The document summarizes the history of industrial revolutions from ancient times to the present. It describes how: 1) Daily life was not very different for 2000 years until the 18th century Industrial Revolution, which drastically changed human life through new machinery, energy sources, transportation, and mass production methods. 2) The second industrial revolution from 1870-1960 saw electricity become the primary power source and advances in transportation infrastructure like railroads, canals, and the Panama Canal connecting continents. 3) Economic changes included mass production lowering costs and standard of living declines as people earned less money working in factories.

1. PPT made by : Tushaar Tulsiyan
tushaar_tulsiyan@rediffmail.com

3. *An ancient Greek or Roman would have been
just as comfortable in Europe in 1700
because daily life was not much different –
agriculture and technology were not much
changed in 2000+ years
*The Industrial Revolution changed human life
drastically
*More was created in the last 250+ years than
in the previous 2500+ years of known human
history

4. *The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental
change in the way goods were produced,
from human labor to machines
*The more efficient means of production and
subsequent higher levels of production
triggered far-reaching changes to
industrialized societies

5. ⦿ Machines were invented which replaced human labor
⦿ New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water,
steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
● Some historians place advances in atomic, solar, and wind energy at
the later stages of the Industrial Revolution
⦿ Increased use of metals and minerals
● Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
⦿ Transportation improved
● Ships
○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
● Trains
● Automobiles
⦿ Communication improved
● Telegraph
● Telephone
● Radio

6. ⦿Mass production of goods
● Increased numbers of goods
● Increased diversity of goods produced
⦿Development of factory system of production
⦿Rural-to-urban migration
● People left farms to work in cities
⦿Development of capitalism
● Financial capital for continued industrial growth
⦿Development and growth of new socio-economic classes
● Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class
⦿Commitment to research and development
● Investments in new technologies
● Industrial and governmental interest in promoting invention,
the sciences, and overall industrial growth

10. The Second Industrial
Revolutions
⦿ The second Industrial Revolution was from 1870 to
1960
● The Second Industrial Revolution takes place in England,
Germany, Japan, and Russia
● Electricity became the primary source of power for
factories, farms, and houses
● Use of electrical power enter the marketplace (electric
lights, radios, fans, television sets)

11. Transportation
⦿Railroads
●Great Britain – Cape-to-Cairo railroad vertically across
Africa
⦿Canals
●Suez Canal (1869) – provided access to the Indian Ocean
from the Mediterranean Sea without the need to sail around
Africa
●Kiel Canal (1896) – North Sea connected to the Baltic Sea
●Panama Canal (1914) – provided access from one side of the
Americas to the other without the need to sail around the tip of
South America
●They connected Britain with the other continents

12. Economic Changes:
⦿ Mass production made manufactured
goods less expensive, so more people
could afford them
⦿ Standard of living wasn’t as good as
before, because they earned less money.

14. ■Ancient Period – Weapons - Bow and
arrow
■Medieval Period – Blacksmith,
Carpenter, Artisans
■Exchange of goods and division of
labour started

15. 1. Feudal system – Primary industry
was agriculture.
2. Guild system – Trade came into
being.
3. Domestic system – Head of family
controlled the entire production.
* Seen today in the form of cottage
industries.

16. * India Industrially advanced in the rule
of Akbar and Jehangir.
* Spices, cloth and Indigo exported to
Europe.
* Decline of Indian Industry –
1. Industrial revolution in the west
2. Competition from the foreign goods
which were machine made

17. *Began after the British took over
*1850-60 – Jute Mills were established
*Railway system started at the same
time
*Textile Mills established in Bombay
And Ahemadabad
*1911 – J.D. Tata – Steel Mill in
Jamshedpur

18. *Sea routes blocked
*Impossible to Import and Export goods
*Real progress came after the II world war
*Post-Independence Period –
*Herculean efforts to develop the Indian
industry
*Five year plans for industrial development

19. *Simple relations in Agricultural society
*Direct, close and personal
*Ex- Crafts – Worked at residences
engaging all the members of family in
the work
*No division of labour
*Modern – Complex and intricate
relations

20. 1. Big industries
2. Trade Unionism
3. Headache of Management
4. Amenities
5. Impersonal character
6. Stress on organisation
7. Division of labour
8. Problem of sale
9. Less manual labour
10. Stress on human relations
11. Adequate wages

21. 1. Social adjustments
2. Setback to customs and traditions
3. Setback to handicrafts
4. Effect on Family system
5. Health problems
6. Problem of Moral standards
7. Disproportionate urban rural development
8. Problem of Taxation
9. Deterioration in urban environment

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