The document discusses the industrialization of several European countries in the 19th century, including the development of industries like mining, steel, textiles, and manufacturing in places like England, Poland, France, and Norway; it also describes improvements to working conditions and infrastructure like railroads that accompanied industrialization. Key industries and areas of growth varied by country, but all saw populations shift from rural to urban as industrialization modernized their economies.

1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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The industrial
revolution started in
England in the last
decades of the
XVIIIth century,
and it spread ou to
other European
countries very soon.
It had huge
consequences on
production, society,
towns, ideologies…

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THE INDUSTRY
DEVELOPED
IN XIX CENTURY
IN POLAND

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In XIX century Poland was
divided into three parts
between Russia, Austria
and Prusy,
so the industrial revolution
was not as strong as in
other parts of Europe.
The industry developed the
best in German part then in
Russian and finally in
Austrian land.

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- Śląsk – mining and steel
industry (mines of iron,
stone coal and zinc ores)
- Łódź and Żyrardów –
textile industry
- Dąbrowa Górnicza –
heavy industry
There were used modern
methods and equipment.

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In this time many great Polish scientists left
the country, because of difficult political
situation, so a lot of inventions were
originated abroad.
–he built Trans-Andean Railways; it is the
second highest in the world.
Ernest Malinowski

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Kazimierz Gzowski – he built the
bridge between Canada and USA
above Niagara Falls.

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Gabriel Narutowicz – he built
hydroelectric power station in
Switzerland and other
countries.

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Ignacy Mościcki – he invented a method
of getting synthetic fertilizer.

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Michał Doliwo-Dobrowolski – he worked
on electricity and he invented many
useful things

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In Poland it is worth to mention:
- Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski –
they condensed oxygen and nitrogen in low
temperature.
- Ignacy Łukasiewicz – he founded first oil
mine in the world and created oil lamp.
Wróblewski and Olszewski
Ignacy Łukasiewicz

11. INDUSTRY IN FRANCE
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Coal mine
Iron and steel industry
Cloth industry
Industrial area
Main industrial town
Financial place
The main French industrial
areas are located in
- Northen France
- Paris
- Lyon

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Cloth industry
in Roubaix,
Northern
France ( Motte-
Bossut firm)
Iron and steel industry in
Uckange, Lorraine
Coal pit on
Northern France

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Working conditions
were very hard:
-children from 6
years old worked in
the mines and cloth
industries.
- women and childre
were very poorly
paid, half of what
men got
- 15 hours work a day
- no safe working
conditions
-- hard rules in the
firm

14. By the end of the XIXth century,
after many strikes, laws had
improved the working condition
• 1813 : employing children under 10 in the
pits is forbidden
• 1841 : rules about childre working time
• 1874 : creation of Labour inspectors;
children’s work forbidden under 12.
• 1893 : law about safety and healthyness at
work; workday for children mustn’t excess 10
hours
• 1914: some jobs are forbidden for women
and children
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15. FRENCH RAILWAY
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1831: first
locomotive between
Lyon and Saint-
Etienne
1831 First locomotive
between Lyon and Saint-
Etienne
1837: first train for
passengers between Paris
and Saint-Germain-en-
Laye

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Towns change: they grow,
they are more modern:
underground, electricity,
large avenues…
48% of French inhabitants
live in towns

18. Industrialisation
in Norway
Development in the 19th and
beginning of the 20th century

19. Norway in the beginning
of the 19th century
• Norway was a peasant society.
• There were about 883 000 Norwegians and about
80% of these lived on agriculture.
• Other important sections of the economy were
fisheries and forestry.
• Industry consisted of small businesses manufacturing
soap, bricks, glass, iron furnaces and beer.
• Production was small and the majority of operations
performed by hand.

20. Farm from the 19th
century

21. First development of industry
from the mid 19th century
• New, manufacturing industries
arrived in Norway from Great
Britain in the 1840s.
• Knowledge and machines imported
from England.
• The first textile mills built in
Christiania (later called Oslo) and
near Trondheim and Bergen.
• Engineering workshops came
around the same date.
• Cellulose factories came in the
1860s and 1870s.

22. Textile industry was dominated by women

23. Several new industries
• Development in iron and metal industry.
• Norway started producing its own machines.
• Companies that used Norwegian ingredients (fish and
timber) in production for a foreign market appeared in
the 1870s.
• Canning and pulp industry date from this period.
• The power of waterfalls harnessed, factories began
using electricity.
• The exploitation of hydroelectric power lead to
construction of electrochemical factories producing
e.g. aluminium, zinc, nitrate, carbide.

24. Development of new industrial towns
Høyanger 1917, one year after
the work on establishing
industry began
Høyanger 1934
The aluminium factory today

25. Development in infrastructure
and migration
• New roads built.
• New railways made it much easier to travel and send mail and
packages.
• The steamer, the postal and telegraphic services linked the
different parts of the country.
• The urban population increased from 15% to 30% of the total
population between 1865 and 1900.

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Authors:
Alicja Pazder
Olga Zięba
Antonello Sacchi
Enrico Lanzilotti
Cosimo Loparco
Yanis Joachim
Louis Hecq
Kristin Søreide,
Basema Abujayyab,
Eirin Eldevik