This document provides an overview of prehistoric times and human evolution. It discusses key topics like the prehistoric period before writing, important abbreviations used in prehistory, differences between history and archaeology, methods of archaeological excavation and dating, artifacts from prehistory, the geological eras of the world, the Mesozoic era and age of dinosaurs, theories of dinosaur extinction, evidence of meteor impacts, the Cenozoic era and age of mammals, evolution of primates and early humans, characteristics of Australopithecus, and emergence of the human species. The document serves to introduce these essential concepts and periods in studying prehistory and the evolution of mankind.
This document discusses theories about human origins, including creationism, evolution, and anthropology. It describes the emergence of two groups - polygenists who believed scientific inquiry should prevail over the Bible, and monogenists who defended the Bible's validity. The document outlines evolutionary theories including Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It describes early hominids like Australopithecus and Homo species, and identifies Homo sapiens as the only surviving human species with two main types, Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Other origin theories like theistic evolution and Raelism are also mentioned.
Yuval Noah Harari is an Israeli historian and professor who authored the bestselling book Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. The book provides a sweeping overview of human history from the evolution of early humans in Africa to modern technological and political revolutions. It examines how humans developed language, agriculture, and organized societies. Some of Harari's key insights include that the Agricultural Revolution was history's biggest fraud, that human brains are well-suited to handling large information, and that the direction of history has been toward unifying the world into a single system under the influences of money, politics, and religion.
WH 1111, Human Origins and the Beginning of HistoryMichael Granado
This document discusses the origins of human history, beginning with early hominins in Africa millions of years ago. Key developments that laid the foundations for modern humans included increased brain size, language, tool use, and gender roles. Around 200,000 years ago, Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and later migrated worldwide. Evidence suggests religion and culture predate recorded history. The Neolithic Revolution around 12,000 years ago marked the transition to agriculture and settlement, allowing larger human populations to form. Domestication of plants and animals in locations worldwide was a major part of this transition.
The document discusses human origins in Africa, outlining key terms like hominid, Paleolithic, and Neolithic Ages. It provides a timeline starting 3.6 million years ago and poses questions about the earliest humanlike beings, Homo habilis and Homo erectus, and how Homo sapiens differed from earlier hominids. The document serves as an introduction to examining human origins and evolution in Africa.
Human Origins In Africa Ch 1 Sect 1 GrCoach Thomas
The document outlines the major periods in human origins and evolution, listing traits and achievements of different species from the earliest hominins to modern humans. It describes Australopithecines as the first to walk upright, followed by Homo habilis with opposable thumbs and tool making by Homo erectus. Neanderthals were the first to use fire and migrate, while Cro-Magnons developed religious beliefs and built shelters. The Neolithic Age began around 8000 BC with polished stone tools and pottery, followed by farming of crops and domestication of animals by 3000 BC.
The document summarizes human evolution from 4 million years ago to 10,000 BCE. It describes the major human species: Australopithecus (4-1 million BCE), Homo Erectus (2.5 million-200,000 BCE), Homo Sapiens (200,000-10,000 BCE), Neanderthals (200,000-30,000 BCE), and Cro-Magnon (40,000-10,000 BCE). It discusses their adaptations, tool use, migration patterns, and hunter-gatherer societies. Cave paintings provide insights into Paleolithic culture and spiritual beliefs.
Human Evolution Training Manual- FinalMegan Murphy
This document provides a training manual for content in the Human Evolution Exploration Station at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. It includes an overview of specimens to be displayed, such as various hominin species and chimpanzees. The manual then covers topics to be explained in the station, including studying human evolution, identifying fossils, dating techniques, genetics and evolution, bipedalism in humans, and the species Homo sapiens. It provides details on key hominin specimens and how to classify and identify human remains based on anatomical features.
The document discusses the origins of modern humans. It describes two main models - the multiregional model which suggests simultaneous evolution in different parts of the world, and the Out of Africa model which explains a common origin from a small population in Africa around 200,000 years ago that then spread to other continents. Genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome support the Out of Africa model with a recent African origin for all humans between 100,000-200,000 years ago.
This document discusses theories about human origins, including creationism, evolution, and anthropology. It describes the emergence of two groups - polygenists who believed scientific inquiry should prevail over the Bible, and monogenists who defended the Bible's validity. The document outlines evolutionary theories including Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It describes early hominids like Australopithecus and Homo species, and identifies Homo sapiens as the only surviving human species with two main types, Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Other origin theories like theistic evolution and Raelism are also mentioned.
Yuval Noah Harari is an Israeli historian and professor who authored the bestselling book Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. The book provides a sweeping overview of human history from the evolution of early humans in Africa to modern technological and political revolutions. It examines how humans developed language, agriculture, and organized societies. Some of Harari's key insights include that the Agricultural Revolution was history's biggest fraud, that human brains are well-suited to handling large information, and that the direction of history has been toward unifying the world into a single system under the influences of money, politics, and religion.
WH 1111, Human Origins and the Beginning of HistoryMichael Granado
This document discusses the origins of human history, beginning with early hominins in Africa millions of years ago. Key developments that laid the foundations for modern humans included increased brain size, language, tool use, and gender roles. Around 200,000 years ago, Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and later migrated worldwide. Evidence suggests religion and culture predate recorded history. The Neolithic Revolution around 12,000 years ago marked the transition to agriculture and settlement, allowing larger human populations to form. Domestication of plants and animals in locations worldwide was a major part of this transition.
The document discusses human origins in Africa, outlining key terms like hominid, Paleolithic, and Neolithic Ages. It provides a timeline starting 3.6 million years ago and poses questions about the earliest humanlike beings, Homo habilis and Homo erectus, and how Homo sapiens differed from earlier hominids. The document serves as an introduction to examining human origins and evolution in Africa.
Human Origins In Africa Ch 1 Sect 1 GrCoach Thomas
The document outlines the major periods in human origins and evolution, listing traits and achievements of different species from the earliest hominins to modern humans. It describes Australopithecines as the first to walk upright, followed by Homo habilis with opposable thumbs and tool making by Homo erectus. Neanderthals were the first to use fire and migrate, while Cro-Magnons developed religious beliefs and built shelters. The Neolithic Age began around 8000 BC with polished stone tools and pottery, followed by farming of crops and domestication of animals by 3000 BC.
The document summarizes human evolution from 4 million years ago to 10,000 BCE. It describes the major human species: Australopithecus (4-1 million BCE), Homo Erectus (2.5 million-200,000 BCE), Homo Sapiens (200,000-10,000 BCE), Neanderthals (200,000-30,000 BCE), and Cro-Magnon (40,000-10,000 BCE). It discusses their adaptations, tool use, migration patterns, and hunter-gatherer societies. Cave paintings provide insights into Paleolithic culture and spiritual beliefs.
Human Evolution Training Manual- FinalMegan Murphy
This document provides a training manual for content in the Human Evolution Exploration Station at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. It includes an overview of specimens to be displayed, such as various hominin species and chimpanzees. The manual then covers topics to be explained in the station, including studying human evolution, identifying fossils, dating techniques, genetics and evolution, bipedalism in humans, and the species Homo sapiens. It provides details on key hominin specimens and how to classify and identify human remains based on anatomical features.
The document discusses the origins of modern humans. It describes two main models - the multiregional model which suggests simultaneous evolution in different parts of the world, and the Out of Africa model which explains a common origin from a small population in Africa around 200,000 years ago that then spread to other continents. Genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome support the Out of Africa model with a recent African origin for all humans between 100,000-200,000 years ago.
Biological anthropology is about humanity and what makes us human. This slide will make u understand about basic biological anthropology, its scope and different fields where it provide ways for future research studies regarding human evolution. Hope it will help u!
The document discusses early human evolution and culture, from the earliest hominids like Australopithecus to the emergence of modern Homo sapiens. It covers major transitions like the origins of tool use and hunting/gathering societies, the development of agriculture during the Neolithic Era, and the rise of early urban civilizations in Mesopotamia. The document provides context on human prehistory prior to written historical records.
The document summarizes research on human evolution from early hominids like Australopithecus to modern Homo sapiens. It discusses topics like the incomplete fossil record, disagreements around hominid species numbers and timelines, and key species like Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Comparisons are made between skeletal structures, brain sizes, and pelvises of different hominids to illustrate anatomical changes over time.
The document discusses early evidence of human origins in Africa, including 3.6 million year old footprints that showed upright walking, and the 1974 discovery of the fossilized remains of "Lucy" dating to 3.2 million years ago which also exhibited upright walking. It notes the advantages of upright walking include freeing the hands while walking and increased energy efficiency, though it makes childbirth more difficult. Later hominid skulls and brains increased in size over time, with Australopithecus having a brain size of around 500 cubic cm compared to modern humans' 1400 cubic cm, showing the importance of brain development to human dominance.
1. The document discusses the history and theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It traces the major species in our lineage and their defining characteristics.
2. Early hominid species like Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis exhibited traits like bipedalism and increased brain size compared to apes. Later species such as Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis used more advanced tools and mastered fire.
3. Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens inhabited Europe and Asia around 200,000 years ago before modern humans emerged in Africa around 50,000 years ago. Theories of human evolution are constantly reevaluated
This document provides an overview of early human societies from prehistory to around 2500 BCE. It discusses the evolution of early hominids in Africa like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and the emergence of Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens developed language and bigger brains, allowing them to migrate throughout Africa and Eurasia. The document then covers the Paleolithic period, where humans lived as hunter-gatherers, and the Neolithic period, where the agricultural revolution occurred and led to more permanent settlements and the rise of social hierarchies.
Chapter 1 the beginnings of civilizationEddie Abug
This document provides an overview of early human civilizations in the Paleolithic Age. It describes some of the key achievements and developments of early humans, including creating stone tools for hunting and gathering food, controlling and using fire, and developing spoken language which allowed them to communicate and pass down knowledge. The document also discusses some of the first art created by Cro-Magnon people in the form of cave paintings in Europe dating back over 12,000 years ago. Finally, it notes the environment underwent periods of extensive glaciation during the last Ice Age, around 20,000 years ago.
1. Early humans began developing agriculture and domesticating animals around 10,000 years ago, leading to more reliable food sources and the growth of larger, permanent settlements.
2. The first civilizations arose near fertile river valleys and had characteristics like cities, organized government, formalized religion, social classes, record keeping, and architecture. They were centered around places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China.
3. Civilizations changed over time due to factors such as environmental influences, trade and cultural diffusion, and conflicts over scarce resources, which led to expansion, migration, and conquest.
Religion has been an important part of human societies throughout history. According to the document, early forms of religion from pre-historic times included burial rituals involving decorating bodies with red ochre among Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Cro-Magnons also produced early idols of female deities and engaged in practices suggesting beliefs in life after death and making offerings to the dead. By the Mesolithic period, burial sites showed signs of village life as well as more elaborate burials involving clothing the bodies and placing them in caves with tools and decorations.
This document provides an overview of human evolution and the development of culture. It discusses the key biological capacities that enabled humans to develop culture, including large brains, advanced vocal and gripping abilities, and bipedalism. These allowed for tool-making, language, and other cultural behaviors. Several important tool-making industries are described, from the Oldowan and Acheulean created by Homo habilis and Homo erectus, to the Mousterian, Aurignacian, and Magdalenian associated with Neanderthals and modern humans. The development of more advanced tool-making coincided with other cultural developments like art, shelter-building, and specialized hunting weapons. The document contrasts Pale
This document summarizes the evolution of man from early primate ancestors like Propliopithecus through different hominin species like Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnon man. Key transitional species discussed include Australopithecus, which had characteristics of both apes and humans, and Homo erectus, considered the first true humans. Neanderthals were an advanced primitive species that lived in Europe and West Asia until around 25,000 years ago, while Cro-Magnon man was a extinct modern human that originated around 3 million years ago.
The document summarizes the history and development of biology from prehistory to modern times. It traces early human knowledge of plants and animals in prehistory. The first major turning point was the Neolithic Revolution 10,000 years ago when humans transitioned to agriculture. It then outlines the development of biology and related fields in ancient civilizations like Greece, Rome, India, and China. Major developments accelerated during the scientific revolution and renaissance, including the establishment of modern taxonomy and advances in anatomy and physiology. The modern era of biology began in the 1600s with discoveries like the circulation of blood, development of microscopy, and cell theory. Biological disciplines proliferated in the 19th-20th centuries with fields like genetics, biochemistry,
The document discusses early human development based on fossil evidence. It summarizes that earliest humans originated in Africa and spread across the globe. Studying human remains and artifacts helps understand our place in human history. Key terms discussed include hominid, Paleolithic Age, and Neolithic Age. Several important early humans are also mentioned, such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens.
The document discusses the origins and early forms of religion among pre-historic humans. It notes that as early as 100,000 years ago, Neanderthals engaged in deliberate burial rituals of the dead. During the Cro-Magnon period 25,000 years ago, interest in fertility was shown through female idols and the concept of the mother goddess emerged. Ritual burials from this period included ornamenting bodies with shells and red ochre. Religion continued to develop and transform through the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods as humans shifted to agriculture and settled communities. Characteristics of early religion included a sense of awe before the sacred, expressions of anxiety through ritual, the use of myth and magic to explain the world and exert control
Neanderthals were the first human species identified by scientists in 1856. They evolved to be adapted to cold environments with short, stocky bodies. Neanderthals cared for sick and injured members of their group, and evidence suggests they had basic medical knowledge and engaged in cultural practices like painting. Cro-Magnons, found in France in 1868, were early modern humans who made burial art, fire-based hunting techniques, and ceremonial practices. Homo sapiens, emerging around 300,000 years ago, had larger brains and more sophisticated culture and technology, including advanced stone tools, musical instruments, shelters, and burial rituals, representing more complex cognition and symbolism.
The document provides an overview of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that hominids diverged from apes around 8 million years ago. Early hominids such as Australopithecines, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus developed increasingly advanced tools and technology. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago, with Neanderthals present until around 30,000 years ago when they were replaced by Cro-Magnon humans. It also summarizes the transition to more settled agricultural lifestyles during the Neolithic period around 10,000 BCE. Key adaptations that differentiated humans from apes included bipedalism, increased brain size, changes in
The document discusses human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It describes several key species, including Ardipithecus ramidus dated to 4.4 million years ago, Australopithecus anamensis and A. afarensis dated to 4.1 and 3.18 million years ago. It also discusses debates around the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens and models of modern human origins out of Africa versus multiregional evolution.
Intelligent Design involves critical thinking and has provided to biological anthropology as:
Repackaging of science
Power of irreducible complexity
Unseen Being/Power
Creationism-Evolution relationship.
Again,
Science is a process, not a result.
Lesson 1 intellectual revolutions that define societyVon Ryan Sugatan
This document discusses the contributions of ancient civilizations in Mesoamerica, Asia, and Africa to the development of science. It describes the advances made by the Maya in astronomy and their sophisticated calendar systems. The Incas developed impressive infrastructure like stone buildings, roads, and suspension bridges. The Aztecs made contributions in fields like education, medicine, agriculture, and technology. In India, metallurgy, ayurvedic medicine, astronomy, and mathematics advanced. China also made substantial advances in medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, and technology. The document outlines the significant scientific achievements of these ancient civilizations.
Biological anthropology is about humanity and what makes us human. This slide will make u understand about basic biological anthropology, its scope and different fields where it provide ways for future research studies regarding human evolution. Hope it will help u!
The document discusses early human evolution and culture, from the earliest hominids like Australopithecus to the emergence of modern Homo sapiens. It covers major transitions like the origins of tool use and hunting/gathering societies, the development of agriculture during the Neolithic Era, and the rise of early urban civilizations in Mesopotamia. The document provides context on human prehistory prior to written historical records.
The document summarizes research on human evolution from early hominids like Australopithecus to modern Homo sapiens. It discusses topics like the incomplete fossil record, disagreements around hominid species numbers and timelines, and key species like Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Comparisons are made between skeletal structures, brain sizes, and pelvises of different hominids to illustrate anatomical changes over time.
The document discusses early evidence of human origins in Africa, including 3.6 million year old footprints that showed upright walking, and the 1974 discovery of the fossilized remains of "Lucy" dating to 3.2 million years ago which also exhibited upright walking. It notes the advantages of upright walking include freeing the hands while walking and increased energy efficiency, though it makes childbirth more difficult. Later hominid skulls and brains increased in size over time, with Australopithecus having a brain size of around 500 cubic cm compared to modern humans' 1400 cubic cm, showing the importance of brain development to human dominance.
1. The document discusses the history and theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It traces the major species in our lineage and their defining characteristics.
2. Early hominid species like Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis exhibited traits like bipedalism and increased brain size compared to apes. Later species such as Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis used more advanced tools and mastered fire.
3. Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens inhabited Europe and Asia around 200,000 years ago before modern humans emerged in Africa around 50,000 years ago. Theories of human evolution are constantly reevaluated
This document provides an overview of early human societies from prehistory to around 2500 BCE. It discusses the evolution of early hominids in Africa like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and the emergence of Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens developed language and bigger brains, allowing them to migrate throughout Africa and Eurasia. The document then covers the Paleolithic period, where humans lived as hunter-gatherers, and the Neolithic period, where the agricultural revolution occurred and led to more permanent settlements and the rise of social hierarchies.
Chapter 1 the beginnings of civilizationEddie Abug
This document provides an overview of early human civilizations in the Paleolithic Age. It describes some of the key achievements and developments of early humans, including creating stone tools for hunting and gathering food, controlling and using fire, and developing spoken language which allowed them to communicate and pass down knowledge. The document also discusses some of the first art created by Cro-Magnon people in the form of cave paintings in Europe dating back over 12,000 years ago. Finally, it notes the environment underwent periods of extensive glaciation during the last Ice Age, around 20,000 years ago.
1. Early humans began developing agriculture and domesticating animals around 10,000 years ago, leading to more reliable food sources and the growth of larger, permanent settlements.
2. The first civilizations arose near fertile river valleys and had characteristics like cities, organized government, formalized religion, social classes, record keeping, and architecture. They were centered around places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China.
3. Civilizations changed over time due to factors such as environmental influences, trade and cultural diffusion, and conflicts over scarce resources, which led to expansion, migration, and conquest.
Religion has been an important part of human societies throughout history. According to the document, early forms of religion from pre-historic times included burial rituals involving decorating bodies with red ochre among Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Cro-Magnons also produced early idols of female deities and engaged in practices suggesting beliefs in life after death and making offerings to the dead. By the Mesolithic period, burial sites showed signs of village life as well as more elaborate burials involving clothing the bodies and placing them in caves with tools and decorations.
This document provides an overview of human evolution and the development of culture. It discusses the key biological capacities that enabled humans to develop culture, including large brains, advanced vocal and gripping abilities, and bipedalism. These allowed for tool-making, language, and other cultural behaviors. Several important tool-making industries are described, from the Oldowan and Acheulean created by Homo habilis and Homo erectus, to the Mousterian, Aurignacian, and Magdalenian associated with Neanderthals and modern humans. The development of more advanced tool-making coincided with other cultural developments like art, shelter-building, and specialized hunting weapons. The document contrasts Pale
This document summarizes the evolution of man from early primate ancestors like Propliopithecus through different hominin species like Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnon man. Key transitional species discussed include Australopithecus, which had characteristics of both apes and humans, and Homo erectus, considered the first true humans. Neanderthals were an advanced primitive species that lived in Europe and West Asia until around 25,000 years ago, while Cro-Magnon man was a extinct modern human that originated around 3 million years ago.
The document summarizes the history and development of biology from prehistory to modern times. It traces early human knowledge of plants and animals in prehistory. The first major turning point was the Neolithic Revolution 10,000 years ago when humans transitioned to agriculture. It then outlines the development of biology and related fields in ancient civilizations like Greece, Rome, India, and China. Major developments accelerated during the scientific revolution and renaissance, including the establishment of modern taxonomy and advances in anatomy and physiology. The modern era of biology began in the 1600s with discoveries like the circulation of blood, development of microscopy, and cell theory. Biological disciplines proliferated in the 19th-20th centuries with fields like genetics, biochemistry,
The document discusses early human development based on fossil evidence. It summarizes that earliest humans originated in Africa and spread across the globe. Studying human remains and artifacts helps understand our place in human history. Key terms discussed include hominid, Paleolithic Age, and Neolithic Age. Several important early humans are also mentioned, such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens.
The document discusses the origins and early forms of religion among pre-historic humans. It notes that as early as 100,000 years ago, Neanderthals engaged in deliberate burial rituals of the dead. During the Cro-Magnon period 25,000 years ago, interest in fertility was shown through female idols and the concept of the mother goddess emerged. Ritual burials from this period included ornamenting bodies with shells and red ochre. Religion continued to develop and transform through the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods as humans shifted to agriculture and settled communities. Characteristics of early religion included a sense of awe before the sacred, expressions of anxiety through ritual, the use of myth and magic to explain the world and exert control
Neanderthals were the first human species identified by scientists in 1856. They evolved to be adapted to cold environments with short, stocky bodies. Neanderthals cared for sick and injured members of their group, and evidence suggests they had basic medical knowledge and engaged in cultural practices like painting. Cro-Magnons, found in France in 1868, were early modern humans who made burial art, fire-based hunting techniques, and ceremonial practices. Homo sapiens, emerging around 300,000 years ago, had larger brains and more sophisticated culture and technology, including advanced stone tools, musical instruments, shelters, and burial rituals, representing more complex cognition and symbolism.
The document provides an overview of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that hominids diverged from apes around 8 million years ago. Early hominids such as Australopithecines, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus developed increasingly advanced tools and technology. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago, with Neanderthals present until around 30,000 years ago when they were replaced by Cro-Magnon humans. It also summarizes the transition to more settled agricultural lifestyles during the Neolithic period around 10,000 BCE. Key adaptations that differentiated humans from apes included bipedalism, increased brain size, changes in
The document discusses human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It describes several key species, including Ardipithecus ramidus dated to 4.4 million years ago, Australopithecus anamensis and A. afarensis dated to 4.1 and 3.18 million years ago. It also discusses debates around the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens and models of modern human origins out of Africa versus multiregional evolution.
Intelligent Design involves critical thinking and has provided to biological anthropology as:
Repackaging of science
Power of irreducible complexity
Unseen Being/Power
Creationism-Evolution relationship.
Again,
Science is a process, not a result.
Lesson 1 intellectual revolutions that define societyVon Ryan Sugatan
This document discusses the contributions of ancient civilizations in Mesoamerica, Asia, and Africa to the development of science. It describes the advances made by the Maya in astronomy and their sophisticated calendar systems. The Incas developed impressive infrastructure like stone buildings, roads, and suspension bridges. The Aztecs made contributions in fields like education, medicine, agriculture, and technology. In India, metallurgy, ayurvedic medicine, astronomy, and mathematics advanced. China also made substantial advances in medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, and technology. The document outlines the significant scientific achievements of these ancient civilizations.
This document provides an overview of archaeology and studying the past. It discusses the differences between history and archaeology, with archaeology focusing on analyzing ancient objects and evidence uncovered through excavation. The document then discusses important archaeological techniques like excavation, mapping sites, screening soil, and carbon dating. It explains how archaeologists use these methods to better understand human origins and prehistory. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to the field of archaeology and how it can provide information about earlier periods of human existence.
The geological timescale divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil and rock evidence. The two eons are the Precambrian (earliest life) and Phanerozoic (complex life). Major periods include the Carboniferous (coal plants), Permian (mass extinction), Jurassic (rise of dinosaurs), and Cretaceous (asteroid impact killed dinosaurs). Today we are in the Quaternary period of the Cenozoic era.
The document provides a timeline of major geological eras and periods from the formation of Earth 4.6 billion years ago to present day. It describes how scientists divided Earth's history into a geological time scale based on studying rock layers and fossils. The eons, eras, periods and epochs are outlined, with key events noted such as the first life in the Archean Era, mass extinctions in the Permian and Cretaceous periods, and the rise of mammals and humans in the Cenozoic Era. Major periods like the Carboniferous, Jurassic, and Quaternary are highlighted for their significance.
1) The document discusses the geological time scale which is used to divide Earth's history into standardized units including eras, periods, and epochs.
2) Scientists have studied rocks and fossils worldwide to develop the time scale and determine how life has changed over time on Earth.
3) Major events in Earth's history like asteroid impacts have caused mass extinctions and influenced the conditions and diversity of life.
The document discusses the Geological Time Scale which is used to divide Earth's history into eras, periods and epochs based on fossil and rock evidence. It describes the major eras - Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic - along with key environmental conditions and lifeforms that existed during each era, noting major extinction events. The timeline shows how life on Earth has evolved and changed dramatically over its approximately 4.5 billion year history.
The geologic time scale divides Earth's history into standardized units and provides a framework to organize geological events. It subdivides into eons like the Phanerozoic, which began 542 million years ago and marked the rise of abundant fossils. Each eon contains eras like the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic that are further divided into periods and epochs defined by changes in dominant life forms. The history of life on Earth began with bacteria over 3.8 billion years ago and evolved through major transitions like the rise of oxygen, multicellular life, plants and animals on land, dinosaurs, mammals, and ultimately humans. Mass extinctions periodically wiped out large portions of life
The document discusses the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, which remains controversial despite ongoing research. Radioactive dating and other stratigraphic methods have advanced our understanding of early Cambrian evolution. Laminated stromatolites from the Precambrian provide fossil evidence, while biosedimentary structures indicate the boundary location. Determining an accurate timeframe for the boundary is difficult as evidence suggests a transition period of 30-50 million years between Ediacaran fauna (620-700 million years ago) and the appearance of trilobites.
The document summarizes the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into units of time based on changes in lifeforms and geology. It describes the largest divisions as eons, which are divided into eras, then periods and epochs. Key periods mentioned include the Carboniferous when coal plants formed coal deposits, the Permian which saw the largest mass extinction, the Jurassic when dinosaurs and mammals emerged, and the Cretaceous when dinosaurs went extinct. The document also briefly outlines the major eras and periods in Earth's history from the earliest Cryptozoic Eon to the current Cenozoic Era.
The document summarizes the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into sections including eons, eras, periods and epochs. The largest section is the eon, with the Precambrian and Phanerozoic eons covering over 4 billion years of history. Key events mentioned include the first life forms in the Archean era, marine invertebrates in the Proterozoic, and the rise of dinosaurs, mammals and modern life forms in the Phanerozoic. Several important periods are highlighted such as the Carboniferous, Permian, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
The document discusses the geological time scale, which divides Earth's history into major time periods based on changes in rock and fossil records. It describes the hierarchy of the geological time scale from largest to smallest units: eons, eras, periods, and epochs. The Precambrian Eon spans from Earth's formation 4.6 billion years ago until the Cambrian Period beginning 541 million years ago. Life first appeared on Earth between 3-3.5 billion years ago in the Precambrian. The current Phanerozoic Eon is divided into four eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic (continuing today). Major events outlined include the evolution of various plant groups through time
7.1 earth and environmental science study guideKella Randolph
The document provides an overview of Earth's geological history and the key events that have occurred over time, including:
- The Earth formed 4.55 billion years ago as a hot molten surface with no atmosphere.
- The Moon was formed from an asteroid impact that ejected material which became the Moon.
- Life first appeared in the Precambrian era in the form of cyanobacteria, which helped improve the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
- Plants evolved around 400 million years ago in the Paleozoic era, known as the age of ancient life.
- Fossils and radiometric dating provide evidence that adds to the geological timescale.
- The current human population is approximately 7 billion and is putting
The document discusses several theories for what caused the mass extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. The major theories considered are: an asteroid or comet impact, massive volcanic activity in India, and climate change due to factors like volcanic gases and asteroid impact altering the atmosphere. While no complete consensus exists, most scientists agree that a large asteroid impact was the main trigger that caused a chain of events like wildfires, acid rain, and climate change that wiped out the dinosaurs and many other species. Paleontology continues to investigate the extinction through new fossil evidence.
The geologic time scale is a system used by scientists to describe Earth's history by dividing it into standardized units of time based on stratigraphy and significant events. The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 and has since been refined using data from radiometric dating and revisions to the fossil record. It divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs with the Phanerozoic Eon being the most recent period of time spanning from over 500 million years ago to present day.
The document summarizes the geological time scale which divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil and radiometric evidence. The four eons are the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and current Phanerozoic eon which is divided into the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and current Cenozoic era. Key periods include the Cambrian which saw an explosion of life, the Devonian which was the age of fishes, and the Mesozoic era in which reptiles dominated until the rise of mammals in the Cenozoic. The geological time scale provides a framework for understanding how life and the planet have evolved over
The document summarizes the geological time scale which divides Earth's history into standardized units of time. It discusses the major eons, eras, and periods that make up the time scale based on studying rock layers and fossils. Key events include the earliest life in the Archean Era, mass extinctions like the Permian extinction, dinosaurs dominating the Jurassic period, and the asteroid impact that wiped out dinosaurs in the Cretaceous period, paving the way for modern mammals including humans in the Quaternary period. The geological time scale provides context for major developments in Earth's 4.6 billion year history.
The document summarizes the geological time scale which divides Earth's history into different eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil and stratigraphic evidence. It describes the four eons of Earth's history starting with the Hadean and Archean eons of the earliest lifeforms like bacteria. It then outlines the major eras - Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic - describing some of the significant lifeforms, events, and environmental changes that occurred during each period within these eras. The largest unit of the geological time scale is the eon, while the smallest is the epoch.
The document summarizes the geological time scale which divides Earth's history into different eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil and stratigraphic evidence. It describes the four eons of Earth's history starting with the Hadean and Archean eons of the earliest lifeforms like bacteria. It then outlines the major eras - Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic - describing some of the significant lifeforms, events, and environmental changes that occurred during each period within these eras. The largest unit of the geological time scale is the eon, while the smallest is the epoch.
The document summarizes the evolution and history of reptiles. It states that reptiles arose from amphibians around 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The earliest reptiles were small insect-eating lizards. Reptiles then diversified and became the dominant land vertebrates by the Permian period. During the Mesozoic era, various reptile groups flourished, especially dinosaurs which appeared in a wide variety of forms. However, most dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely due to an asteroid impact that caused climate change. Despite this mass extinction, modern reptile orders like turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles survived
This document provides an overview of key events in Big Era Two from 200,000 to 10,000 BCE:
- Homo sapiens evolved in Africa by 200,000 years ago and began migrating to Southwest Asia and other regions.
- Language allowed humans to exchange complex ideas, store knowledge across generations through culture, and continuously build upon ideas - a process known as collective learning.
- Collective learning through culture enabled humans to adapt to diverse environments more successfully than other species and migrate worldwide.
- Neanderthals and Homo erectus inhabited parts of Eurasia but went extinct as Homo sapiens populations expanded and cultural complexity accelerated after 40,000 years ago.
Similar to The heritages of world civilization (20)
This document provides a table of contents for a CD-ROM containing documents from world history. The table of contents lists over 200 documents organized into 22 parts spanning history from ancient Mesopotamia to the 19th century response of East Asia to the West. The documents cover topics from legal codes and religious texts to historical writings and philosophical treatises from civilizations around the world.
Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It believes Jesus is the Son of God and the Messiah prophesied in the Hebrew Bible. Christians hold that Jesus died for humanity's sins and was resurrected, offering salvation. It is one of the largest religions in the world, with over 2 billion adherents. Major branches include Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodoxy. Core beliefs include the Trinity, divinity of Christ, salvation through faith, and that Jesus will return to judge all people.
The document discusses various aspects of human thinking and creativity. It describes different types of reasoning like deductive and inductive arguments. It also discusses structures of thinking and evolution of the frontal cortex. Several theorists who studied creativity are mentioned, like Guilford, Wallas, and de Bono. Creative thinking is defined as divergent thinking involving originality, flexibility, fluency and elaboration. The creative process and ways to develop creative thinking are outlined. Finally, tools to encourage creative problem solving like brainstorming and multivoting are explained.
This document provides an overview of Western philosophy from ancient to medieval periods. It discusses some of the major philosophers from each era and their contributions. The ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle established the foundations of Western thought. Medieval philosophy integrated Greek rationalism with Christian theology. Major philosophers included Augustine of Hippo who wrote extensively on theology and philosophy. The document outlines some key characteristics of medieval philosophy like theocentrism, theodicy, and emphasis on God and faith.
Religion has developed naturally over time from early forms like animism and shamanism to more complex modern religions. Early humans may have practiced animal worship and had religious beliefs as early as 300,000 years ago based on burial sites. Religion progressed through stages including animism, polytheism, henotheism, and monotheism. The five major world religions today are Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, with Judaism being one of the earliest monotheistic faiths based on teachings from the Torah and belief in one God.
This document provides an introduction to an English translation of Jacques Maritain's work "An Introduction to Philosophy". It summarizes Maritain's intentions in writing the work, which are to provide a faithful presentation of Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas' philosophical system, and to judge modern philosophical systems in its light. The introduction explains Maritain's progressive method of exposition, intended to mirror Aristotle's own method, and discusses some of the challenges of writing an introductory philosophy text, such as the use of technical terminology. It presents Maritain's view that philosophy aims to attain human wisdom through rational inquiry, rather than supernatural revelation or instinct alone.
This document provides an overview of the development of religion from early human history through modern times in 3 sections. Section 1 discusses evidence of early religious ideas from 300,000 years ago and the development of organized religion with the advent of writing around 3200 BCE. Section 2 outlines the 7 major steps in the evolution of religion from Paleolithic times to modern rational religion. Section 3 identifies the 5 major world religions as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism and provides brief descriptions of the origins and key beliefs and texts of each religion.
This document provides an introduction to an English translation of Jacques Maritain's work "An Introduction to Philosophy". It summarizes Maritain's approach and methodology in writing the work. Specifically, it notes that Maritain aims to faithfully present Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas' philosophical system. He does so through a progressive order of exposition modeled on Aristotle's own method of first examining the historical development of a problem. The introduction explains that this historical approach helps acquaint beginners with philosophy's problems and introduces them to rational speculation in a way that is educationally practical.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
10. Knowledge of the Past : the
great assets for one who will
work in Tourism Industry
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. Some important abbreviations used
in the Prehistory
B.C. : Before Christian Era (ex.
500 B.C. = 2000 + 500 = 2500 years ago)
A.D.: Anno Domini (Latin) = In the year of our Lord,
since Christ was born. This year is A.D. 2013.
(ex. A.D.1000 = 2013-1000 = 1013
years ago)
B.P. : Before Present Time, at present
(ex. 500 B.P. = 2013 – 500 = A.D.1513)
M.Y.A. : Million years ago (
ex. 3 M.Y.A. = 3,000,000 years ago)
19. The differences between
history and archaeology
• History study the past by
collect data, analysis and
interpret evidences of the
inscription or writing
language.
• Archaeology study the past
by collect data, analysis
and interpret evidences of
the ancient objects and
other evidences.
20. Archaeology : The methods to
get information from the past
• Archaeologists
collect data
( mostly the ancient
rubbishes ) from
excavation.
• They classify,
analysis, interpret the
data then writing the
report.
23. • Some scholars compared the excavation
squares in archaeology as the laboratory
of the scientist.
24. The scientific method of dating
• Dating or Chronology is the important
process in archaeology.
• In the old time archaeologists used the
comparative methods to find out date of
the events in the past.
• Now Radio Carbon Dating or C14 dating
technique replaced and became the
important scientific tool in archaeology
25. Artifacts in
Prehistory
• : Material cultures of human societies
from the past before those societies
had abilities to write their language for
record the memory.
39. According to the newer solid evidences of
Scientists, we believed that our world are older than
4,500 M.Y.A.
Some scholars also proposed 10,000 M.Y.A. as well.
There are many ways to proof the age of the
World.
But t he most rel i abl e met hod was
done by geol ogi st s
40. Geologists divided the time span of the
World from beginning to present called
Geological Period
• There are 3 period covered total
period of our world.
• Begin with Era then Period and
Epoch
41. The Geological Periods
1. Precambrian Era : from the beginning of the
World to 600 mya
2. Palaeozoic Era : from 600- 225 mya with 6
periods : Cambrian, Ordovichian, Silurian,
Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian
3. Mesozoic Era : from 225-65 mya with 3 periods
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
4. Cenozoic Era : from 65 mya to the present time
with 2 periods Tertiary, Quaternary
* for more information about the geological time
read the Introduction of Geology
42. Mesozoic Era : The Age of Dinosaurs
• In this time span Dinosaurs ruled the
Earth.
• Dinosaurs, the Giant Reptiles, had
succeeded adaptation in all niches of
environment : land , sea, or sky.
• There are many species, characters and
sizes of dinosaurs.
44. Mesozoic Era : The Age of Dinosaurs
• In this era only the small mammals already
appeared like tree shrews.
• These mammals could not competed with
Dinosaurs so they lived on the tree in the
caves or remote area and some of them are
Nocturnal animals.
45. Dinosaur site in Thailand at Phu Kum Khao,
Sahassakhan district, Kalasin
46. Tree shrew
Mesozoic mammals may looked like this
Tree Shrew, living on the trees and might be
nocturnal animals.
47. • Many evidences supported that at
c. 65 M.Y.A. most of the Dinosaurs
were suddenly disappeared from
the Earth.
• What happened to the
Dinosaurs ?
48. Theory of the Great Extinction
• There are a lot of theories about the
great extinction.
• At present most scholars believed in
one theory of the great impacts of
the World by meteors or comets or
asteroids about 65 M.Y.A.
49. Theory of the Great Extinction
These great collisions destroyed the
vast area of the World and caused the
huge impacts to the food chains.
That were the disastrous of the
living organism.
50. Theory of the Great Extinction
• Evidences of the ancient impacts can
be seen as crater and some special
element like iridium found around
the World in the impact layer.
55. How often that the Comet will hit
the Earth ?
• Asteroid as large as 20 kms. in dia.
Probably have struck the Earth during the
last few Billion years and some measuring
10 kms. in dia. apparently may hit it every
50 mya. to 100 mya.
56. • A 10 kms. size of stony object with a
density of about 0.6 kg. per cubic inch
striking the Earth surface at a velocity of 25
kms. per second would have kinetic energy
in excess of 100,000,000 megatons.
• That far greater than the World’s total
nuclear weapons and can cause a final
crater of possibly dia.100-150 kms.
57. Why were so difficult to find some
evidences of craters on the earth surface ?
1. Atmosphere of the earth are so intensity.
2. Surface of the earth were covered by dirt, ocean,
forest, etc.
3. The continual processes of Earth surface erosion.
58. The Big Craters on the Earth Surface
• The Meteor crater in Arizona, U.S.A.
• The Manson crater at Manson Iowa, U.S.A.
with dia.30-40 km.
• The Chicxulub crater near Yucatan
peninsula Mexico, with dia.190
km.,probably are the best evidence of
the great impact of 65 mya.
59.
60. The K-T Boundary
• The K-T boundary is the thin red layer (6 mm.)
between the layer of Cretaceous and Tertiary. It
was first observed by Walter Alvarez in 1970.
• This layer was dated to 65 M.Y.A. and obtained
high density of iridium, about 300-500 times
than usually found in the normal layer.
• Iridium is a precious metallic element resembling
platinum, normally found from cosmic
spherules from outer space but very rare in
the earth.
61. • Iridium is the very rare substance in rock of
the Earth’s crust ( c. 0.3 part per Billions).
• When Alvarez found this element at Gubbio,
Italy iridium concentrate at the Cretaceous
– Tertiary stratigraphic sequence at 6.3
parts per Billions = > 20 times.
63. Age of the Mammals
• After 65 mya onward small mammals
found itself safe from the large
carnivore reptiles.
• Mammals began to adapt itself to the
broad econiches and evolved to the
great number of species, types, sizes.
• A group of mammals in order Primate
appeared in this period.
64. Tertiary Period from 65 –2 mya with 5 Epochs
1. Paleocene 65-53 mya : prosimii
2. Eocene 53-35 mya : prosimians and
probably anthropoidea
3. Oligocene 35-25 mya : anthropoidea and
early hominoidea
4. Miocene 25-5 mya : hominoidea , ex.
Dryopithecine and early hominids
5. Pliocene 5-2 mya : clear evidences of the
australopithecine
65. Quaternary Period between 2 MYA – Present, with
2 Epochs
1. Pleistocene
1.1 Lower Pleistocene 1.8 mya – 500,000 BP :
Homo erectus and probably early Homo sapiens
1.2 Middle Pleistocene 500,000 – 100,000 BP : the
Ice Age, archaic Homo sapiens, Neanderthal
1.3 Upper Pleistocene 100,000 -10,000 BP : Homo
sapiens sapiens
2. Holocene 10,000 – present : the human
began to practice agriculture
66. • Please explain your ideas about the
past by writing a short essay( not more
than half a page) about :
The important of The Past
to Tourism Industry :
according to your
imagination.
69. The Evolution of Mankind
• Where were we came from ?
• From heaven or space ?
• So far, no clear evidences for both questions
at this moment.
• We only known that, according to our
knowledge, no evidences of Extra-Terrestrial
species existed in the other planets of our
Solar system, except Earth.
71. The Human Evolution
• The evidences of human evolution came
from the fossils of hominid in Asia and
Africa. It was found by the
Palaeontologists such as Dubois and
Leakey family.
• Formerly many scientists believed that
the development of brain size was the
first step in human evolution.
72. The Human Evolution
More and more researches in human
palaeontology provided the new evidences
and different ideas.
• At present most palaeontologists
surrendered to the evidences of Erect
Posture and Bi-Pedalism which appeared
in the fossils of our ancestors long before
the enlargement of brain.
78. Comparison of divergence times among primates based on
the fossil and immunological records ( in millions of years)
species
Immunological
distance time
estimates
Fossil record
time
estimates
Human and
chimpanzee
4±1.5 7-5
Human and gibbon 12±3 19-15
Human and rhesus
monkey
22-20 40-26
Human and new world
monkey(capuchin)
38-35 60-50
79.
80.
81. Adaptation to the New
Environment
• The climatic and environment
change in the Miocene and
Pliocene epoch might be the major
factors of this adaptation.
84. The Environment of the World
during Miocene period
• Climate and temperature had changed,
world temperature were cooler and drier.
• These phenomenon set off the changing of
the World environment especially in the
tropical area of Africa.
• The vast area of grassland or savanna
became the main topography of Africa
instead of dense forest.
85. The new environment : The new way of food gathering
• In the forest, abundance of foods such as
fruits, nut, leafs, small animals, insects, etc.
provided ideal habitation for primates.
• On the contrary, in the grassland there are a
lot of grass eating animals such as deer,
antelope, zebra, buffalo, etc. and also the
carnivore and scavenging animals as well.
• To survive well in the new environment some
primate adapted itself.
89. The anatomical difference between
human and non-human primates
• Upright posture
• Bigger brain with complex nervous system
• Lumbar curve difference, S and C shape
• Broader hip bone and basin shape
• Longer legs than arms
• Curve at feet palm
• First digits of human feet are in the same
direction with the other digits
90. • Prominent calcaneus or heel bone
• Prominent chin bone
• Prominent nasal bone ( nose )
• No crest on top of the skull
• Foramen magnum hole is in the middle
position beneath the skull base
• Small amount of hair covered the body
• More developed in sexual organs
• Groove above the lip
• Bigger and darker lip
93. Do you know how big of our brain ?
• The brain size of modern human species are
1,100 – 1,400 c.c.. or average 1,250 c.c.
• In female the brain size are a little bit smaller
than in male but its does not related to the
wisdom of each sex.
94. Pat Shipman Hypothesis
Human ancestor gathered food from
scavenging, to do so they had to compete
with the other scavengers.
95. The advantage and disadvantage of the locomotor
types of the animals in the grassland
• Comparing to the most efficient scavenging animal
in this environment : hyena and vulture
• To compete with these animals and also survived
from the carnivores hominids must stand up in
straight position on their 2 feet. The new gait
provided the new far vision and free hands for
grasping wood or stone as their tools.
• They also had more chances for carrying foods
and their offspring.
96. The Benefit of to be Bi - Pedalism animals
• Standing in higher position than before take
advantage with new far looking vision.
• Saving more energy and water while walking
(not running) in the long distance journey for
gathering foods.
• Having free hands for carry many things and
making tools.
97.
98. Measuring the size of brain
• Anatomists known the size
of brain by measuring the
capacity of cranial.
• To do so, they pour the tiny
pellets like mung beans or
metal pellets into the cranial
compartment through the
foramen magnum
hole underneath the skull.
99. Evidences of Bi-Pedalism
• At least 4 mya. many evidences of bi-
pedalism hominid already appeared in East
Africa.
• For example in Ethiopia, Kenya and
Tanzania.
100. • According to latest evidences, scientists
separated hominid into 2 genera
1. Australopithecus
2. Homo
101. The Hominids
• The Australopithecus
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus robustus
Austalopithecus boisei
• The Homo
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens archaic
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens sapiens
103. Australopithecine sites
Australopithecine fossils has been discovered in Africa
only, especially in East and South Africa.
The foremost discovery of australopithecine appeared in Africa
were at Taung site, in South Africa, followed with the other
South Africa sites such as Sterkfontein, Swartkrans,
Kromdraai and Magapansgaat.
But in 1959 there were the big discovery of Zinjanthropus at
Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, the emphasis of fossil finds began
to turn to East Africa. After the expedition at Olduvai, the major
sites are at Koobi Fora (Kenya), the Lower Omo Valley
(Ethiopia), and then the Hadar (Ethiopia).
113. The general characteristics of
Australopithecus
• Same or smaller body size with modern human.
• Covered body with hair.
• Same size of brain with modern great apes
• Flatter face and nose.
• Protruding mouth and lacked of the prominent chin
• The maxilla and mandible arch shape like “v” or “u”
which different from human.
114. • Arms longer than legs
• Back bone pelvis and leg
represented the ability of bi -
pedalism.
• Can eat almost all kinds of food.
• Found in Africa only.
115. • Cranial capacity about 4-500 cc.(a little
bit bigger than Chimpanzee.)
• Face still look like apes.
• Back bone, pelvis and leg showed ability
of bi-pedalism.
• Possibly living together as family.
117. Australopithecus afarensis
• Some anthropologists proposed that this species
evolved from the Dryopithecine. They lived in Africa
at least 4 m.y.a.
• First found fossils at Afar Triangle at the north of
Ethiopia by Dr. Donald Johansen and his team,
later on, at Omo region and also fossils of footprint
at Laetoli in Tanzania found by Mary Leakey.
• Overall anatomy of this hominid look like Chim. But
can stand and walk by 2 legs, height about.150
cm.,weight about 30 k.
120. The First Family
• The evidence of hominid bones found at the
bottom of the stream in Africa, which can
classified to many persons and its may
indicated that these hominids lived together
as family or band.
121. The First Camp Site
• Oldest evidence are at Olduvai gorge in
Tanzania as showed by evidence of
animal bone, stone flake were found
scatter in an area but condensed in
circular shape.
122. Comparison of Early Hominid Skulls
Australopithecus
• Small or no sagittal
crest
• Large back teeth
Homo habilis
• More rounded
braincase
• Larger brain
• Flatter face
• Relatively large
back teeth
124. Genus Homo
• Homo habilis c. 2.4-1.8 m.y.a.
• Homo ergaster c.1.7 m.y.a.
• Homo erectus c. 1.3 m.y.a.-200,000 B.P.
• Homo sapiens archaic c. 300,000 B.P.
• Homo sapiens neanderthalensis c.
200,000- 30,000 B.P.
• Homo sapiens sapiens c. 200,000 B.P.
127. The Invention of Homo
• The first stone tools, chopper –chopping tools.
• These tools were made from solid stone like flint,
chert or quartzite c. 2-2.5 m.y.a.
• These stone tools were found at Olduvai gorge in
Tanzania and represented the first culture of
Humankind called Olduvai culture.
• Our ancestor continue using this kind of tools for
million of years.
128.
129. The new evidences of earliest hominid out of Africa
• The Dmanisi hominids were found at the site of
the medieval city of Dmanisi, Georgia.
• It’s dated from the early Pleistocene, some 1.5 to
2 M.Y.A.
• Lordkipanidze proposes that the Dmanisi
hominids were closer to the slight, small brained
ancestral humans from Africa, Homo habilis and
Homo ergaster (2.5 to 1.6 M.Y.A.), who came
before the larger, brainier Homo erectus.
130. New evidences Homo erectus were found at
Dmanisi, Georgia by David Lordkipanidze in
1991
131. • At present the Dmanisi hominids may be the
earliest-known human ancestors to venture
out of Africa, however this proposal still in
controversy.
• The Dmanisi Hominids have small skulls with
brain size of between 650-780 cc., smaller
than Homo erectus and only half of modern
humans.
150. The Out of Africa of Homo sapiens Theory : New Evidence
• According to interpretations of the mitochondrial DNA
data, modern humans arose somewhere in Africa
about 200,000 B.P.
• About 100,000 years ago these people moved into the
rest of the Old World, reaching Australia via land
bridge during the Ice Age about 50,000 years ago, and
settle down in Western Europe c.35,000 years ago.
152. Evidences of Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens in the World
• Africa 120,000 – 200,000 B.P.
• Near East 100,000-115,000 B.P.
• Central Europe 33,000 B.P.
• Western Europe 30,000 B.P.
• Asia 50,000 B.P.
• Australia 5-30,000 B.P.
• New World 40,000 B.P.
156. Skull and skeletal comparison between
H. sapiens and H. sapiens neanderthalensis
157. The Unique Features of Human
• Human are the most generalized animal, adapted
to the various environments by forming the culture.
• Human are the most omnivorous of all animals.
• Human has a generalized reproductive system.
They can reproduce at any time of the year.
• Homo sapiens has a tremendous range of
variation to undergo natural selection and a
relatively better chance for survival.
• Human is the only animal with a proven ability to
manipulate speech symbols.
158. Spread of Modern Humans
• Now it is widely accepted modern humans
evolved in Africa and spread to the rest of
the World.
• Most scholar believe that a spreading
wave of modern human replaced existing
populations of archaic human entirely.
• However some scholars argue that
archaic and modern humans interbred
forming the living people of the earth.
159. • A major behavioral transformation
probably marked the birth of true language
and other traits that distinguish modern
humans from the rest of the animal
kingdom.
160. Modern human began to
create the arts for rituals or
some specific purposes
161. Prehistory of the World
Generally the Prehistory of the World can
be divided into 6 ages
• The Paleolithic Age
• The Mesolithic Age
• The Neolithic Age
• The Copper Age
• The Bronze Age
• The Iron Age
162.
163. The New Discovery of Mystery hominid in Flores, Indonesia
• In 2003 the new ancient hominids has been discovered at
Liang Bua cave (cool cave) in Flores island, Indonesia.
• These mystery hominids are so small, only half size when
compare to modern human and same size of brain with the
australopithecine.
• The researchers believed that this is the new species of
tiny people or “Hobbits” so they gave them the scientific
name Homo florensiensis
• Dating c. 95,000-12,000 B.P.
• But some scholars argued that these tiny hominids are not
the new species in genus Homo but possibly the modern
human with the symptom of severe blood disorder or
abnormal hormone or disease in isolated island.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175. The Hunting and Gathering Societies
• The Palaeolithic
• The Mesolithic
176. • For millions of years human and their
hominid ancestors had gathered edible
wild plants, hunted wild animals, and
exploited marine resources.
• Foragers were generally nomadic,
traveling from place to place to take
advantage of the seasonal foods available
in different areas.
177. Specialized Hunters
• Between approximately 30,000 and
10,000 years ago the earth experienced
the last major glacial period of the Ice Age.
181. South America and Mexico
Potato 4,000 y.a.
Peanut 4,000 y.a.
Tobacco ?
Papaya ?
Pineapple ?
Cashew ?
Chili 4,500 y.a.
Manioc 4,000 y.a.
Cacao 1,500 y.a.
Maize 4,500 y.a.
Tomato ?
182. Oldest Ceramic and Pottery
• The deliberate heating of clay can be traced
back almost 30,000 B.P. at Moravia, Czech
Republic.
• Pieces of fired clay some of which appear to be
figurines are clearly not the accidental result of
having been placed in or close to fire.
• The first utilitarian use of fire clay are Jomon
pottery vessels made in Japan and the East
Asian mainland about 12,000B.P.
183. Pyrotechnology : Kiln and Forge
• The ability to build very hot fires was the
springboard for two major technological
advances in human prehistory.
• The pottery making and metallurgy.
184.
185. Metallurgy Development
• Native state metals, copper being the
most common.
• Smelting metals requires very high
temperatures to be reached : the melting
point of copper is 1083 C.
• Copper is very soft, its most common early
use was for ornaments such as beads and
pendants.
186. • Te deliberate alloying of copper with
another metal, most commonly tin,
produces a yet harder material, bronze.
• Copper and tin ores do not occur together
naturally, so bronze smelting was a major
innovation, requiring knowledge of those
metal properties, as well as exchange
networks to obtain supplies of each ore
from separate location.
187. The Metal Ages
• The copper age
• The bronze age
• The iron age
188. Hunting & Gathering Society
Agriculture & Pastoralism Society
Human Society Change !
Civilization
189. Origin of the Civilization
• Hydraulic civilization model
• Innovation model
• Environmental stress model
• Coercion & warfare model