introduction of Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties,
composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing
compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also
compounds with any number of other elements, including
hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–
hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon,
and sulphur.This branch of chemistry was originally limited to
compounds produced by living organisms but has been
broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics.
The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and
also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals,
petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.

 Organic chemistry is assumed with a happening occurred in time when
beginnings with the big bang when the components of ammonia, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide and methane combined to form amino acids, an experiment that has been
verified in the laboratory (Miller, 1953). Organic chemicals were used in ancient
times by Romans and Egyptians as dyes, medicines and poisons from natural
sources, but normally, the chemical arrangements of that substances were
unknown.
 In the 16th century organic compounds were isolated from nature in the
wholesome composition (Raubenheimer, 1927), along with several analytical
techniques then were developed for resolving of molecular structures (Lavoisier,
1784). Scientists like Berzelius in around 1807’s believed that organic chemicals
originated in nature may contain a special "vital force" that directed their
natural synthesis (Adams, 1923), and therefore, it would be very difficult to
achieve synthesis of the chemicals in the laboratory conditions.

 1828: Frederich Wohler proved the 'vital force' theory wrong by synthetically producing
urea -:
In the early 1800s scientists had already learned how to isolate many compounds from
plants. Yet they thought that the vital force in plants was the only way to produce these
compounds. In 1828, Friedrich Wohler was the first scientist to synthetically produce one of
these compounds: urea. This discovery made scientists realize that these organic
compounds could indeed be synthesized and that there was no vital force.
 1865: Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz discovered the benzene ring structure-:
An important breakthrough was discovering the organic structure of the benzene ring.
Typically, double bonds are shorter than single bonds, yet due to benzene's unique circular
shape with double bonds placed at every other bond, all of the bonds are of equal length.
This unique structure of benzene was difficult for scientists to figure out.
Then in 1865 Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz, often simply referred to as Kekule,
figured it out. Kekule explains he discovered this structure after days of studying benzene
and trying to determine how and why it reacts in the way that it does. One night he had a
dream of snakes twisting together until they formed a circle. He woke up from this dream
and realized that benzene was circular. From there he was able to figure out the structure
of benzene, which led to further discoveries about how organic compounds react.

 1874: Jacobus van 't Hoff and Joseph- Achille Le Bel developed an organic
molecule modeling system-:
1874 saw several more advances in organic chemistry. Scientists had started to
realize that sometimes compounds would react in different ways even though
they had the same chemical formula. They realized that the differences were due
to the direction, typically explained as up or down, that the atoms were coming
off from the carbon atom.
Jacobus van 't Hoff and Joseph- Achille Le Bel developed a system to indicate
what way these atoms were coming off of the carbon, called a 3D stereochemical
representation. A solid line indicates the atom coming up from the carbon, while
a dashed line indicates that it is going backwards. They also discovered that
carbon is a tetrahedral. In other words, carbon can have four atoms coming off of
it.
 1899: Bayer produced aspirin commercially-:
Willow was first used 5000 years ago as an anti-inflammatory. The organic
compounds in willow that cause anti-inflammatory response were first isolated
in 1828 by Joseph Buchner. Later this compound was synthesized in the lab. In
1899, aspirin was officially produced as an anti-inflammatory using the organic
compounds that were originally used thousands of years ago in medicines.

 Organic chemistry is a highly creative science in which chemists create new
molecules and explore the properties of existing compounds. It is the most
popular field of study for ACS chemists and Ph.D. chemists.
 Organic compounds are all around us. They are central to the economic growth of
the United States in the rubber, plastics, fuel, pharmaceutical, cosmetics,
detergent, coatings, dyestuff, and agrichemical industries, to name a few. The
very foundations of biochemistry, biotechnology, and medicine are built on
organic compounds and their role in life processes. Many modern, high-tech
materials are at least partially composed of organic compounds .
 Organic chemists spend much of their time creating new compounds and
developing better ways of synthesizing previously known compounds.

 Organic chemistry is important because it is the study of life and all of
the chemical reactions related to life. Several careers apply an understanding
of organic chemistry, such as doctors, veterinarians, dentists,
pharmacologists, chemical engineers, and chemists.
 Organic chemistry plays a part in the development of common household
chemicals, foods, plastics, drugs, and fuels most of the chemicals part of daily
life.
 Organic chemistry is related to Nutrition as it helps to find out structure of
different vitamins and proteins and other alpha amino acids.
 Death organism are food for other organisms, or are buried in the earth and
converted to fossil fuels like peat, coal & petroleum.

It has numerous applications in our lives. The creation of polymers, like
plastics and nylons, are applications of organic chemistry. Oil and everything
that comes from it are made up of organic molecules. In addition, cleaning
products like soaps often come from organic materials, as do most medicines
 POLYMERS -:
The key thing to realize about organic chemistry is that a lot of the products we use
in our lives come from plants and animals. Remember, something doesn't have to be
currently alive to be an application of organic chemistry. For example, polymers are
molecules with long chains. There are lots of polymers in our lives, from plastics to
nylon to polycarbonate and acrylic. The structure of these man-made materials
originally came from the natural world. Polymers are considered to be organic
molecules. Rubber is probably the most famous natural polymer, which comes from the
rubber trees. But even fully man-made plastics usually contain hydrocarbon molecules
that originally came from plants and animals.
 PETROCHEMICALS -:
Then there is perhaps the most important things to human and the modern
economy: petrochemicals. Oil and its products are really important in modern society.
Oil gives us fuel for our cars, chemicals to make plastics, detergents, medicines, and
dyes.

 Compounds used as medicines are most often organic compounds, which are
often divided into the broad classes of small organic molecules (e.g., atorvastatin,
fluticasone, clopidogrel) and "biologics" (infliximab, erythropoietin, insulin
glargine), the latter of which are most often medicinal preparations of proteins
(natural and recombinant antibodies, hormones, etc
 organic chemistry has been the mainstay of crop protection strategies for arable
farming and food production. The control of fungal pathogens, insect pests and
weeds has made a crucial contribution to food provision worldwide by ensuring
the harvested yield of the world's crops.
 For emulsion paints, the solvent used is just water, whilst for others organic
compounds such as turpentine are utilised. The pigment can be organic or
inorganic. Organic pigments are actually preferred, as they tend to be brighter
and more stable; however, inorganic pigments are cheaper, and are heat and
light stable

Since organic compounds often exist as mixtures, a variety of techniques have
also been developed to assess purity, especially important
being chromatography techniques such as HPLC and gas chromatography.
Traditional methods of separation include distillation, crystallization
and solvent extraction
Organic compounds were traditionally characterized by a variety of chemical
tests, called "wet methods", but such tests have been largely displaced by
spectroscopic or other computer-intensive methods of analysis. Listed in
approximate order of utility, the chief analytical methods are -:
i. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the most commonly used
technique, often permitting the complete assignment of atom connectivity and
even stereochemistry using correlation spectroscopy. The principal constituent
atoms of organic chemistry – hydrogen and carbon – exist naturally with NMR-
responsive isotopes, respectively 1H and 13C.
ii. Elemental analysis: A destructive method used to determine the elemental
composition of a molecule. See also mass spectrometry, below.

 Mass spectrometry indicates the molecular weight of a compound and, from
the fragmentation patterns, its structure. High-resolution mass spectrometry
can usually identify the exact formula of a compound and is used in place of
elemental analysis. In former times, mass spectrometry was restricted to neutral
molecules exhibiting some volatility, but advanced ionization techniques allow
one to obtain the "mass spec" of virtually any organic compound.
 Crystallography can be useful for determining molecular geometry when a single
crystal of the material is available. Highly efficient hardware and software
allows a structure to be determined within hours of obtaining a suitable crystal.
 Traditional spectroscopic methods such as infrared spectroscopy, optical rotation,
and UV/VIS spectroscopy provide relatively nonspecific structural information
but remain in use for specific classes of compounds. Refractive index and density
were also important for substance identification.

 Carbon can exhibit three different types of hybridization -:
1. Sp3 hybridized carbon for tetrahedral geometries
Example -: In the ammonia molecule (NH3), 2s and 2p orbitals create four
sp3hybrid orbitals, one of which is occupied by a lone pair of electrons..

2. Sp2 hybridized carbon for trigonal planner geometries.
Example -: carbon with sp2 hybridized atomic orbital is alkene, specifically the
two carbons involved in the C=C.

3. Sp hybridized carbon for linear geometries
Example-: mercury atom in the linear HgCl2 molecule, the zinc atom in Zn(CH3)2,
which contains a linear C–Zn–C arrangement, the carbon atoms in HCCH and
CO2, and the Be atom in BeCl2.

FUNCTIONAL GROUP -:
 A functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms within a molecule
that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds.
Even if other parts of the molecule are quite different, certain functional groups
tend to react in certain ways.
 Organic molecules vary greatly in size and when focusing on functional groups,
we want to direct our attention to the atoms involved in the functional group.
 As a result, the abbreviation R is used in some examples. The letter R is used in
molecular structures to represent the “Rest of the molecule”. It consists of a
group of carbon and hydrogen atoms of any size.
 In some molecules, you will see R, R’, or R’’ which indicates that the R groups in
the molecule can be different from one another. For example, R might be –
CH2CH3 while R’ is –CH2CH2CH2CH3.

Common functional group in organic compounds -:

Hydrocarbon -:
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound made of nothing more than carbons and
hydrogens. It is possible for double or triple bonds to form between carbon atoms
and even for structures, such as rings, to form.
Saturated hydrocarbons have as many hydrogen atoms as possible attached to
every carbon. Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between adjacent
carbon atoms.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double and/or triple bonds between some of the
carbon atoms
Mainly hydrocarbon is of two types-:
1. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons-:
An aliphatic compound is an organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen
joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings.
 Aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds of hydrogen and carbon that do not
contain benzene rings.
 Aliphatic hydrocarbons tend to be flammable. There are several types of
aliphatic hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and alkenynes.

 Examples of Aliphatic Compounds -:
Ethylene, isooctane, acetylene, propene, propane, squalene, and polyethylene
are examples of aliphatic compounds. The simplest aliphatic compound is
methane, CH4.
 Properties of Aliphatic Compounds-:
The most significant characteristic of aliphatic compounds is that most of them
are flammable. For this reason, aliphatic compounds are often used as fuels.
Examples of aliphatic fuels include methane, acetylene, and liquefied natural
gas .

 Aromatic hydocarbon -:
Aromatic compounds are chemical compounds that consist of conjugated planar
ring systems accompanied by delocalized pi-electron clouds in place of individual
alternating double and single bonds. They are also called aromatics or arenes.
 Aromatic hydrocarbon are hydrocarbons containing sigma bonds and delocalized
pi electrons between carbon atoms in a ring
 Example of aromatic compounds -:
Benzene , toluene , phenol , benzoic acid , aniline , styrene , ortho-xylene ,
acetophenone are example of aromatic compounds. They are known as aromatic
due to their pleasant smell.

Properties of aromatic compounds -:
 Aromatic compounds are less reactive than alkenes, making them useful
industrial solvents for non-polar compounds.
 Aromatic compounds are produced from petroleum and coal tar.
 The property of organic compounds that have at least one conjugated ring of
alternate single and double bonds, and exhibit extreme stability.
 aromatic hydrocarbon compound having a closed ring of alternate single and
double bonds with delocalized electrons.

 Hetrocyclic compounds -:
Heterocyclic compounds are organic compounds with a ring structure that
contains in the cycle at least one carbon atom and at least one other element,
such as N, O, or S. The most common cycles contain five or six atoms, with the
stability of these rings being higher than that of three, four, seven, or larger
rings.
Example Of Hetrocyclic Compounds -:
Pyrrole, furan, and thiophene have heterocyclic five -membered rings, in which
the heteroatom has at least one pair of non-bonding valence shell electrons. By
hybridizing this heteroatom to a sp2 state, a p-orbital occupied by a pair of
electrons and oriented parallel to the carbon p -orbitals is created.

 Imidazole is another important example of an aromatic heterocycle found in
biomolecules - the side chain of the amino acid histidine contains an imidazole
ring. In imidazole, one nitrogen is pyrrole-like (the lone pair contributes to the
aromatic sextet) and one nitrogen is 'pyridine-like' (the lone pair is located in
an sp2 orbital, and is not part of the aromatic sextet).
Properties of hetrocyclic compounds -:
 Number of drugs in pharmaceutical science are hetrocyclic compounds.
 Hetrocyclic compounds may be of natural origin or synthetically available

Polymers -:
One important property of carbon is that it readily forms chains, or networks, that are
linked by carbon-carbon (carbon-to-carbon) bonds. The linking process is
called polymerization while the chains, or networks, are called polymers. The source
compound is called a monomer.
Two main groups of polymers exist synthetic polymers and biopolymers.
Synthetic polymers are artificially manufactured, and are commonly referred to
as industrial polymers.
 The eight most common types of synthetic organic polymers, which are
commonly found in households are:
i. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
ii. High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
iii. Polypropylene (PP)
iv. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
v. Polystyrene (PS)
vi. Nylon, nylon 6, nylon 6,6.
vii. Teflon (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
viii. Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU)

BIOPOLYMER -:
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living
organisms. Biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded to
form larger molecules.
 There are main three classes of biopolymers -:
i. Polynucleotides -: long polymers composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers.
ii. Polypeptide -: short polymers of amino acids.
iii. polysaccharides -: linear bonded polymeric carbohydrate structure.
o Many of the polysaccharides earlier studies are also biopolymers since have
repeating units.
o Cellulose most abundant biopolymers.

Agricultural and Food Chemistry -:
 Agricultural Chemists
What they do: Help develop new chemicals to increase crop production and yield,
defend against pests, and protect the environment.
 Animal Scientists
What they do: Conduct research concerning animal nutrition, work for more
efficient means of food production by studying animal genetics, nutrition,
reproduction, diseases, and growth.
 Food Chemists
What they do: Help with processing, packaging, preserving, storing, and
distributing foods and drinks to make them safe, economical, and appealing for
consumers. Flavor chemists use natural or artificial ingredients, sometimes in
combination, to develop flavors.
 Soil and Plant Chemists
What they do: Examine the scientific composition of soil and its effects on plant
growth and develop methods to conserve and manage it. Closely aligned with
environmental science.

 Biotechnology -:
Chemists in biotechnology generally work in a laboratory setting in an industrial
or academic environment. A single laboratory may be involved in 5–10 projects,
and the scientists will have varying degrees of responsibility for each project.
 Most biotechnologists today began their careers working for small, innovative
biotech companies that were founded by scientists.
 Medicinal Chemistry –:
Many medicinal chemists start out in the lab and then move on to other
laboratory career such as process chemistry, formulation chemistry, quality
control or quality assurance. They may also move to nonlaboratory careers such
as regulatory affairs, intellectual property (patents), project management, or
technology transfer.

 Oil and Petroleum -:
organic chemists, analytical chemists, all play a role in catalyst science,
technology, and development, which is crucial for the petroleum and
petrochemical industries.
 Chemists are always looking for ways to replace existing refinery processes and
products with cleaner, safer, and more efficient ones.
 Personal Care Chemistry -:
Personal care is a specialized field within applied research and product
development. There are many niche areas (e.g., cosmetics, soaps, natural
products), each of which has their own special considerations.
 Textile Chemist -:
It is a highly specialized field that applies the principles of the basic fields of
chemistry to the understanding of textile materials and to their functional and
esthetic modification into useful and desirable items. Textile materials are used
in clothing, carpet, tire yarn, sewing thread, upholstery, and air bags, to name a
few example

QUES1-: Who is the God of chemistry?
ANSW-: Antoine Lavoisier is god of chemistry
QUES2-: Who is the mother of chemistry ?
ANSW-: Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze was a significant contributor to the
understanding of chemistry in the late 1700s. Marie Anne married Antoine
Laurent Lavoisier, known as the Father of Modern Chemistry, and was his chief
collaborator and laboratory assistant.
QUES3-: Who is known as father of Indian chemistry?
ANSW-: Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray (KOLKATA: The Royal Society of
Chemistry, UK has honoured the life and work of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray,
father of Indian chemistry, with the first-ever Chemical Landmark Plaque
outside Europe.)
QUES4-: Who named science?
ANSW-: Philosopher William Whewell who first coined the term 'scientist. ' Prior to
that, scientists were called 'natural philosophers'.” Whewell coined the term in
1833, said my friend Debbie Lee. She's a researcher and professor of English at
WSU who wrote a book on the history of science.

QUES5-: What is the old name of chemistry?
ANSW-: The word chemistry derives from the word alchemy, which is found in
various forms in European languages. Alchemy derives from the Arabic word
kimiya .
QUES6-: Who is the founder of organic chemistry?
ANSW-: Jons Jacob Berzelius, a physician by trade, first coined the term "organic
chemistry" in 1806 for the study of compounds derived from biological sources.
QUES7-: Which is the first organic compound?
ANSW-: Urea
QUES8-: Who created organic chemistry?
ANSW-: Friedrich Wohler

introduction of Organic chemistry

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