The document provides a history of language teaching methods from the 19th century to modern times. It begins with the Grammar Translation Method which dominated European language teaching from 1840-1940s and focused on grammar rules, translation, reading, and writing. In the late 19th century, specialists like Marcel, Prendergast, and Gouin created new strategies emphasizing meaning and oral proficiency. The Reform Movement in the early 20th century advocated principles based on linguistic analysis and speech. This led to the Direct Method, which aimed to think directly in the target language without translation. While popular in Europe, it declined in schools by the 1920s. Modern methods from the 1950s on included Audio-Lingual, Situ