The document discusses the definition and characteristics of science, describing it as both a body of knowledge and process of discovery that seeks to understand the natural world through questions, evidence, and collaboration. Several fields of science are outlined including chemistry, which is celebrated in 2011 as an international year focusing on its contributions to society. The document also provides examples of scientists throughout history and some interesting facts about chemistry.

1. Sandipan Dhar
sandipandhar@gmail.com

2. DEFINITION SCIENCE
The word science comes from the
Latin "scientia," meaning
knowledge. According to Webster's
New Collegiate Dictionary, the
definition of science is "knowledge
attained through study or practice,"

3. ASPECT OF SCIENCE
The word "science" brings to mind many different
pictures: a fat textbook, white lab coats and
microscopes, an astronomer peering through a
telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, Einstein's
equations scribbled on a chalkboard, the launch
of the space shuttle, bubbling beakers ….

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE
Science is both a body of knowledge and a
process
Science is exciting.
Science is useful
Science is ongoing
Science is a global human endeavor
Discovery: The spark for science
Science has limits

5. SCIENCE ASKS QUESTIONS ABOUT
Science studies the natural world. This
includes the components of the physical
universe around us like atoms, plants,
ecosystems, people, societies and
galaxies, as well as the natural forces at
work on those things

6. NATURAL WORLD
From exotic ecosystems to urban smog — can
be the subject of scientific inquiry

7. SCIENCE CAN INVESTIGATE ALL
SORTS OF QUESTIONS
When did the oldest rocks on earth
form?
Through what chemical reactions do
fungi get energy from the nutrients they
absorb?
What causes Jupiter's red spot?
How does smog move through the
atmosphere?

8. SCIENTIST
Scientists strive to test their ideas with
evidence from the natural world
Science depends on interactions within the
scientific community.
Scientists often work collaboratively.
Scientific ideas lead to ongoing research.
Answering one scientific question
frequently leads to additional questions to
be investigated.

9. WHO ARE THEY ?

10. RutherfordIn the early 1900s, Ernest
Rutherford studied (among other things)
the organization of the atom — the
fundamental particle of the natural world
Madam Marie Curie
Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Marie
Sklodowska Curie, recognizing her discovery
of the elements, radium and polonium. Dr.
Curie’s achievements continue to inspire
students, especially women, to pursue
careers in chemistry

11. THE DIFFERENT FIELDS OF SCIENCE
Natural Sciences Magnetic Field Lines
Biology
Physics
Earth Science
Chemistry

12. Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes that take place with that matter
•Analytical chemistry
•Biochemistry
•Computational chemistry •Polymer chemistry
•Inorganic chemistry •Physical chemistry
•Materials science •Quantum chemistry
Organic chemistry •Spectroscopy
•Electrochemistry •Stereochemistry
Thermochemistry

13. International Year of Chemistry,
abbreviated IYC 2011.
The official slogan of the IYC 2011 is
"Chemistry—our life, our future".

14. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE IYC 2011
For the first time in the 100-year history of the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC), the worldwide chemistry community is
celebrated throughout 2011 the achievements of
chemistry and its contributions to the well-being
of humankind. At its 44th General Assembly in
August 2007 in Torino, Italy, IUPAC unanimously
approved a resolution in favor of the proclamation
of 2011 as the International Year of Chemistry (IYC
2011: www.chemistry2011.org).

15. ACTIVITIES OF IYC,2011
1.Increase the public’s appreciation of chemistry in
meeting world needs: Chemistry, which is appropriately
called the Central Science, is both a philosophical inquiry
and an applied scientific endeavor. Molecular
transformations are central to the production of
foodstuffs, medicines, fuels, and metals, that is, virtually
all manufactured and extracted products.
2. Increase young people’s interest in chemistry
3.Generate enthusiasm for the creative future of
chemistry
4.Celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Mme. Curie
Nobel Prize and the 100th anniversary of the founding of
the International Association of Chemical SocietieS

16. MEGA EVENTS OF IYC,2011
An official launch with UNESCO in Paris on
January 27–28, 2011
The 43rd IUPAC Congress and 46th General
Assembly in San Juan, Puerto Rico on July 30–
August 7, 2011.
A closing event in Brussels in November 30–
December 1, 2011

17. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
Modern agriculture depends quite heavily
on the advances that have been made in
science, and chemistry in particular, to
maximize the yield of crops and animal
products.Fertilizers, pesticides, and
antibiotics play ever increasing roles in
this field

18. POLLUTION IN SOIL IS ASSOCIATED WITH
Indiscriminate use of fertilizers
Indiscriminate use of pesticides,
insecticides and herbicides
Dumping of large quantities of solid
waste
Deforestation and soil erosion

19. INDISCRIMINATE USE OF FERTILIZERS
Soil nutrients are important for plant
growth and development. Plants obtain
carbon( C), hydrogen(H) and oxygen(O)
from air and water. But other necessary
nutrients like nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P),
potassium(K), calcium(Ca),
magnesium(Mg), sulphur(S) and more
must be obtained from the soil

20. CONTAMINATION FROM FERTILIZERS
Fertilizers contaminate the soil with
impurities, which come from the raw
materials used for their manufacture.
Mixed fertilizers often contain ammonium
nitrate (NH4NO3), phosphorus as P2O5, and
potassium as K2O. For instance, As, Pb and Cd
present in traces in rock phosphate
Metals are not degradable,

21. The over use of NPK fertilizers reduce
quantity of vegetables and crops
The carbohydrate quality of such crops also
gets degraded.
Excess potassium content in soil decreases
Vitamin C and carotene content in
vegetables and fruits.
The vegetables and fruits grown on over-
fertilized soil are more prone to attacks by
insects and disease.

22. PESTICIDE USE
Pesticides are defined as the substance or
mixture of substances used to prevent, destroy,
repel, attract, sterilise, stupefy or mitigate any
insects.
Generally pesticides are used in three sectors
viz. agriculture, public health and consumer
use. The consumption of pesticide in India is
about 600 gms. / hectare, where as that of
developed countries is touching 3000 gms. /
hectare

23. INDISCRIMINATE USE OF PESTICIDES,
INSECTICIDES AND HERBICIDES
The first widespread insecticide use began at
the end of World War II and included DDT
(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and
gammaxene. Insects soon became resistant
to DDT and as the chemical did not
decompose readily, it persisted in the
environment.

24. COND.
Since it was soluble in fat rather than water, it
biomagnified up the food chain and disrupted
calcium metabolism in birds, causing eggshells to
be thin and fragile. As a result, large birds of prey
such as the brown pelican, ospreys, falcons and
eagles became endangered. DDT has been now
been banned in most western countries. Ironically
many of them including USA, still produce DDT for
export to other developing nations whose needs
outweigh the problems caused by it.

25. COND.
The most important pesticides are DDT, BHC,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates,
aldrin, malathion, dieldrin, furodan, etc.
The remnants of such pesticides used on
pests may get adsorbed by the soil particles,
which then contaminate root crops grown in
that soil. The consumption of such crops
causes the pesticides remnants to enter
human biological systems, affecting them
adversely

27. CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION
The following steps have been suggested to
control soil pollution. To help prevent soil
erosion, we can limit construction in sensitive
area. In general we would need less fertilizer
and fewer pesticides if we could all adopt the
three R's: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. This
would give us less solid waste.
Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide use
Reusing of materials

28. FUN AND INTERESTING CHEMISTRY FACTS
• Fun chemistry
face: liquid oxygen
is blue.
• Warwick Hillier,
Australia National
University, Canberra

29. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE
•Unlike many substances, water expands as
it freezes.
•The only elements that are liquid at room
temperature are bromine and mercury.
•However, you can melt gallium by holding
a lump in the warmth of your hand.

30. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE
• An ice cube takes up about 9% more
volume than the water used to make it.
• If you pour a handful of salt into a full
glass of water, the water level will
actually go down rather than overflowing
the glass.
• There is about 1/2 lb or 250 g of salt
(NaCl) in the average adult human body

31. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE
• A pure element can take many forms. For
example, diamond and graphite both are
forms of pure carbon.
• The chemical name for water (H2O) is
dihydrogen monoxide.
• The only letter that doesn't appear on the
periodic table is J.

32. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE
• Lightning strikes produce O3, which is ozone,
and strengthen the ozone layer of the
atmosphere.
• The only two non-silvery metals are gold and
copper.
• Although oxygen gas is colorless, the liquid
and solid forms of oxygen are blUE

33. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE
• The human body contains enough carbon to
provide 'lead' (which is really graphite) for about
9,000 pencils.
• Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the
universe, while oxygen is the most abundant
element in the earth's atmosphere, crust, and
oceans (about 49.5%).
• The rarest naturally-occurring element in the
earth's crust may be astatine. The entire crust
appears to contain about 28 g of the element

34. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE
• Hydrofluoric acid is so corrosive that it will
dissolve glass. Although it is corrosive,
hydrofluoric acid is considered to be a 'weak
acid'.
• One bucket full of water contains more atoms
than there are bucketfuls of water in the
Atlantic ocean

35. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE
• Approximately 20% of the oxygen in the
atmosphere was produced by the Amazon
rainforest.
• Helium balloons float because helium is
lighter than air.
• Bee stings are acidic while wasp stings are
alkaline

36. CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE
• Hot peppers get their heat from a molecule
called capsaicin. While the molecule acts as an
irritant to mammals, including humans, birds
lack the receptor responsible for the effect
and are immune to the burning sensation
from exposure.
• Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide,
CO2.
• Liquid air has a bluish tint, similar to water

37. KETCHUP & BAKING SODA VOLCANO
• The acetic acid in
ketchup reacts with
baking soda to produce
an extra-special type of
lava for a chemical
volcano. This is a non-
toxic volcano recipe
that is sure to please!
Volcano game

38. SOME PHOTOGRAPHS
Piers Sellers performs a spacewalk outside the
ISS on July 13, 2006.
NASA/Getty Images

39. SOME IMPORTANT PHOTO
Image of the sun acquired by the Extreme Photo of Earth from the
ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) at the Galileo spacecraft, Dec. 11,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center July 1990
15, 1999. NASA

40. Mad Scientist