The document discusses the destruction of Nubia through damming and cultural cleansing. It summarizes Nubia's ancient history and civilization, but notes that currently it is isolated, impoverished, and depopulated due to being forcibly relocated multiple times to make way for dams. The dams have submerged archaeological sites and threaten the survival of the Nubian people and language. The document calls for international help to stop further dam construction and cultural destruction, and to support development in Nubia instead.
The document provides an overview of the ancient Kush civilization located in present-day Sudan and Ethiopia. It discusses the diverse ethnicities that comprised Kush society, including Nubians, Egyptians, and peoples from Aswan, Sudan, and Ethiopia. Additionally, it notes that the 25th dynasty of ancient Egypt was in fact ruled by kings from Kush. The document then touches on various aspects of Kush culture such as hieroglyphs, art, crafts, music, trade, architecture including pyramids, and the prominent roles of women including several powerful queens.
Nubia was an ancient civilization located along the Nile River in present-day Sudan. For over 2000 years, from around 2000 BC to 350 AD, Nubia established itself as a powerful kingdom known as Kush. The Nubians traded extensively with Egypt and other civilizations. At its height between 700-300 BC, Nubia's Meroitic kingdom entered a Golden Age as a flourishing, iron-working civilization that traded with Asia and conquered neighboring regions. However, the kingdom eventually declined due to overfarming depleting the soil and cutting down too many trees used for iron production and charcoal.
The Nubian civilization was located along the Nile River in what is now southern Egypt and northern Sudan. It was strongly influenced by ancient Egypt, adopting Egyptian religious beliefs, styles of art and architecture, and systems of hieroglyphic writing. At times Nubia was conquered by Egypt, but it also conquered Egypt on some occasions and ruled over both lands. The Nubian civilization lasted from around 3000 BC to AD 1500, with some key periods including the Kingdom of Kush and the empire of Meroe.
Nubia was an ancient civilization located along the Nile River in present-day Sudan that existed from around 2000 BC to 350 AD. The Nubians established a powerful kingdom and traded extensively with neighboring civilizations like Egypt. They had advanced cultures with artistic styles influenced by Egypt featuring depictions of rulers, religious scenes, and daily life. Religion played an important role in Nubian society, incorporating Egyptian gods while also worshipping their own like Apedemak. Over time, outside influences like Christianity and Islam were adopted by the Nubian people.
Nubia was located along the Nile River in what is now northern Sudan. For centuries, Nubia and Egypt influenced each other. Nubia had powerful cities like Kerma and Napata, with Kerma home to over 10,000 people by 1700 BC. Nubian society emphasized arranged marriages and social order. The primary form of government was the Kandake system, which made the queen mother the central political figure, often as the ruler alongside her husband.
Nubia is the land between Egypt and Sudan, where the Nubian lived for centuries, but which dissapeared under the water of Lake Nasser after finishing the Aswan Dam in 1964. Wat happened to the Nubians? Did their unique community life survive? This slideshow focusses on the centuries-old traditions, the meaning of Nile water as essential part of daily life and about what remained nowadays from the Nubian culture.
Nubia was influenced by cultural diffusion from neighboring regions, with which it interacted through trade. It adopted religious beliefs like polytheism and Christianity from Egypt, and later Islam from Arabs. Nubian society developed skills in areas like record keeping, art, agriculture and trade that were introduced via its interactions with Egypt and other traders along the Nile River.
The document provides an overview of the ancient Kush civilization located in present-day Sudan and Ethiopia. It discusses the diverse ethnicities that comprised Kush society, including Nubians, Egyptians, and peoples from Aswan, Sudan, and Ethiopia. Additionally, it notes that the 25th dynasty of ancient Egypt was in fact ruled by kings from Kush. The document then touches on various aspects of Kush culture such as hieroglyphs, art, crafts, music, trade, architecture including pyramids, and the prominent roles of women including several powerful queens.
Nubia was an ancient civilization located along the Nile River in present-day Sudan. For over 2000 years, from around 2000 BC to 350 AD, Nubia established itself as a powerful kingdom known as Kush. The Nubians traded extensively with Egypt and other civilizations. At its height between 700-300 BC, Nubia's Meroitic kingdom entered a Golden Age as a flourishing, iron-working civilization that traded with Asia and conquered neighboring regions. However, the kingdom eventually declined due to overfarming depleting the soil and cutting down too many trees used for iron production and charcoal.
The Nubian civilization was located along the Nile River in what is now southern Egypt and northern Sudan. It was strongly influenced by ancient Egypt, adopting Egyptian religious beliefs, styles of art and architecture, and systems of hieroglyphic writing. At times Nubia was conquered by Egypt, but it also conquered Egypt on some occasions and ruled over both lands. The Nubian civilization lasted from around 3000 BC to AD 1500, with some key periods including the Kingdom of Kush and the empire of Meroe.
Nubia was an ancient civilization located along the Nile River in present-day Sudan that existed from around 2000 BC to 350 AD. The Nubians established a powerful kingdom and traded extensively with neighboring civilizations like Egypt. They had advanced cultures with artistic styles influenced by Egypt featuring depictions of rulers, religious scenes, and daily life. Religion played an important role in Nubian society, incorporating Egyptian gods while also worshipping their own like Apedemak. Over time, outside influences like Christianity and Islam were adopted by the Nubian people.
Nubia was located along the Nile River in what is now northern Sudan. For centuries, Nubia and Egypt influenced each other. Nubia had powerful cities like Kerma and Napata, with Kerma home to over 10,000 people by 1700 BC. Nubian society emphasized arranged marriages and social order. The primary form of government was the Kandake system, which made the queen mother the central political figure, often as the ruler alongside her husband.
Nubia is the land between Egypt and Sudan, where the Nubian lived for centuries, but which dissapeared under the water of Lake Nasser after finishing the Aswan Dam in 1964. Wat happened to the Nubians? Did their unique community life survive? This slideshow focusses on the centuries-old traditions, the meaning of Nile water as essential part of daily life and about what remained nowadays from the Nubian culture.
Nubia was influenced by cultural diffusion from neighboring regions, with which it interacted through trade. It adopted religious beliefs like polytheism and Christianity from Egypt, and later Islam from Arabs. Nubian society developed skills in areas like record keeping, art, agriculture and trade that were introduced via its interactions with Egypt and other traders along the Nile River.
Nubia was an ancient civilization located along the Nile River in what is now Sudan. From around 1000 BC to AD 150, Nubia conquered and was conquered by Egypt. It developed an extensive trade network exporting goods like ivory, gold, and perfume. Nubia also produced iron tools and weapons and developed its own system of writing, while also adopting some Egyptian cultural traditions like religion and architecture.
The document summarizes information about the ancient African kingdom of Kush located in present-day northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It discusses Kush's origins and development, names used to refer to the region in ancient texts, sources of information about Kush, and prominent African American scholars who have written about Kush and ancient Nubian civilizations. Images are included showing artifacts, art, maps, and timelines related to the history and culture of ancient Nubia.
The empires of Egypt and Nubia interacted along the Nile River through both cultural exchange and military conflict over many centuries. Egypt expanded south during the Middle Kingdom and conquered parts of Nubia, but grew weaker over time and was invaded by Hyksos invaders. Under Thutmose III and later rulers, Egypt regained power and expanded further south into Nubia, dominating the Nubian kingdom of Kush. However, as Egypt declined, Kush emerged as a powerful kingdom and the Kushite king Piankhi was able to conquer Egypt. The interaction between the two civilizations resulted in the spread of culture between their peoples.
- Nubia, also known as Kush, was located along the Nile River south of ancient Egypt. It was an important trade partner of Egypt due to its natural resources like gold mines.
- Egypt began expanding into Nubia during the Middle Kingdom period to gain more control over trade routes and access to goods from further south in Africa. This eventually led to the colonization and military control of Nubia by Egypt.
- The Nubian Kingdom of Kush ruled over Egypt for 89 years as the 25th Dynasty, reestablishing Egyptian culture and traditions. However, they were later expelled from Egypt by Psamtik I in 671 BCE.
This document provides an overview of the history of ancient Egypt and Nubia from prehistoric times through the 18th century AD. It discusses the major time periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt, as well as the concurrent history of the Kingdom of Kush/Nubia located south of Egypt along the Nile River. The document also describes aspects of Nubian culture such as religion, daily life, trade, and the period when the 25th Dynasty from Nubia ruled over both Egypt and Nubia.
Kush was an ancient kingdom located along the Nile River in what is now Sudan. It started as a supplier to Egypt but grew powerful through trade and its strong army. Kush eventually invaded and gained control of Egypt between 750-656 BC under kings like Kashta and Piankhi. Though Kush adopted Egyptian customs like language and religion, it established its own kingdom and preserved Egyptian culture during its rule. Kush's economy was based on exports of gold, ebony, ivory and metalwork. It shared gods with Egypt but also worshipped its own like the lion god Apedemak.
This document provides an overview of the emergence and development of early civilizations. It discusses how approximately 10,000 years ago, humans began cultivating plants and herding animals, allowing some to live sedentary lives. Around 5,000 years ago, humans learned to control river waters, enabling richer harvests and population growth. The earliest civilizations formed in river valleys, inventing practices like writing, metalworking, cities, complex religions, and social hierarchies. The document then examines specific early civilizations like the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Israelites in greater detail.
The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th century BC to the 6th century BC in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It was originally known as Sumer and later as Sumer and Akkad. The empire is notable for the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest known codes of law; its advanced architecture including ziggurats and walls; and its contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and literature. The empire was polytheistic and had many gods including Marduk, the supreme god of Babylon. Society was stratified into classes like kings, nobles, free people, and slaves. Babylonian culture had a significant impact on the surrounding civilizations
The document provides a summary of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 626 to 539 BC. It discusses key events such as Nabopolassar founding the empire in 626 BC after the fall of Assyria. Important constructions from the empire are mentioned, including the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the Ishtar Gate. The document also summarizes the reigns of Nebuchadnezzar II, Nabonidus, and the fall of Babylon to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BC.
Jamie, Katherine, and Sharelle's Global 1 Powerpointguest684398
The Nubian civilization had an advanced culture along the Nile River in what is now Sudan. They developed agriculture and domesticated animals as early as 5000 BC. Their capital at Kerma became a major urban center by 1500 BC. Though Egypt conquered Nubia and influenced their culture, the Kushite kingdom emerged as a powerful regional force after Egyptian rule declined. The Nubians achieved many technological innovations, built pyramids and tombs, and some Nubian queens and kings even conquered Egypt for a time. They spoke various Nubian languages and had a strong government and cultural interactions with Egypt despite the difficult desert climate of their homeland.
The document discusses the ancient Babylonian civilization and the city of Babylon. It describes how Babylon was the capital city located along the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia. Under King Hammurabi in the 18th century BC, Babylon became the dominant city-state in the region and established itself as a powerful empire. Key aspects of ancient Babylon discussed include the city walls, temples, ziggurats, and other impressive architectural feats such as the Hanging Gardens, built later under King Nebuchadnezzar II.
The document discusses the major civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Persians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, and others. It provides details on their societies, religions, achievements, and influences. Key figures mentioned include Gilgamesh, Hammurabi, Darius, and Moses. The document also suggests that regional flood stories like those in the Epic of Gilgamesh and Bible may have been inspired by catastrophic flooding of the Black Sea around 5600 BC.
The document provides background information on early civilizations that developed around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. It discusses the Sumerian civilization that emerged around 3500 BC and was composed of independent city-states like Ur and Uruk. It also describes how later empires like the Akkadians, Amorites, Hittites, Assyrians and Chaldeans conquered and united the region at different points in history. The document highlights the civilizations' advances in irrigation, writing systems, legal codes, and religious practices that influenced later societies in the region.
The Babylonians adopted the Sumerian cuneiform writing system and numeral system based on 60. They had one of the strongest governments in Mesopotamia, led by King Hammurabi who expanded the empire and established one of the first legal codes. The Babylonians had many religious beliefs and built impressive temples and ziggurats. Their advanced irrigation systems and fertile land allowed them to develop a strong agricultural economy.
Civilization first developed in Mesopotamia around 6,000 years ago. Mesopotamian society was stratified into classes like priests, upper class, lower class, and slaves. Families were patriarchal with men having power over women and children. Boys were educated while girls learned domestic skills. Writing, math, and the first legal codes emerged in Mesopotamia, influencing later Western traditions. Religion centered on gods like Anu and Enki who controlled nature.
The Babylonian civilization developed around 2100 BC in the city of Babylon under the rule of King Hammurabi. Hammurabi established one of the first legal codes, the Code of Hammurabi, which was inscribed on a stone tablet and established laws and punishments applicable to all social classes. The Code aimed to provide justice and protect the poor, widows, orphans, and laborers. Hammurabi also proved to be a capable administrator, as evidenced by clay tablets containing orders to his officers regarding tasks like collecting taxes, clearing rivers, and attending festivals. However, after Hammurabi's death, the Babylonian empire declined due to weak successors and was eventually plundered by outside forces like the H
The document provides details about the ancient Babylonian civilization that was centered around the city of Babylon in Mesopotamia. Some key points:
- Babylon was the capital city of the Babylonian Empire, located along the Euphrates River in modern-day Iraq. It was a major economic and religious center famous for its large size and architecture.
- The Babylonian civilization developed advanced irrigation systems for agriculture and built grand structures like temples and walls, including the famed Hanging Gardens and the Ishtar Gate.
- Under King Hammurabi in the 18th century BC, Babylon became the dominant city-state after he established a legal code and unified the region into an empire
Ancient Babylonia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th-17th centuries BC and was a powerful civilization for about 100 years under King Hammurabi's rule. Babylonia had many major cities with populations between 10,000-50,000 people. The Babylonians made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, and architecture. They built ziggurats and temples to their polytheistic gods like Marduk, Ishtar, and Tiamat.
The document provides an overview of the Fertile Crescent region located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes the early civilizations that emerged there, including the Sumerians around 3200 BC. Key aspects of society, government, religion, and cultural developments in Mesopotamia are summarized, such as the use of cuneiform writing and the later influence of empires like Babylon, Assyria, and Persia in the region.
Nubia was located along the Nile River in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It had a variety of cultures and natural resources that made it economically important to ancient Egypt. The earliest culture in Nubia dates back 25,000 BC and relied on hunting, fishing, and gathering. Later cultures developed improved stone tools. Egypt invaded Nubia to exploit its resources like gold, ivory, and animal skins. The Nubians today are descended from ancient Nubians as well as Arab, Balkan, and Muslim groups and are divided between northern Sudan and southern Egypt.
Nubia is a region along the Nile River located in northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It is divided into Lower and Upper Nubia, and the Nubian people living from Aswan to the Second Cataract are divided into the Kenouz, Fadija, and Arab tribes. The construction of the Aswan Reservoir and High Dam in the early 1900s forced the Nubian people to evacuate their land three times by 1964, flooding their homes, monuments, and palm trees. While some Egyptian leaders promised to prioritize resettling the Nubians and rebuilding their villages, these were mostly empty promises.
Nubia was an ancient civilization located along the Nile River in what is now Sudan. From around 1000 BC to AD 150, Nubia conquered and was conquered by Egypt. It developed an extensive trade network exporting goods like ivory, gold, and perfume. Nubia also produced iron tools and weapons and developed its own system of writing, while also adopting some Egyptian cultural traditions like religion and architecture.
The document summarizes information about the ancient African kingdom of Kush located in present-day northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It discusses Kush's origins and development, names used to refer to the region in ancient texts, sources of information about Kush, and prominent African American scholars who have written about Kush and ancient Nubian civilizations. Images are included showing artifacts, art, maps, and timelines related to the history and culture of ancient Nubia.
The empires of Egypt and Nubia interacted along the Nile River through both cultural exchange and military conflict over many centuries. Egypt expanded south during the Middle Kingdom and conquered parts of Nubia, but grew weaker over time and was invaded by Hyksos invaders. Under Thutmose III and later rulers, Egypt regained power and expanded further south into Nubia, dominating the Nubian kingdom of Kush. However, as Egypt declined, Kush emerged as a powerful kingdom and the Kushite king Piankhi was able to conquer Egypt. The interaction between the two civilizations resulted in the spread of culture between their peoples.
- Nubia, also known as Kush, was located along the Nile River south of ancient Egypt. It was an important trade partner of Egypt due to its natural resources like gold mines.
- Egypt began expanding into Nubia during the Middle Kingdom period to gain more control over trade routes and access to goods from further south in Africa. This eventually led to the colonization and military control of Nubia by Egypt.
- The Nubian Kingdom of Kush ruled over Egypt for 89 years as the 25th Dynasty, reestablishing Egyptian culture and traditions. However, they were later expelled from Egypt by Psamtik I in 671 BCE.
This document provides an overview of the history of ancient Egypt and Nubia from prehistoric times through the 18th century AD. It discusses the major time periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt, as well as the concurrent history of the Kingdom of Kush/Nubia located south of Egypt along the Nile River. The document also describes aspects of Nubian culture such as religion, daily life, trade, and the period when the 25th Dynasty from Nubia ruled over both Egypt and Nubia.
Kush was an ancient kingdom located along the Nile River in what is now Sudan. It started as a supplier to Egypt but grew powerful through trade and its strong army. Kush eventually invaded and gained control of Egypt between 750-656 BC under kings like Kashta and Piankhi. Though Kush adopted Egyptian customs like language and religion, it established its own kingdom and preserved Egyptian culture during its rule. Kush's economy was based on exports of gold, ebony, ivory and metalwork. It shared gods with Egypt but also worshipped its own like the lion god Apedemak.
This document provides an overview of the emergence and development of early civilizations. It discusses how approximately 10,000 years ago, humans began cultivating plants and herding animals, allowing some to live sedentary lives. Around 5,000 years ago, humans learned to control river waters, enabling richer harvests and population growth. The earliest civilizations formed in river valleys, inventing practices like writing, metalworking, cities, complex religions, and social hierarchies. The document then examines specific early civilizations like the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Israelites in greater detail.
The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th century BC to the 6th century BC in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It was originally known as Sumer and later as Sumer and Akkad. The empire is notable for the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest known codes of law; its advanced architecture including ziggurats and walls; and its contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and literature. The empire was polytheistic and had many gods including Marduk, the supreme god of Babylon. Society was stratified into classes like kings, nobles, free people, and slaves. Babylonian culture had a significant impact on the surrounding civilizations
The document provides a summary of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 626 to 539 BC. It discusses key events such as Nabopolassar founding the empire in 626 BC after the fall of Assyria. Important constructions from the empire are mentioned, including the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the Ishtar Gate. The document also summarizes the reigns of Nebuchadnezzar II, Nabonidus, and the fall of Babylon to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BC.
Jamie, Katherine, and Sharelle's Global 1 Powerpointguest684398
The Nubian civilization had an advanced culture along the Nile River in what is now Sudan. They developed agriculture and domesticated animals as early as 5000 BC. Their capital at Kerma became a major urban center by 1500 BC. Though Egypt conquered Nubia and influenced their culture, the Kushite kingdom emerged as a powerful regional force after Egyptian rule declined. The Nubians achieved many technological innovations, built pyramids and tombs, and some Nubian queens and kings even conquered Egypt for a time. They spoke various Nubian languages and had a strong government and cultural interactions with Egypt despite the difficult desert climate of their homeland.
The document discusses the ancient Babylonian civilization and the city of Babylon. It describes how Babylon was the capital city located along the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia. Under King Hammurabi in the 18th century BC, Babylon became the dominant city-state in the region and established itself as a powerful empire. Key aspects of ancient Babylon discussed include the city walls, temples, ziggurats, and other impressive architectural feats such as the Hanging Gardens, built later under King Nebuchadnezzar II.
The document discusses the major civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Persians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, and others. It provides details on their societies, religions, achievements, and influences. Key figures mentioned include Gilgamesh, Hammurabi, Darius, and Moses. The document also suggests that regional flood stories like those in the Epic of Gilgamesh and Bible may have been inspired by catastrophic flooding of the Black Sea around 5600 BC.
The document provides background information on early civilizations that developed around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. It discusses the Sumerian civilization that emerged around 3500 BC and was composed of independent city-states like Ur and Uruk. It also describes how later empires like the Akkadians, Amorites, Hittites, Assyrians and Chaldeans conquered and united the region at different points in history. The document highlights the civilizations' advances in irrigation, writing systems, legal codes, and religious practices that influenced later societies in the region.
The Babylonians adopted the Sumerian cuneiform writing system and numeral system based on 60. They had one of the strongest governments in Mesopotamia, led by King Hammurabi who expanded the empire and established one of the first legal codes. The Babylonians had many religious beliefs and built impressive temples and ziggurats. Their advanced irrigation systems and fertile land allowed them to develop a strong agricultural economy.
Civilization first developed in Mesopotamia around 6,000 years ago. Mesopotamian society was stratified into classes like priests, upper class, lower class, and slaves. Families were patriarchal with men having power over women and children. Boys were educated while girls learned domestic skills. Writing, math, and the first legal codes emerged in Mesopotamia, influencing later Western traditions. Religion centered on gods like Anu and Enki who controlled nature.
The Babylonian civilization developed around 2100 BC in the city of Babylon under the rule of King Hammurabi. Hammurabi established one of the first legal codes, the Code of Hammurabi, which was inscribed on a stone tablet and established laws and punishments applicable to all social classes. The Code aimed to provide justice and protect the poor, widows, orphans, and laborers. Hammurabi also proved to be a capable administrator, as evidenced by clay tablets containing orders to his officers regarding tasks like collecting taxes, clearing rivers, and attending festivals. However, after Hammurabi's death, the Babylonian empire declined due to weak successors and was eventually plundered by outside forces like the H
The document provides details about the ancient Babylonian civilization that was centered around the city of Babylon in Mesopotamia. Some key points:
- Babylon was the capital city of the Babylonian Empire, located along the Euphrates River in modern-day Iraq. It was a major economic and religious center famous for its large size and architecture.
- The Babylonian civilization developed advanced irrigation systems for agriculture and built grand structures like temples and walls, including the famed Hanging Gardens and the Ishtar Gate.
- Under King Hammurabi in the 18th century BC, Babylon became the dominant city-state after he established a legal code and unified the region into an empire
Ancient Babylonia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th-17th centuries BC and was a powerful civilization for about 100 years under King Hammurabi's rule. Babylonia had many major cities with populations between 10,000-50,000 people. The Babylonians made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, and architecture. They built ziggurats and temples to their polytheistic gods like Marduk, Ishtar, and Tiamat.
The document provides an overview of the Fertile Crescent region located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes the early civilizations that emerged there, including the Sumerians around 3200 BC. Key aspects of society, government, religion, and cultural developments in Mesopotamia are summarized, such as the use of cuneiform writing and the later influence of empires like Babylon, Assyria, and Persia in the region.
Nubia was located along the Nile River in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It had a variety of cultures and natural resources that made it economically important to ancient Egypt. The earliest culture in Nubia dates back 25,000 BC and relied on hunting, fishing, and gathering. Later cultures developed improved stone tools. Egypt invaded Nubia to exploit its resources like gold, ivory, and animal skins. The Nubians today are descended from ancient Nubians as well as Arab, Balkan, and Muslim groups and are divided between northern Sudan and southern Egypt.
Nubia is a region along the Nile River located in northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It is divided into Lower and Upper Nubia, and the Nubian people living from Aswan to the Second Cataract are divided into the Kenouz, Fadija, and Arab tribes. The construction of the Aswan Reservoir and High Dam in the early 1900s forced the Nubian people to evacuate their land three times by 1964, flooding their homes, monuments, and palm trees. While some Egyptian leaders promised to prioritize resettling the Nubians and rebuilding their villages, these were mostly empty promises.
The Kushite dynasty established control over Egypt between 2000-1000 BC from their capital in Napata. They kept Assyrian invaders out and facilitated trade between Egypt, Mediterranean, and sub-Saharan Africa along the Nile. In 1200 BC, the Kushites regained independence from Egypt and viewed themselves as guardians of Egyptian culture. Their power grew into a golden age after being forced south by Assyrian invaders in 671 BC, where they found gold mines and fertile land.
- Nubia, also known as Kush, was located along the Nile River south of ancient Egypt. It was an important trade partner of Egypt due to its natural resources like gold mines.
- Egypt began expanding into Nubia during the Middle Kingdom period to gain more control over trade routes and access to goods from further south in Africa. This eventually led to the colonization and military control of Nubia by Egypt.
- From 760 BC to 671 BC, the Nubian Kingdom of Kush controlled all of Egypt as the 25th Dynasty, reestablishing Egyptian culture and religion. However, they were later expelled from Egypt by Psamtik I in 671 BC.
The document summarizes the history of the ancient Nubian civilization of Kush. It began along the Nile south of Egypt in the region of Nubia. As Egypt's power waned, Kush expanded to rule all of Nubia. Eventually Kush grew powerful enough to conquer Egypt, though Kushite rule there only lasted around a century before being pushed back by Assyria. Later, the Kushites moved their capital south from Napata to Meroë, where they developed their own writing system and culture increasingly distinct from Egypt, establishing an independent Kushite civilization at Meroë that lasted until its decline in the 300s AD.
The Nubians had an advanced culture along the Nile River in what is now Sudan. They were early adopters of agriculture and domesticated animals. The Nubian kingdom of Kerma emerged as a powerful urban center by 1500 BC, though Egypt later conquered Nubia. After a long period under Egyptian rule and influence, the Kushite kingdom rose to power in Nubia and eventually conquered Egypt between 760-656 BC before the Assyrians took control. The Nubians made cultural and technological achievements and had a matriarchal government with female rulers. Their society was organized around the Nile River and they spoke various Nubian languages.
The document is a chapter from a textbook about Africa's history. It is divided into 5 sections: Africa's First People, Kingdoms and Empires, The Conquest of Africa, Independence and Its Challenges, and Issues for Africa Today. The sections describe how early humans in Africa transitioned from hunter-gatherers to farmers and builders of civilizations along the Nile River. They also discuss the rise of powerful West and East African kingdoms and empires centered around trade, and how European colonization eventually led to control over most of Africa by the early 20th century.
This document provides an overview of African societies and kingdoms from 1000 BCE to 1500 CE. It discusses Africa's geographical diversity and how this shaped different cultures. The Bantu migration spread Bantu languages across eastern and southern Africa. Trans-Saharan trade introduced Islam to West Africa and stimulated urban growth. Major kingdoms like Ghana, Mali, and the Christian kingdom of Aksum in Ethiopia developed. Aksum engaged in trade on the Red Sea and was the first African society to document its history in writing. The document examines the complex relationships between Christian and Muslim populations in Africa.
The text below is my speech at the 5th Annual Conference of the Network of Oromo Studies (NOS), which took place on 27th February 2021 on Visual Technology. The footnotes will be soon published with the text in an independent article.
First published on 8 April 2021 here:
https://megalommatis.livejournal.com/11621.html
and
https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/fake-nubia-a-colonial-forgery-to-deprive-cushitic-nations-from-national-independence-historical-identity-and-cultural-heritage/
1) African societies developed in diverse ways depending on their environments, with some taking nomadic lifestyles while others transitioned to settled agriculture.
2) The kingdom of Aksum in Ethiopia became a powerful trading nation by controlling trade routes between Africa, India, and Europe. It adopted Christianity in the 4th century AD.
3) Starting around 1000 BC, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated southward from their homeland, spreading their languages and skills across much of sub-Saharan Africa over the next 1500 years. Their migrations were driven partly by population growth, environmental changes, and conflicts between tribes.
The document provides information on the ancient Nubian civilization located in what is now Sudan. It describes the Nubian people as descendants of Ham who inhabited the Nile Valley and spoke Nilo-Saharan languages. Nubian society was centered around agriculture along the Nile and they had sophisticated cultures with skilled artisans, powerful kingdoms, and religious beliefs centered on gods like Amun. Trade was important to the Nubian economy as they exported gold, ivory and other goods via river and sea routes.
The document provides background information on the Nubian people of Sudan. It discusses the location and names of Nubia, the Nubian people as descendants of Ham, and their use of the Nilo-Saharan language family. It also summarizes Nubian culture, including their agriculture along the Nile River, religious beliefs centered around gods like Amun, burial practices, clothing made from materials like cotton and leather, and their important role in trade along the Red Sea.
The Kingdom of Nubia by: Waseem,Mike, and MatarWaseem121
The Kingdom of Nubia was located in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt along the Nile River valley. The people depended on hunting, fishing, herding animals and collecting food. They developed their own pottery and tools. Nubia was an important trade corridor for gold, ivory and other resources. Major rulers like King Awawa and King Shabaka led Nubia to its height during the 4th century when Christianity arrived, though the kingdom later converted to Islam in the 14th century. Nubia benefited greatly from its role in regional trade networks.
The document summarizes early African civilizations from 2000 BC to 1500 AD. It discusses the impact of Africa's diverse geography on civilization development. It describes how civilizations like Kush, Axum, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai emerged as powerful states due to factors like trade, leadership, and control of resources. It also outlines the migration of Bantu peoples, rise of coastal city-states, and establishment of states like Great Zimbabwe in southern Africa. The document concludes by examining aspects of traditional African society, religion, and rich cultural traditions.
Africa has been home to many empires throughout history but today people's lives are most affected by colonialism. The document is organized into sections on different regions of Africa, describing key historical empires and events, cultural aspects, current economic and health conditions, and how colonialism continues to impact the continent.
This document provides an overview of African societies and kingdoms from 1000 BCE to 1500 CE. It describes how geography shaped diverse cultures across Africa and discusses the Bantu migrations. Major topics covered include the trans-Saharan trade's influence on West Africa, the significant kingdoms of Ghana and Mali, the Christian kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia, East African city-states like Kilwa, and the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe in Southern Africa. The document aims to provide context on the rise of powerful states and empires across the African continent during this time period.
1) African peoples developed diverse societies as they adapted to varied environments across the continent between 1500 BC to 500 AD. Some key early civilizations included Egypt, Carthage, and the kingdom of Kush.
2) The kingdom of Aksum in modern-day Ethiopia became a powerful international trading empire after adopting Christianity in the 4th century AD. It developed strong institutions and infrastructure like stone architecture and coinage.
3) Starting around 900 AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated southward across central and southern Africa, spreading their languages and skills like ironworking. Within 1500 years, they reached the southern tip of the continent, interacting and intermingling with other groups.
The document summarizes information about four African countries - Egypt, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. It provides details on their capitals, official languages, currencies, whether they drive on the left or right side of the road, and calling codes. It then gives brief overviews of the history and some popular tourist attractions in each country, including the pyramids in Egypt, Mount Kenya National Park, Masai Mara in Kenya, and Zanzibar in Tanzania.
The document discusses colonialism in Nigeria by European powers like Britain in the late 1800s. It explains that at the Berlin Conference, European nations divided up Africa without input from local groups. In Nigeria, Britain established control over Northern Nigeria in 1900 and used tactics to divide ethnic groups. Colonialism disrupted traditional Nigerian society and culture by imposing Christianity, English language and European-style governance. This caused reactions among Nigerians and damaged bonds between communities, as depicted in the novel Things Fall Apart.
Early human settlements were determined by access to water sources. River valleys and areas around lakes provided fertile soil and a regular water supply for early humans to practice agriculture. Over time, humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to more permanent settlements near reliable sources of fresh water. The earliest human settlements date back around 1 million years ago in Africa, and permanent settlements emerged as populations grew and all necessary resources could be obtained locally.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Nubia project usip_jul96 (Distruction of Nubia by dams)
1. Nubia Project
Destruction of
Nubia
By Damming and Cultural
Cleansing
Nuraddin Abdulmannan
Nuraddin Abdulmannan
Maryland July 2009
Maryland July 2009
3. Nubia in the Past
• Nubia’s name is derived from the
Hieroglyphic word “Nub” for
"Gold". Nubia, the land of gold is
the mother of the most ancient
civilization on the face of the
Earth.
• At the height of its political
power Nubian Pharaohs ruled
from south Khartoum, capital of
Sudan to Egypt. Nubia was
known by Kush, Napata, and
Merowe. Nubia was ruled by
kings and queens AKA as
(Kandakas) who built more than
20 pyramids in Nubia.
3
4. • Nubians are mentioned in
the old Testament and its
celebrity Pharaoh Taharqa
led an army from Nubia in
year 701 BC to rescue the
Jewish Kingdom in Jerusalem
from Assyrian annihilation.
• Greeks, Romans and Arab
historians wrote about the
greatness of the Nubian
people and their civilization.
4
5. Nubia at Present
• Nubia is located in today's
northern Sudan and southern
Egypt.
• Isolated, marginalized,
impoverished and depopulated.
Millions migrated to Khartoum
and Arabian Gulf.
• Considered by US Congress as a
marginalized area in Darfur
Accountability Act.
5
9. Damming of Nubia
• The Aswan dam and the High dam of Egypt
caused relocation of Nubians 4 times from
their lands. The total Egyptian Nubian
population and a sizable Sudanese Nubians
were relocated to Arabized lands.
• Nubians suffering from dams started in 1902
when Egypt built the Aswan Dam.
• The apex of their sufferings was in 1964
when Egypt built the High Dam, the largest
man made dam in the world. The total
Egyptian Nubian population were relocated
and 50,000 Sudanese Nubians were
relocated in Eastern Sudan.
• After more than 40 years Nubians in
Northern Sudan and in Eastern Sudan are
suffering.
9
10. • The Nubian region from Wadi Halfa
to Dongola has no electricity or
paved asphalt roads. The whole area
is marginalized, impoverished and
neglected by the government.
• Meroe dam has been completed in a
record time of 2 years.
• Kajbar, Dal and Elsheraik dams are
underway.
• These dams will wipe out Nubia from
the map and destroy an international
heritage.
• UN Human Rights Rep was denied
visiting Nubia twice.
• BBC team and Christian Science
Monitor correspondents were
deported from Nubia.
10
11. • Nubians resisted building Kajbar
dam and on June 13, 2007 the
security forces opened fire on a
peaceful demonstrations killing 4
and injuring many near Kajbar dam
site.
• Manaseer tribes resisted Meroe
dam and many of them were killed
or injured and the government
relocated them by force in a desert
area far from the Nile river.
• LA Times and National Geographic
covered recent developments in
Nubia.
11
12. Nubians & Asbestos
Related Cancers
• 50,000 Nubians who were
relocated in 1965 to Eastern
Sudan and housed in Asbestos
roofed houses are threatened
by asbestos related cancers.
Their numbers have increased
while the agricultural scheme
is collapsing and a new
Nubian exodus started to old
Nubia and peripheries of
Khartoum.
12
17. Nubian Language and
Arabization of Nubia
• Nubians used the Egyptian
hieroglyph language before and
during the Middle Kingdom era in
Egypt. With the emergence of
powerful Nubian kingdoms, the
Meroetic language, a new and more
sophisticated language written in
cursive alphabets was introduced.
The Meroetic language was used
during the Napatan & Kushite
Meroetic era. Unfortunately the
Meroetic language is still un
-deciphered.
17
18. • Abandoned after the
destruction of the last Nubian
Christian Kingdom of Aludia
(Alwa) with its seat at Soba
south of Khartoum in 1505 AD
• Rewritten in 1997 by Egyptian
archaeologist Mukhtar Khalil
Kabbara who died the same
day he concluded transcript
of his book “ Nobiin ga Sikkir
Faiwa”.
• Nubian language is prohibited
in the school curriculums.
• Nubian language was used by
Egypt as a military code
language in its 1973 war
against Israel.
18
20. •The Nubian language (Nobiin) remained a
written language in Greeco-Coptic
alphabets for centuries. The Nobiin was
usually translations of Christian writings
from original Greek language to an adapted
Nubian language in Greco-Coptic
alphabets. After introduction of Islam to
Egypt and Sudan, and the interruption of
the cultural and religious ties between the
Nubian Christian kingdoms and the Roman
church, the Nubians adopted Islam, and
gradually they abandoned writing their
language and adopted instead the Arabic
language for their official writings.
•Nubian language is rewritten now and we
need linguists and academicians to help in
reserving scholarships in universities for
the advancement of the Nubian language,
its grammar, dictionary, encyclopedia and
literature etc. We encourage universities
and institutions to help in teaching Nubian
language..
20
22. •All invasions to Sudan
through out its history came
from Egypt.
•Egypt signed the Nile
Waters agreement (NWA) in
1959 during the military rule
of General Abboud and
occupied Halaib and signed
the Four Freedoms
Agreement during the NCP
rule.
22
23. The Four Freedoms Agreement
(Egypt’s plan to wipe out Nubia)
On Tuesday, June 15, 2004 the
Sudanese National Assembly
approved the four freedoms
agreement with Egypt (freedom
to move, reside, work, and own).
own
This agreement targets the
Nubian and allows millions of
Egyptian farmers to move freely,
reside, work and own land in
Nubia, change demographic
structure and dominate the area,
become majority and annex
Sudan in future.
23
24. Dams of Merowe, Mugrat, Sheraik
and Sabaloka are going to inflict
immeasurable damage to the Nubian
heritage. These dams are storage for
Egypt’s water and to act as filters to
the High Dam that suffers from
suffocation due to huge deposits of
clay and silt. These dams will
submerge Nubian villages/towns,
inundate the most rich archeological
sites in the world and force the
Nubians out of their land.
Egypt is using Nubian land as a free
storage for over 4 decades.
24
25. Who benefits from
destruction of Nubia?
• The pro Arabs and Muslim
Fundamentalist Governments of
Sudan and Egypt are the main
beneficiaries of building dams and
destroying Nubia, its monuments,
relocate and displace Nubians
and destroy their culture and
heritage.
25
26. Alsha’ab Newspaper Friday December 10, 1992
Egyptian newspaper warns from an American
conspiracy to dismantle Egypt and Sudan and
a campaign from Jews and Black Americans to
form a Nubian state south of Egypt and north of
Sudan 26
27. Nubia Festival and Road to a Black Kingdom from
Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia
Nubia Festival is an American Zionist conspiracy to
separate Nubia and target Egyptian identity –
Alsha’ab July 23, 1991
27
30. What do Nubians Need?
• To live in their ancestral lands and
preserve their culture, and heritage.
• Protection from dams and cultural
cleansing and forcible relocation and
marginalization.
• Help from US administration,
European Community and UN to stop
damming Nubia and destruction of
Nubian monuments.
• International help to develop Nubia
and invest in its huge resources and
potentials for tourism, minerals,
agriculture and the Nubian aquifer
which contains one of the largest
underground water reservoirs in
Africa.
30
31. What you can do to protect Nubia
from destruction
• Call upon US Congress to act
urgently and encourage the
administration to exert
pressures on Sudan government
to stop building dams in Nubia.
• Ask US Congress to slash a
portion of USAID to Egypt and
to compensate for using Nubia
land as a free storage for
Egypt’s waters over 40 years.
31
32. • Make pressures on China and
Arab financiers to stop
financing and building these
destructive dams to turn the
Nile River to an Arab river and
build a new Andalucía on the
Nile valley.
• To save thousands of Nubians
living in Asbestos houses in
Eastern Sudan for over 40
years. Cancers began to spread
among Nubians.
32
33. • Tell your friends, congregation, community
centers and institutions to act and spread
the word to protect the Nubian people,
their culture and heritage from destruction.
• Join the Nubian campaigns to preserve the
Nubian monuments and Call upon the
UNESCO and the international community
to take its responsibility to rescue this
international heritage by declaring Nubia
as a historically protected land and send
fact finding missions and media
representatives to investigate and conduct
studies.
• Tell the international museums hosting
Nubian artifacts to adopt museums in
Nubia. This will help attract international
tourisms into Nubia.
• Invest in Nubia, the land of GOLD and first
Queens of the world.
33
34. • Help stop Arabization of Nubia. Dams
will bring millions of Egyptian farmers
and billions of dollars from Arab
investors who will push Nubians to the
desert and to squatters of Khartoum
and other cities.
• Contact the media to cover the Nubian
issues, folklore and culture.
• Send fact finding missions from US
Congress and Media to see reality on
the ground.
• UN Human Rights Representative was
denied visiting Nubia.
• BBC team and Christian Science
Monitor correspondent were deported
from Nubia.
34
35. • Get involved and be proactive to
encourage others to participate
in Nubian events and protests
against dams and cultural
cleansing and attend their
forums and fundraising events.
• Pledge a donation to support the
Nubian cause and the advocacy
activities and share your ideas
about effective measures to
protect Nubian people, their
culture and heritage from
destruction.
• Break the isolation on Nubia by
talking about Nubia.
35
Editor's Notes
The pro Arabs and Muslim Fundamentalist Government of Sudan conspires with Egypt to eradicate the Nubian Heritage, obliterate the Nubian Culture, and exterminate the Nubian Language. On Tuesday, June 15, 2004 the Sudanese National Assembly approved the four freedoms agreement with Egypt (freedom to move, reside, work, and own). This agreement targets the Nubian area, where dams are proposed to act as filters to the high dam that suffers from siltation and to submerge Nubian villages/towns, inundate the most rich archeological sites in the world and force the Nubians out of their land.