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1. The Importance Of Cloud Computing
Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. The Misuse of Cloud Computing Resource 3.Data breaches 3.1 Malicious Insider 3.2 Online Cyber Theft 3.3 Cloud
Security Attacks 3.3.1 Malware Injection Attack 3.3.2 Wrapper Attack 4. Countermeasures 4.1 Security Policy Enhancement 4.2 Access Management
4.3 Data Protection 4.4 Security Techniques Implementation 5. Conclusion Abstract Cloud Computing is collaborative, less expensive, and has gain an
upper hand in the industry today through the use of the internet. However, cloud Computing can not be discussed without considering the risks that are
associated with it, because most of the services are often outsourced to a third party. As a result of this it is difficult to maintain a... Show more content
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An example is, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) could be rented for a digital bulletin board service. Amazon S3 is a storage that could also be
rented. The fact about cloud computing service is that it is convenient and less expensive, this has paved ways for so many small businesses to scale
above their expectations. however, the risk in cloud computing makes organizations vulnerable to cyber–attacks on a daily bases. Hackers are never
tired of creating new techniques to exploit system vulnerabilities. Hackers has a way of tricking the cloud by inputting accurate but stolen
information in the cloud to perform their illegal activities, thereby, gaining unauthorized access to a cloud server. Once an attack is successful on a
cloud server the data stored in it, is no longer safe, especially sensitive data like personal identifiable information, account information and health
record. Record shows that within the first 9 months in 2012, there was a huge data loss, about 1,047 data breach incident occurred. While the year
before that 2011, there were data breach incident of 1,041 in the entire year. Among organizations that where affect, Epsilon and Stratfor were victims
of data breaches. In these accident, hacker exploited the vulnerabilities in Epsilon system and exposed millions of customer's information stored in the
database, these led to a great loss in the business . In
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2. Security Metrics Essay
Novel Security Metrics for Evaluation of Denial of Service Attacks V. Divyakala, B.Tech (ECE), 3rd Year, IIITDM, Jabalpur, MP (
divyakalav@gmail.com, vdivyakala@iiitdmj.ac.in) B. M. Mehtre, Associate Professor, IDRBT, Road No.1, Castle Hills, Masab Tank, Hyderabad
500057, (Mehtre@idrbt.ac.in ) Abstract: Denial of Service (DoS) is a major threat in every type of Computer Network, including Internet, Cloud
Services and Sensor Networks. In this paper we propose novel Security Metrics to compute the severity and impact of a Denial of Service (DoS) attack,
which helps to accurately and precisely estimate the monetary loss incurred by an organization. These metrics are quantitative in nature and map
Quality of Service (QoS) requirements into measurable and acceptable threshold parameters. The test results of the application of these metrics using
Network Simulator are presented. The work for implementation of these metrics in Network Management Systems (NMS) and Visualization tools is in
progress. Key Words: Security Metrics, Denial of Service, Network Attack 1.INTRODUCTION Metrics are scales of measurement used for
improvement and scientific decision making. Security metrics are useful for quantitatively measuring an organization's security level or of security
vulnerabilities of an entity. For comprehensive network security and Cyber Situational Awareness Management, security metrics play significant role as
proactive protection measures rather than reactive analysis
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3. ISC CISSP Practice Test
ISC CISSP
ISC CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional
Practice Test
Version
ISC CISSP: Practice Exam QUESTION NO: 1 All of the following are basic components of a security policy EXCEPT the A. definition of the issue and
statement of relevant terms. B. statement of roles and responsibilities C. statement of applicability and compliance requirements. D. statement of
performance of characteristics and requirements. Answer: D Explanation: Policies are considered the first and highest level of documentation, from
which the lower level elements of standards, procedures, and guidelines flow. This order , however, does not mean that policies are more important
than the lower elements. These higher–level policies, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So that external bodies will recognize the organizations commitment to security. D. So that they can be held legally accountable. Answer: A
Explanation: This really does not a reference as it should be known. Upper management is legally accountable (up to 290 million fine). External
organizations answer is not really to pertinent (however it stated that other organizations will respect a BCP and disaster recover plan). Employees
need to be bound to the policy regardless of who signs it but it gives validity. Ownership is the correct answer in this statement. However, here is a
reference. "Fundamentally important to any security program 's success us the senior management 's high–level statement of commitment to the
information security policy process and a senior management 's understanding of how important security controls and protections are to the enterprise 's
continuity. Senior management must be "Pass Any Exam. Any Time."– www..com 4
Ac
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sts

4. Explanation: Information security policies are high–level plans that describe the goals of the procedures or controls. Policies describe security in
general, not specifics. They provide the blueprint fro an overall security program just as a specification defines your next product. – Roberta Bragg
CISSP Certification Training Guide (que) pg 587
.co
m
ISC CISSP: Practice Exam aware of the importance of security implementation to preserve the organization 's viability (and for their own 'due care
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5. How Many Bytes Are In The IP Datapath?
1.Select the first ICMP Echo Request message sent by your computer, and expand the Internet Protocol part of the packet in the packet details window.
What is the IP address of your computer? A)The IP address of my computer is 10.32.4.195
2. Within the IP packet header, what is the value in the upper layer protocol field?
A)The value of the upper layer protocol field is UDP(17) 3. How many bytes are in the IP header? How many bytes are in the payload of the IP
datagram? Explain how you determined the number of payload bytes.
A)According to the screenshot above the IP header is 20 bytes. The payload of the IP datagram has 56 bytes. The number of payload byes is 56–20=36
bytes.
4. Has this IP datagram been fragmented? Explain how you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why?
A)No the values changes for all of the ICMP TTL exceeded replies as the identification value changes based on each request sent. If 2 or more IP
datagrams have the same identification value, then it means that these IP datagrams are fragments of a single large IP datagram.
10. Find the first ICMP Echo Request message that was sent by your computer after you changed the Packet Size in pingplotter to be 2000. Has that
message been fragmented across more than one IP datagram? [Note: if you find your packet has not been fragmented, you should download the zip file
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark–labs/wireshark–traces.zip and extract the ipethereal–trace–1packet trace. If your computer has an Ethernet interface,
a packet size of 2000 should cause fragmentation.3 ]
A)
No 57044 has identification 18764 No 57045 has identification number 63272
According to the screenshots more than one IP address is recorded.
11. Print out the first fragment of the fragmented IP datagram. What information in the IP header indicates that the datagram been fragmented? What
information in the IP header indicates whether this is the first fragment versus a latter fragment? How long is this IP datagram?
A)
The datagram has been fragmented. The fragmented offset is 0.The length of this first datagram is 1500 including header.
12. Print out the second fragment of the fragmented IP datagram. What

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7. A Proposed Framework For Network Forensics Inquisition And...
A PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR NETWORK FORENSICS INQUISITION & RELATIVE SUBSTANTIATION WITH OTHER FRAMEWORKS
A Thesis Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree Of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Computer Science & Engineering
By
SAKSHI BANSAL
(Enrollment no: 21341314008)
Under the Supervision of
Mr. ANCHIT BIJALWAN
Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand)
To the
Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering
UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY
DEHRADUN
May, 2015

8. CERTIFICATE
Certified that Sakshi Bansal (21341314008), has carried out the research work presented in this thesis entitled "A PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
FOR NETWORK FORENSICS INQUISITION & RELATIVE SUBSTANTIATION WITH OTHER FRAMEWORKS" for the award of Master of
Technology from Uttaranchal University, Dehradun under my supervision. The thesis embodies results of original work, and studies are carried out by
the student herself and the contents of the thesis do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this
or any other University/Institution.
(Mr. Anchit Bijalwan) Associate Professor Uttaranchal University Dehradun, (Uttarakhand)
Date:
Abstract
Network Forensics is a branch of digital forensics that
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9. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Security Guide
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Security Guide
1
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
Security Guide
A Guide to Securing Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Edition 3
Red Hat Engineering Content Services
2
Legal Notice
Legal Notice
Copyright © 2011 Red Hat, Inc. Based on the Fedora Security Guide (current version at http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/16/html
/Security_Guide/index.html), written by Johnray Fuller, Eric Christensen, Adam Ligas, and other Fedora Project contributors. T he text of and
illustrations in this document are licensed by Red Hat under a Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license ("CC–BY–SA"). An
explanation of CC–BY–SA is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by–sa/3.0/. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
xinetd 2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files 2.6.5. Additional Resources 2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 2.7.1. How Does a VPN Work? 2.7.2.
Openswan 2.8. Firewalls 2.8.1. Netfilter and IPT ables 2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration 2.8.3. Using IPT ables 2.8.4. Common IPT ables
Filtering 2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules 2.8.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses 2.8.7. IPT ables and Connection T racking 2.8.8.
IPv6 2.8.9. IPT ables 3. Encryption 3.1. Data at Rest 3.1.1. Full Disk Encryption 3.1.2. File Based Encryption 3.2. Data in Motion 3.2.1. Virtual
Private Networks 3.2.2. Secure Shell 3.2.3. OpenSSL Intel AES–NI Engine 3.2.4. LUKS Disk Encryption 3.2.5. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)
4. General Principles of Information Security 4.1. T ips, Guides, and T ools 5. Secure Installation 5.1. Disk Partitions 5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition

10. Encryption 6. Software Maintenance 6.1. Install Minimal Software 6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates 6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates 6.4.
Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories 7. Federal Standards and Regulations 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Federal Information Processing
Standard (FIPS) 7.2.1. Enabling FIPS Mode 7.3. National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM) 7.4. Payment Card Industry Data
Security Standard (PCI DSS) 7.5. Security T echnical Implementation Guide 8. References
6
Table of Contents
A. Encryption Standards A.1. Synchronous Encryption A.1.1. Advanced Encryption Standard– AES
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11. Operation Of Ip Data Networks
1.0 – Operation of IP Data Networks6% 1.1 – Recognize the purpose and functions of various network devices such as routers, switches, bridges and
hubs. Repeater: –Repeater is transceiver which basically amplifies the power of the signal. –When the signal is received by the repeater, then it
amplifies the signal and retransmits it. –Repeater is Physical Layer device. Hub: –A hub nothing but a multiple port repeater.–When the data is
received by the hub, then it retransmits that data to all the other ports in the hub. –A hub is having single broadcast domain and single collision domain
–A hub is a physical layer device. Bridge: –Hub and Repeater is used to interconnect network devices, whereas Bridge is used to segment the network.
–Bridges uses the software applications to forward the frames. –Bridge is having one broadcast domain and one port per collision domain. Switch:
–Switches are multi–port bridges and having the same functionality of bridges. –The basic difference between switch and bridge is, Bridge uses the
Software application to forward frames whereas Switch uses the hardware ASIC to forward the frames. –A switch is having one broadcast domain and
one port per collision domain. Both Switches and Bridges perform the below functionalities. –Both Switches and Bridges learn addresses from Source
MAC address of the frame. –Frames forwarded or filtered depending upon destination MAC address of the frame. –Both Switch and Bridges
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12. My Client, International Investment Company
(NEED A TITLE FOR THIS PAPER) My client, International Investment Company, Incorporated (IICI), is a large investment company with many
diverse investments. As a security consultant to IICI, I am required by my contract to identify potential cybersecurity adversaries, why they might
target my client, the existing security environment, Because of their investments, my client is potentially exposed to anger from multiple groups
opposed to companies in which my client has invested. For example, IICI holds investments in several large oil–companies. Angry environmentalists
opposed to environmental damage, such as oil–spills and global warming, could target one of the oil companies in which IICI has holdings. Targeting
investment companies with holdings in large oil companies could result in greater economic harm to the oil company than a direct attack on the oil
company itself. For example, a large sum of money could be spent by an environmental group on a negative public relations campaign against an oil
company itself, with perhaps little change in public opinion and little real financial harm to the oil company. However, a well–planned and coordinated
computer attack on an investment company with oil holdings could harm the oil company itself. If an environmental group can prevent customers of
an investment company from responding to changes in the financial market–buy, sell, or make changes in their accounts–then the attacker can affect
the market performance of
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13. Ip Address
Configuring IP
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the only routed protocol that is turned on by default on a Cisco router running IOS. The acronym IP is actually an
abbreviated way of writing TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which is the suite of protocols and applications used on the
Internet and many private internetworks.
We are going to begin the coverage of IP configuration with a brief overview of IP and how IOS processes its traffic. Then we will delve into the
configuration itself and make some modifications to the internetwork that we built in Chapter 3. The only version of IP covered in this book is IP
version 4.
IP Addressing
All hosts that run IP must have a unique IP address. An IP address is a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This becomes clear when the binary equivalent of this mask is examined as shown below:
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (Binary)
255 . 255 . 255 . 0 (Dotted–Decimal)
We see that the mask has 24 ones, starting from the left, and eight zeros. Let us apply this mask to the IP address in Figure 7–1.
11000000 10101000 10000001 01100011 (Address)
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (Mask)
Since the mask indicates that the first 24 bits of the address are the network, the network address must be
11000000 10101000 10000001 01100011

14. 192 . 168 . 129 . 0
An IP address that has binary zeros in all of the node bits represents a network, not a host. An IP address that has binary ones in all of the node bits
represents all of the hosts on a network; this is called a broadcast address. The broadcast address of the 192.168.129.0 network in the above example is:
10101100 00010000 10000001 11111111
192 . 168 . 129 . 255
The node values between all zeros and all ones identify individual hosts on a network. Therefore, the 192.168.129.0 255.255.255.0 network can have
hosts with addresses between 192.168.129.1 and 192.168.129.254. That is 254 valid host addresses on this particular network. Figure 7–2 shows the
simple formula for calculating the number of valid host addresses on a network.
<<<J117 – Figure 7–2 Network Hosts Formula>>>
Applying this formula to our running example with eight node bits has the
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15. The Basic Characteristics Of Ip V4
Throughout chapters 5 through 8, many topics have been discussed in class and practiced on lab days. Starting off with chapter 5, OSI Network
Layer: various topics are discussed which include; IP v4, the Network Layer, to routing tables. The basic characteristics of IP v4 are that it is
connectionless, the best effort is unreliable and is unaware of the quality of its job, and it is also media independent. Time to Live (TTL) is the 8–bit
TTL field that describes the maximum hops that a packet can take before it is considered "lost", which means that the packet is undeliverable. Each
time a packet visits a router, the TTL decreases by 1. If the packet reaches a 0 TTL, it is dropped. When a packet is dropped this helps the internet...
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The routing table is a table that stores information about connected and remote networks, and it has three features. The three features of a routing table
are 1) destination network, 2) next–hop and 3) metric. Packets are unable to be forwarded by the router without a route. If a route that is representing
the destination network is not on the routing table, the packet will not be forwarded, and instead will be dropped. When the router is forwarding a
packet, it uses the default route, which is used when the network is not represented by any other route in the routing table. On the other hand, static
routing is the route that information can be manually configured on in the router. Static routes are reliable and the router does not need to use much
overhead to process the packets that are being transferred viz static routing. However the static routes do not update automatically, and they have a
higher continuing administrative cost. Dynamic routing was another routing type that was taught in chapter 5. Dynamic routing is when routers can
also learn about routes automatically from other routers in the same internetwork Dynamic routing has higher router processing overhead but little
administrative cost after initial setup. The following chapter that was taught was chapter 6, addressing the Network IPv4. There are three types of
communication that were talked about at the beginning of the chapter, Unicast, Broadcast, and
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16. Ceh Cheat Sheet
Footprinting The phases of an attack 1. ReconnaissanceInformation gathering, physical and social engineering, locate network range 2. Scanning –
EnumeratingLive hosts, access points, accounts and policies, vulnerability assessment 3. Gaining AccessBreech systems, plant malicious code,
backdoors 4. Maintaining AccessRootkits, unpatched systems 5. Clearing TracksIDS evasion, log manipulation, decoy traffic Information Gathering 1.
Unearth initial informationWhat/ Who is the target? 2. Locate the network rangeWhat is the attack surface? 3. Ascertain active machinesWhat hosts
are alive? 4. Open ports / access pointsHow can they be accessed? 5. Detect operating systemsWhat platform are they? 6. Uncover... Show more content
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The C&CC is either a chatroom on IRC, or can even be a distributed system of infected machines. DDoS Tools TrinooOne of the first to demonstrate
"Master/slave" DDoS attacks Tribal Flood NetworkCould launch several DoS attacks from distributed positions at the same time TFN2KBug
fixes and updates to the original TFN StacheldrahtMeans "Barbed Wire" in German AgobotA modular IRC bot, many derivatives have been
created from this code Nuclear BotDeveloped by "Nuclear Winter Crew" and written in Delphi, many features Domain Name Service DNS is
critical in the footprinting of a target network. It can sometimes save the attacker a lot of time, or at least corroborate other information that has
been gathered. DNS is also a target for several types of attack. Fields in the SOA record: (Time in seconds) 1882919 7200 3600 14400 2400 Serial
Refresh Retry Expiry TTL Requesting a zone transfer nslookup; ls –d example.dom dig @ns1.example.dom AXFR host –t AXFR example.dom
ns1.example.dom Using Whois whois example.dom Regional Internet Registrars ARIN(North America) APNIC(Asia Pacific Region)
LACNIC(Southern and Central America and Caribbean) RIPE NCC(Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia) AfriNIC(Africa) Attacks against DNS
servers Zone transfersInformation gathering shortcut Zone poisoningBreach the primary server and alter the zone file to corrupt the domain Cache
poisoningSend
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17. Ipv6 Transition
Abstract
The rapid diffusion of the Internet and development of high speed broadband networks have posed the problem of inadequate IPv4 address space on
the Internet. Moreover, this lack of address space has been made worse by the progress made towards the ubiquitous network society, in which various
types of information equipment, mobile computers and electrical appliances communicate on the internet. IPv6 was developed as a solution to this
problem. In this paper I discussed various features provided by IPv6 over IPv4 in terms of improved security, lower administration cost, QoS options,
mobility, auto configuration, and peer–to–peer capability etc. The transition mechanisms in use today are discussed in details. I have conducted a ...
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It is important to understand that no matter what technology dominate the market today; tomorrow it will have to be upgraded to fulfil the demand.
When IPv4 was developed it was the latest protocol to meet the demand of the time. Since the time has changes so has the demand, the need for
change was inevitable. IPv6 introduced the features like increased address space allocation, stateless address configuration etc which have taken the
limit of internet protocol to the edge. The reason behind choosing the topic of the evolution of internet protocol is to gain detailed knowledge on IP
and its purpose and also discuss the issues related to the transition of IPv4 to IPv6. Besides the need for the transition and the transition mechanisms
will be discussed.
3 Scope of the Research
To conduct the research I will survey on three leading ISPs from Bangladesh. It would have been much more informative if an interview could have
been carried out in person. But since it couldn't be done I will prepare a questionnaire to conduct a survey which will find out the current structure of
the organisations and how the transition can be done.
1. Brief History of Internet
The internet has revolutionized the computer and the communications like nothing else. It is the capability of broadcasting world– wide, a mechanism
for sending information in different formats and the medium of collaboration and interaction between individuals and their communication devises
regardless of

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19. NT 2640 Final Study Guide
1. Straight–through cable (39–40): connects the wire at pin 1 on one end of the cable to pin 1 at the other end of the cable; the wire at pin 2 needs to
connect to pin 2 on the other end of the cable; pin 3 on one end connects to pin 3 on the other; and so on. (To create a straight–through cable, both
ends of the cable use the same TIA pinout standard on each end of the cable.)
Crossover cable: a cable that swaps the wire pairs inside the cable
2. Collision domain (43): the set of devices whose frames could collide; switches increase the size and number of collision domains
3. IPv4 Header Fields (98)
Version: Version of the IP protocol. Most networks use version 4 today.
TTL: Time to live. A value used to prevent routing loops.
Header ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If several routes look similar in length, you might decide to take a longer route if the roads are highways rather than country roads.
12. Neighbor States (513): OSPF defines a large set of potential actions that two neighbors use to communicate with each other. To keep track of the
process, OSPF routers set each neighbor to one of many neighbor states. An OSPF neighbor state is the router's perception of how much work has been
completed in the normal processes done by two neighboring routers.
13. Database Exchange (517): When two neighbors complete [database exchange] process, they are considered to have fully completed the database
exchange process. So OSPF uses the Full neighbor state to mean that the database exchange process has been completed.
14. OSPF Areas and Design Terminology (520–21)
Area Border Router (ABR): An OSPF router with interfaces connected to the backbone area and to at least one other area
Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR): An OSPF router that connects to routers that do not use OSPF for the purpose of exchanging external
routes into and out of the OSPF domain
Backbone Router: A router in one area, the backbone area
Internal Router: A router in a single, nonbackbone area
Area: A set of routers and links that share the same detailed LSDB information, but not with routers in other areas, for better efficiency

20. Backbone area: A special OSPF area to which all
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