crow
laws took place in about 1880, after World War II ended; it ended due to the Civil Rights Act in the
1950's. These laws were started in the US Supreme Court, though there were fifty states that didn't
adopt the laws: Alaska, Arkansas, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, and Wisconsin. This segregation took
place mostly in the south, like the slavery that was going on in the US up until 1865. This leads to
the first cause of the Jim Crow laws. Racism: it has been going on since the start of man. White
people thought and some still think that they were and are superior to the African American people.
It got really bad when the white people enslaved the people of color in 1619–1865. Most of the
former slave owners were so furious over the ending of the Jim Crow laws, that they continued to
treat the black people terribly. They were ecstatic when the Jim Crow laws were created about
fifteen years later so they could appear superior to the black people once again. There were some
people who fought for the rights of the

Theu.s. North Carolina, 1898
Wilmington, North Carolina, 1898.
It is election season in the Port City. Throughout the summer, and well into the fall, leaders of
Wilmington's Democratic party soaked their campaign speeches in the language of white supremacy
and patriotism. The Democrats had lost everything in 1894. Their attacks on economic reform and
farmers' rights made them unpopular and allowed Republicans and Populists to sweep the state in
1894, creating a successful Fusion alliance. The Fusion movement extended full political
participation to black North Carolinians and honored the black vote with opportunities for political
office . Black office holders, in turn, supported the economic growth of black communities through
civil service appointments and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each of the five ward would elect a member through municipal, and the governor would have the
priviledge of appointing five members. The first Board of Aldermen elected in 1897 featured 6
Republicans, 3 Democrats, and a Silverite. The controversy that followed the Board of Alderman
elections became the first stage of the Democrat's political coup that would eventfully manifest in a
complete overthrow of Wilmington's legally elected government in November 1898. The 3
Democrats elected to the Board of Alderman never appeared to be sworn into office. They instead
met with Democrats who had been ousted by Russell's political re–organization of the municipal
government. These former office holders declared the most recent election unconstitutional, and
refused to vacate their seats. To confuse matters further, the former office holders and the newly
elected Democrats who refused to serve of the current Board of Alderman formed another, separate,
Board of Alderman. Therefore, in March 1897, Wilmington had three different governments, each
claiming to be sovereign: Democratic officers elected in the previous election who refused to vacate,
the Democratic–run Board of Alderman, and the Board of Alderman elected under Governor
Russell's new rules. The Democrats hoped that taking the matter before the Superior Court would
settle the matter, and found cause to celebrate when the Superior Court voided the 1897 municipal
election as unconstitutional. The newly

Analysis Of The Movie ' Dear White People ' By Justin Simien
Racism Still Exist
The feature film "Dear White People" Directed by Justin Simien is a smart and a fearless debut as I
have seen from an American filmmaker in quite some time: open to encourage and confident in its
own originality. And he deserves the won the U.S. Dramatic Special Jury Award for Breakthrough
Talent at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay.
We have heard it a lot that "We have a black President so racism must be over"? We have seen a lot
of stories in just the last couple of years about white People throwing black–themed parties full of
insulting racial stereotypes? No other film comes with more buzz than Justin Simien 's debut
feature, Dear White People, particularly amongst the black community expecting a blistering new
voice similar to a Spike Lee. It's a clever campus comedy that revolves around a handful of hot
potatoes – race, sex, privilege, power – with elegant swiftness and only an occasional fumble. If you
ever watch this movie then you will want to talk about it afterward, even if the conversation feels a
little awkward. If it doesn't feel awkward then you're doing it wrong. There is great enjoyment to be
found here, and very little comfort. As it sets on Ivy League institution, these institutions are where
many of America 's leaders and innovators are farmed, but during the process it includes a certain
amount of sandbox childishness. It 's fortunate that, like "The Social Network," "Dear White

Effects Of The Jim Crow Era
In 1877 the Jim Crow era was created, which caused segregation to happen to all black people. Over
4,000 people were lynched by white people during the Jim Crow era and there were many racist
people back then. Life for black people during the Jim Crow era was gruesome, brutal,and unfair.
When the Jim Crow era happened, many people were lynched due to accusations, which happened
to black people. In the text "New Details Emerge on Lynchings in Jim crow south" infers that, " A
new report from the Alabama–based Equal Justice Initiative(EJI) said its researchers have
documented nearly 4,000 lynchings of African–American in 12 states during the Jim crow era." The
states that 4,000 people have been lynched due to their race, and auction for ... Show more content
In the text "Jim Crow laws" It infers that'' African–Americans began to organize, protest, and fight
segregation and the jim crow laws in the 1900's the supreme Court said that segregation of the
schools was illegal in the famous Brown v. Board of education case. Later, protests such as the
montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington brought the issue of jim crow to national
attention". This tell us that when segregation was going on during the jim crow era black people
disliked it and fought back so the white people know they have a voice. This shows that white
people back then were unfair to blacks and were extremely racist and wanted to be separated from
the blacks. In 1964 the Jim Crow laws were found illegal and were taken off, so now blacks and
drink water with whites and go to school with white people. In the text ''Jim Crow Laws" it infers
that" Jim Crow laws were made illegal with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the
Voting Rights Act of 1965". This shows us that now that the jim crow laws are illegal many people
stopped facing segregation, and all people of color were treated equally. This shows us that due to
the Jim Crow laws becoming illegal people of color began to find jobs and were living like the

Jim Crow Racism
This essay will argue that white people were violently racist towards African Americans in the south
because the threat of them succeeding economically, educationally, and socially created competition
for things that whites felt they were entitled to. Jim Crow laws were created as a way to control the
success of African Americans and prevent them from reaching their full potential in society.
Evidence of their actions proves this in the laws they made, the ways they treated them, and the
words said about them. Whites felt entitled to these things because they viewed themselves as
"supreme".
The threat of African Americans succeeding economically motivated white southerners to act out.
For three centuries, African Americans did all of the hard work for white farmers, so they were
ahead of the farming game. They had outstanding knowledge of how to grow crops and the best way
to do it. Whites felt entitled to being superior, so they wanted to eliminate competition for successful
farmers. In Burke County, Georgia, an African American farmer reported that his acreage of land
was reduced by the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) committee so that
his white neighbor could acquire more land. These acts of blatant racism were nearly impossible to
fight back on, because whites had such a tight grip on what African Americans could do. Laws were
made that told African Americans what they could do, and most importantly, what they could not do.
Educational

The Influence Of Racial Segregation In Birmingham
Birmingham was the United States' worst city for racial segregation. In Birmingham, the white folk
walked on their side of the road and the black folk walked on theirs. The white folk had shops
labelled with the words "WHITE ONLY", which were a barrier to those who had coloured skin. If a
white person was ever seen on the black side of the road it was perfectly fine, but if a black person
was ever seen on the white side of the road or near a "WHITE ONLY" shop, they would be taken
away by the KKK, a group with the belief that the white race is superior, and never seen again until
their bruised and bloodied bodies were found by police. All of this was written in a letter sent by a
small local Christian group in Alabama. I had heard of many racially segregated cities across the
United States but they were nothing compared to Birmingham and as I read, I could hear their plea
for help come off the page and fill the living room. All of this was upsetting, but also a motivation
for my civil rights movement. At the time that I had received the letter, I was living in Atlanta and
working as a co – pastor with my father, at the local Baptist Church. We did not have many white
folk attend our services, but many coloured people filled the Church and showed their compassion.
Our church was a place where both white and black people could cohort, in an effort to unify the
two races and break the barriers of racial segregation in Atlanta. While working as a co – pastor, I
continued my civil

The Report From Raleigh 's News And Observer ' The Ghost...
The report from Raleigh's News & Observer "The Ghost of 1898; Wilmington's Race Riot and the
Rise of White Supremacy" by Timothy B. Tyson discussed the historical event that is crucial, yet
was rarely spoke of until recent years. On November 10, 1989 Wilmington–a majority black
populated city as well as center of African–American political and economic success–a group of
white supremacist burned down the building the local black newspaper resulting in the killing
dozens of black residents, banishment of successful black leaders as well as their white supporters.
The effects of this incident set path to the further expansion of white supremacy, and to an era of
segregation, violence and repression. One of the main contribution to the success of the Democratic
party ruled by white supremacist was the usage of the press, particularly newspapers, that carry
propaganda to push the campaign in their favor. They exploited the power of the press to demonized
black men as rapists who "threatened the pure flower of Southern women" (Tyson 7) and as
tyrannical demons that threatens the white race.
Racial superiority of whites was an ideology deeply ingrained, but the Democratic Party understood
that it would be crucial to their campaign to "fan [the ember of bigotry] to full flame" (6). The major
theme of the campaign became a mission to save white supremacy from "Negro domination." Black
men are portrayed as heinous and savage creatures that target the pure image of white women.

To Kill A Mockingbird Power Essay
Is Mayella Ewell Powerful in To Kill a Mockingbird
Mayella Ewell is a tragic character in To Kill a Mockingbird. She is faced with many struggles
involving her family and the people around her. Although Mayella is a poor white woman with an
abusive father, no mother, and six siblings to take care of she does have power. Mayella Ewell is
powerful as a character and continues to gain power in Harper Lee's novel, To Kill a Mockingbird
when it comes to race, class and gender. Despite Mayella being very poor and in a lower class of the
society in Maycomb Alabama she uses her status as a white female to manipulate others into
deciding in her favor when dealing with her court case against Tom Robinson regarding him being
wrongfully accused of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
("DBQ: Is Mayella Ewell Powerful?" 7). The Jim Crow Laws made Mayella's accusation of Tom
raping her even worse.
In addition to Mayella's race making her powerful her class in society contributed to that power.
Even though Mayella was very low in society and looked down upon by the white people in the
town of maycomb town, she uses what the people know and think of her to make them feel bad for
her and it eventually was what made her win the case against Tom Robinson. For Mayella her class
was mostly what started her plan to accuse Tom. This is because she wanted out of her place in
society and away from her home where her father was beating and sexualy abussing her. Mayella
was gaining power because she had her plan worked out that no matter what happened to Tom she
would be able to get away from her father and her home in front of the dump. Mayella was never
meant to be placed in that part of society and it is made clear when Scout talks about her appearance
"Mayella looked as if she tried to keep clean, and i was reminded of the row of red geraniums in the
Ewell yard". ("DBQ: Is Mayella Ewell Powerful?" 13) While Mayella has a low place in society she
is still thought to be better than the colored people and it is looked to be a crime for a African
American to think or even consider being better than a white person. This thought and viewpoint is
really what made Mayella win the

Citizenship : The Identity Of The United States
A dictionary definition of citizenship states it as a position of being a citizen in a particular country/
region. Nakano Glenns definition is much more concentrated, focused on the details, and combines
this status of citizenship along with gender and race. Glenn shows how the definition of citizenship
changes when including race as well as gender and how this meant that white men were mainly seen
as rightful citizens while minorities were effectively left out of this definition. Glenn writes in
chapter two titled, Citizenship: Universalism and Exclusion, about integrating the definitions of race
as well as gender into the meaning of citizenship. Glenn makes an effort to assert the historical
authenticity of the meaning of citizenship, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This idea of citizenship would exclude out minorities (the poor, women,slaves, and Native
Americans. This exclusion of minorities helped secure the European perspective of superiority and
entitlement and it is also what lead them to believe justified in their "takeover of lands, resources
and labor" from so called foreigners. The Naturalization Act of 1790 restricted citizenship to free
white people which effectively left out the minorities listed above (it also excluded indentured
servants). This act proved that this idea that citizenship belonged exclusively to white males was
completely legitimate, that there was a legal document stating the rights of white males, while
leaving out the rest. To include non property owning white males in this rhetoric, the idea of wage
work became honorable and seen as hard working. This implemented their status as superior and
proved that the idea of citizenship governed around them. It further supports the idea that race is
included in the definition of citizenship.
"This transmutation ultimately aided capitalists by redirecting the hostility of white workers toward
blacks and other people of color, by masking the subordination of wage work with an illusion of
freedom, and more broadly by legitimating the wage labor system and the wage contract. Yet wage–
earning men were not simply passive recipients of capitalist ideology. White working–class men,
through

The Jim Crow Laws : The Experiences Of The Jim Crow Laws
The was once a time where blacks and whites could work with each other side by side. In these
times it was after slavery but freed slaves knew their place. I would say it was a wonderful time
people just knew how to respect everyone. However, one day in the Plessy vs Ferguson trail a black
man was in the white area of the train. With that, therefore the Jim Crow laws develop. Jim crow
laws were enforced racial segregation no in the United States. this meaning that always white and
blacks had to be separated on buses, restaurants, movies, etc. Also, that means more hard
punishment and disrespect for blacks. With knowing that this is going daily. It must and should've to
affect individuals in ways that we wouldn't want to know. By this encountered the experiences of the
Jim Crow laws. With frequently inflamed news for white newspapers about the allegations of black
individuals committed crimes but the whites inraged and in fear. Additionally, the blacks were felt
the same way as well. In one experience of a white man named Kirk Bridely experience the Jim
Crow laws. In his experience, he was given a shift that was special for him to take. The job was to
create the mixture to make rubber tires. At this, job there was sign up for separated bathrooms,
lunchrooms and given to get into work. One day as he explains that he went into the white
lunchroom and was mediately sent out of the lunch because he was covered with the carbon black
mixture. He says the little–crowed panic tables under a stairwell where the blacks eat with no air
condition. In the light of the Jim Crow there were certain laws that must be followed, such as in
Alabama 1930 there shall not be any white or colored individuals play of any kind with each other.
In Arkansas 1903 no white prisoners could not be handcuffed to a black prisoner. In addition, in
Atlanta Georgia 1926 no colored barber shall serve as a barber to white women or girls. Mississippi
1920, no person shall be seen doing or talking about equality between whites and blacks. If anyone
shall be caught they would be fine or imprisonment or both. Equally, Maryland 1924 if a white
woman was found impregnated or have a by a black man she was sentenced to the

C. Vann Woodward's The Strange Career of Jim Crow Essay
C. Vann Woodward's The Strange Career of Jim Crow
In the field of history, it is rare that an author actually comes to shape the events discussed in their
writing. However, this was the case for C. Vann Woodward and his book, The Strange Career of Jim
Crow. First published in 1955, it discusses this history of race relations in America, more
specifically the Jim Crow laws he equates with the segregation of races. Woodward argues that
segregation itself was a fairly new development within the South, and did not begin until after
Reconstruction ended. He further argues that since the South has seen so much change, citing the
Civil War, Reconstruction, and the development of the Jim Crow laws, it is possible for more
changes to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was, in fact, a great deal of contact between whites and blacks in the slave South. Instead, he
argues, the Jim Crow system of "white supremacy, Negro subordination, and racial segregation"
originated in the North, and emancipation led to increased separation of the races. The established
system of segregation in the North moved to the South during and after Reconstruction. However,
Reconstruction was, he argues, a unique period in history during which each race was figuring out
its place in the new social system, and can therefore not be related to either the era of slavery or of
Jim Crow. Instead, during Reconstruction, there were alternatives which Woodward argues are often
forgotten. Before their attitudes became degrading, whites were more paternalistic towards blacks.
He ensures that he is by no means arguing that this was a "golden age of race relations", however, he
does argue that "the era of stiff conformity and fanatical rigidity that was to come had not yet closed
in and shut off all contact between the races...[and] there were still real choices to be made."
Though it is easy to assume that the transition to the extremely racist era of Jim Crow was due to a
conversion of opinion, Woodward argues that it was instead due to a decrease in opposition. He
states that "Just as the Negro gained his emancipation and new rights through a falling out between
white men, he now stood to lose his rights through the reconciliation of white

The Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws After the Civil War, African Americans were free but not equal, the creation of the
Jim Crow Laws were not equal laws for the blacks compared to the whites. It caused many conflicts
that many people would not agree with. Jim Crow Laws were created in the 1800's. Everything
around the blacks and the whites were segregated towards their color, and it wasn't equal. After the
Civil War the laws for the blacks we not equal compared to the whites. The issue becomes important
when both races start getting into arguments just because of crossing sides or conflict between the
two because the laws were unequal and unfair. Jim Crow Laws became active in the 1880's, over the
years white individuals were treated with much more respect than black individuals, all restaurants,
water fountains, bathrooms, buses, and anything you could think of was segregated by their color.
The issue raised, was how the laws weren't created equally and the separation of everything was
unnecessary especially if they cannot create them equally. "It shall be unlawful for a negro and
white person to play together or in company with each other in any game of cards or dice, dominoes
or checkers." During the time period only one color associated with one color, and even playing
games together was not allowed, it was frowned upon. "Separate free schools shall be established
for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to
attend any white school

Jim Crow Laws And Anti-Miscegenation Laws
Enacted by lawmakers bitter about the loss against the North, Jim Crow Laws blatantly favored
whites and repressed those of color as many refused to welcome blacks into civic–life, still believing
them to be inferior. These laws were essentially a legalized legislative barrier to the freedom
promised by our constitution, and the newly won war against the southern states to end slavery. This
institutionalized form of inequality spread like a wildfire in the subsequent decades, separating the
races in every way imaginable; in all walks of life. Although these laws varied from state to state,
we see a common trend of laws keeping blacks and whites separated, particularly in social settings
and social institutions. Some of these laws include but are not limited to marriage, hospitalization,
restrooms, public transportation, and prisons; all of which isolating blacks from whites. We even
find laws regarding liquor licensing such as a law in Georgia which required all persons licensed to
sell alcohol, to serve exclusively whites or exclusively colored people; prohibiting sales to the two
races simultaneously (NPS, 2015). Laws such as this were not few and far between. Segregation of
blacks became a defining custom in nearly every aspect of life in the mid–nineteenth century well
into the mid–twentieth century.
When reviewing the history of these laws and researching their application throughout the various
states, one law stood out to me as remarkably insensitive:

Oppression Of Women And Minority People
A) Frye opens the essay with defining what oppression is about which it targeted toward women and
the minority people. Oppression happens when a woman or a person from minority group are denied
the privilege that white male made to prevent from them to receive same rights as the white males
experience. It results for them to be expected to smile, accept the fate and move on with daily life no
what how unfair the situation is. Oppression is not only just limited to just one structure but also
many factors in force which it includes the barriers and double binds. Oppression is not about not
able to receive the privilege but the barriers that they had to face everyday that prevent them from
able to move forward with their position. On the other side, double binds occur among to the
barriers, mainly targeted toward the females because unlike males, they cannot win any type of
situation. Women are double standard by white males, for example, women are expected to be
prude, but not too prude which it leads for males to tell them to lighten up and be more flexible.
They cannot enjoy sex too much or they will be labeled as slut, thus it shows how males set up
structured barriers to keep women inferior from their social status. Oppression is more than just a
group of people who are being treated unfairly, which Frye had explained one way to see oppression
macroscopically by using an example, as to look at the birdcage. The first time you see the cage
close enough, which you merely

A Critical Analysis Of Langston Hughes ' Merry Go Round
A Critical Analysis of Langston Hughes' "Merry–Go–Round"
"Where Is The Jim Crow Section" Langston Hughes (1942)
A little boy, accompanied by his mother, holds a ticket as he looks excitedly at a county
fair's carnival ride. As they get closer to the merry–go–round, he anticipates all the fun he will have,
but then a puzzled look crosses his face."Merry–Go–Round" by Langston Hughes criticizes the Jim
Crow laws in the U.S. The justice system of Jim Crow were state and local laws enforcing racial
segregation in the Southern U.S., mandating racial segregation in all public facilities, in which the
term "separate but equal" became common (Wikipedia). The main theme of the poem is that racism
is senseless, even though it is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately, the ride operator does not respond to the boy's questions, perhaps because the adult may
feel that they are unimportant and insignificant. Yet, this child's feelings and puzzlement offer an
adult message that needs close attention. In 1955, Emmett Till who was a 14–year–old Black victim
of Jim Crow, received national and international attention. Born and raised in Chicago, he planned
to visit relatives in Mississippi. Before he went on his trip, it is likely that his family told him about
the South's Jim Crow laws. During his visit, he was accused of offending a White woman in her
family's grocery store by "flirting" and "whistling" at her. What actually happened in the store has
been disputed. Till's reported behavior violated the Jim Crow laws at that time. Whatever the
circumstance, the teen probably understood about restrictions for Blacks in public facilities like the
little boy in the poem knew about the front and back sections of buses and that Blacks and Whites
did not sit side by side. However, the teen may not have realized how arbitrary the laws were and
their full ramifications. He may have merely made eye contact with the White woman or smiled
during his transaction, and she became offended. She probably expected him to keep his eyes bowed
and not make human contact with her. On the other hand, if a White teen had offended the White in
the same way that Till had, the White counterpart likely would

Essay on Loving v. Virginia (388 U.S. 1)
On July 11, 1958 a couple of hours after midnight, Richard Loving a white man and Mildred Loving
an African American woman were awakened to the presence of three officers in their bedroom. One
of the three officers demanded from Richard to identify the woman next to him. Mildred, full of
fear, told the officers that she was his wife, while Richard pointed to the marriage license on the
wall. The couple was then charged and later found guilty in violation of the state's anti–
miscegenation statute.
Mr. and Mrs. Loving were residents of the small town of Central point, Virginia. They were family
friends who had dated each other since he was seventeen and she a teenager. When they learned that
marriage was illegal for them in Virginia, they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
to the same degree. Thus, ... because its miscegenation statutes punish equally both the white and the
Negro participants in an interracial marriage, these statutes, ... do not constitute an invidious
discrimination based upon race.
The court also referred to its 1955 decision in "Naim v. Naim" as stating the reasons supporting the
validity of the anti–miscegenation laws. In Naim, the state court concluded that the State's legitimate
purposes were "to preserve the racial integrity of its citizens," and to prevent "the
corruption of blood," "a mongrel breed of citizens," and "the obliteration of
racial pride," obviously an endorsement of the doctrine of White Supremacy. The court also
reasoned that marriage has traditionally been subject to state regulation without federal intervention,
and consequently, the regulation of marriage should be left to exclusive state control by the Tenth
Amendment.
The statements related to the courts attempt to "preserve the racial integrity of its
citizens" would have been ludicrous any place but was especially laughable in Caroline
County, and in the Lovings' hometown of Central Point, which had been an epicenter of race mixing
for at least 200 years. White families and their fair–skinned black relatives lived so close together
that they bumped

The Double Standard In Shortcomings By Adrian Tomine
In Shortcomings, Adrian Tomine writes about Ben Tanaka's relations with women, indirectly
commenting on relationship between different races. An overarching theme through the novel is the
gendered double standard that Ben holds when it comes to an Asian person's relations with white
women versus white men. A double standard is defined by Merriam Webster as: "a set of principles
that applies differently and usually more rigorously to one group of people or circumstances than to
another; especially: a code of morals that applies more severe standards of sexual behavior to
women than to men" ("Double Standard"). The second half of this definition is the most relevant
part of our analysis of Ben. When Ben visits Miko in New York after she moves, he's upset when he
sees her on the arm of someone he assumes to be a white man despite having been with a white
woman himself. This double standard that Tomine portrays reflects both Ben's own perspectives and
his inability to see past gender and race. Another important aspect to keep in mind is the use and
danger of fetishization as talked about in Shortcomings. A fetish, according to Merriam–Webster, is:
"An object or bodily part whose real or fantasized presence is psychologically necessary for sexual
gratification and that is an object of fixation to the extent that it may interfere with complete sexual
expression" ("Fetish"). The most important part of this definition is the second half, as Ben's fixation
on white women interferes with his sexual expression. Shortcomings emphasizes double standards
and fetishizations through the repeated illustrations of women and through a comparison to Alice's
lesbian relationship to prove why Ben treats women in the book the way he does.
Throughout Shortcomings, Ben's relationships tend to be defined by the fetishization of women and
his own insecurities surrounding race. On pages 29 and 30, Miko accuses him of fawning over white
girls. Blaming it on white media, Ben hastily acknowledges this bias and doesn't try to dispute it; he
takes it as a fact that can't be changed because society has deemed the objectification of women to
be normal (Figure 1). See this exemplified throughout the book in the illustrations; Tomine
illustrates

The Legacy Of The Jim Crow Era

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The Legacy Of The Jim Crow Era