The document discusses the origins and early forms of religion among pre-historic humans. It notes that as early as 100,000 years ago, Neanderthals engaged in deliberate burial rituals of the dead. During the Cro-Magnon period 25,000 years ago, interest in fertility was shown through female idols and the concept of the mother goddess emerged. Ritual burials from this period included ornamenting bodies with shells and red ochre. Religion continued to develop and transform through the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods as humans shifted to agriculture and settled communities. Characteristics of early religion included a sense of awe before the sacred, expressions of anxiety through ritual, the use of myth and magic to explain the world and exert control
Religion has been an important part of human societies throughout history. According to the document, early forms of religion from pre-historic times included burial rituals involving decorating bodies with red ochre among Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Cro-Magnons also produced early idols of female deities and engaged in practices suggesting beliefs in life after death and making offerings to the dead. By the Mesolithic period, burial sites showed signs of village life as well as more elaborate burials involving clothing the bodies and placing them in caves with tools and decorations.
Mythbusting: Are Science and Religion Really at War?Maya Bohnhoff
An exploration of common myths surrounding the historical relationship between science an religion. From a Baha'i perspective, though the information is largely from Ronald Numbers's anthology on the subject of science and religion: Galileo Goes to Jail.
This document provides an overview of philosophy of religion. It defines philosophy of religion as the branch of philosophy that studies religion from a rational perspective, examining themes such as the existence and nature of God, religious experience, and the problem of evil. The document summarizes some of the main themes in philosophy of religion, including arguments for the existence of God, views on immortality, types of religious experience, and the nature of religious language. Philosophy of religion analyzes religious doctrines and experiences to investigate their metaphysical and epistemological implications.
This document provides an overview of philosophy and religion, including:
1. A definition of philosophy as the pursuit of wisdom through rational inquiry into reality, knowledge, and values.
2. A brief history of philosophy from ancient to modern eras, including thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Marx, and Nkrumah.
3. The four main branches of philosophy: metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic.
4. Descriptions of philosophical ideas from figures like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Marx, and Lenin focused on topics like education, capitalism, and socialism.
This document provides an overview of the development of religion from early human history through modern times in 3 sections. Section 1 discusses evidence of early religious ideas from 300,000 years ago and the development of organized religion with the advent of writing around 3200 BCE. Section 2 outlines the 7 major steps in the evolution of religion from Paleolithic times to modern rational religion. Section 3 identifies the 5 major world religions as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism and provides brief descriptions of the origins and key beliefs and texts of each religion.
This document discusses the differences between religion and philosophy. It states that while religion and philosophy often deal with similar questions about life, ethics, and reality, they differ in key ways. Religion involves faith in a supreme power and adherence to rituals and leadership, while philosophy relies solely on reason and critical thinking. Religions may incorporate the miraculous, while philosophy is grounded solely in natural explanation. Some examples of Asian religions provided are Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Shintoism, Sikhism, and Christianity. Examples of philosophies are Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. It is possible for a philosophy to become one's religion
The document discusses the origins and development of major world religions. It begins by explaining how prehistoric humans practiced early forms of religion and how geography and culture influenced the establishment of religions. It then provides a timeline of important dates in the origins of religions like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism. It also summarizes the commonalities between the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which have over half the world's population. The document concludes by examining the geographical contexts of religions in the Western Frontier (West Asia), the Indian Subcontinent, and Eastern End (East Asia).
The rise of_monotheism_-_zoroastrianism_and_judaism_(11)jmseymou
The document discusses the rise of monotheism through Zoroastrianism and Judaism. Zoroastrianism originated in Persia and believed in a single god, Ahura Mazda, who was in a cosmic struggle against evil. It influenced Judaism. Judaism developed among the Hebrews, who believed in the powerful god Yahweh and saw themselves as his chosen people through a covenant. Both religions emphasized ethical values and concepts like judgment day that later influenced Christianity and Islam.
Religion has been an important part of human societies throughout history. According to the document, early forms of religion from pre-historic times included burial rituals involving decorating bodies with red ochre among Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Cro-Magnons also produced early idols of female deities and engaged in practices suggesting beliefs in life after death and making offerings to the dead. By the Mesolithic period, burial sites showed signs of village life as well as more elaborate burials involving clothing the bodies and placing them in caves with tools and decorations.
Mythbusting: Are Science and Religion Really at War?Maya Bohnhoff
An exploration of common myths surrounding the historical relationship between science an religion. From a Baha'i perspective, though the information is largely from Ronald Numbers's anthology on the subject of science and religion: Galileo Goes to Jail.
This document provides an overview of philosophy of religion. It defines philosophy of religion as the branch of philosophy that studies religion from a rational perspective, examining themes such as the existence and nature of God, religious experience, and the problem of evil. The document summarizes some of the main themes in philosophy of religion, including arguments for the existence of God, views on immortality, types of religious experience, and the nature of religious language. Philosophy of religion analyzes religious doctrines and experiences to investigate their metaphysical and epistemological implications.
This document provides an overview of philosophy and religion, including:
1. A definition of philosophy as the pursuit of wisdom through rational inquiry into reality, knowledge, and values.
2. A brief history of philosophy from ancient to modern eras, including thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Marx, and Nkrumah.
3. The four main branches of philosophy: metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic.
4. Descriptions of philosophical ideas from figures like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Marx, and Lenin focused on topics like education, capitalism, and socialism.
This document provides an overview of the development of religion from early human history through modern times in 3 sections. Section 1 discusses evidence of early religious ideas from 300,000 years ago and the development of organized religion with the advent of writing around 3200 BCE. Section 2 outlines the 7 major steps in the evolution of religion from Paleolithic times to modern rational religion. Section 3 identifies the 5 major world religions as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism and provides brief descriptions of the origins and key beliefs and texts of each religion.
This document discusses the differences between religion and philosophy. It states that while religion and philosophy often deal with similar questions about life, ethics, and reality, they differ in key ways. Religion involves faith in a supreme power and adherence to rituals and leadership, while philosophy relies solely on reason and critical thinking. Religions may incorporate the miraculous, while philosophy is grounded solely in natural explanation. Some examples of Asian religions provided are Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Shintoism, Sikhism, and Christianity. Examples of philosophies are Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. It is possible for a philosophy to become one's religion
The document discusses the origins and development of major world religions. It begins by explaining how prehistoric humans practiced early forms of religion and how geography and culture influenced the establishment of religions. It then provides a timeline of important dates in the origins of religions like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism. It also summarizes the commonalities between the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which have over half the world's population. The document concludes by examining the geographical contexts of religions in the Western Frontier (West Asia), the Indian Subcontinent, and Eastern End (East Asia).
The rise of_monotheism_-_zoroastrianism_and_judaism_(11)jmseymou
The document discusses the rise of monotheism through Zoroastrianism and Judaism. Zoroastrianism originated in Persia and believed in a single god, Ahura Mazda, who was in a cosmic struggle against evil. It influenced Judaism. Judaism developed among the Hebrews, who believed in the powerful god Yahweh and saw themselves as his chosen people through a covenant. Both religions emphasized ethical values and concepts like judgment day that later influenced Christianity and Islam.
The document defines key religious terms:
- Belief in one God is monotheism. Atheism is denial of God's existence. Polytheism is belief in multiple gods. Naturalism is belief that nature holds all answers with no supernatural.
- Experiential refers to emotional religious experiences like prayer and speaking in tongues. Ritual enacts religious narratives like baptism. Doctrinal are written statements of faith. Ethical specify expected behaviors. Social refers to religious groups and institutions. Material includes sacred buildings and artworks.
The document provides an overview of the major world religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism. For each religion, it outlines the founder, location of origin, sacred texts, deities, symbols, and core beliefs and teachings. The religions covered originate from the Middle East, India, and East Asia and include both monotheistic and polytheistic faiths.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to sacred power in religious traditions. It discusses how philosophers and early scientists sought to explain beliefs in spirits and the supernatural. Key concepts covered include animism, totemism, manifestations of the sacred such as gods/goddesses, ancestral spirits, and beliefs about the nature of God across religions like monotheism, pantheism and atheism. Specific traditions such as Daoism, Christianity, Hinduism are examined in terms of concepts like the Trinity, avatars, and how humans interact with sacred power.
The document discusses several major world belief systems including:
- Animism and beliefs of early civilizations which included spirits and ancestors
- Buddhism founded by Siddhartha Gautama and focused on ending suffering through concepts like karma and nirvana
- Hinduism which believes in reincarnation and union with Brahman through dharma and adherence to the caste system
- Confucianism which emphasized social harmony and hierarchy
- Taoism which sought harmony with nature through balance of yin and yang
- Judaism founded on belief in one God and moral teachings in the Torah and Ten Commandments
- Christianity founded by Jesus Christ and focused on salvation and spreading the gospel
Gandhi believed that all religions contain both truth and error, and that the goal of religious followers should not be to convert others but rather to improve themselves and their own faith. He felt Hindus should strive to be better Hindus, Muslims better Muslims, and Christians better Christians.
- The document provides a timeline and overview of major philosophical movements and ideas from ancient times through modern European philosophy.
- It traces the development and migration of ideas from ancient Sumerian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Indian, and Chinese philosophies and how they influenced later Islamic and European philosophies.
- The timeline shows the rise and fall of different philosophical schools of thought and how new movements emerged in response to previous ones over thousands of years of human intellectual history.
The document discusses various methods of arriving at an understanding of Christianity and its relationship with science. It examines religious explanations for the origin of the universe and human life, as well as scientific explanations such as the Big Bang theory and evolution. Both perspectives are presented, along with arguments for and against each view. The document aims to provide a balanced overview of the key issues in the debate between religion and science regarding origins.
The document discusses the three main pillars of Chinese culture: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Confucianism, which originated from the teachings of Confucius around 500 BC, focuses on social harmony and moral order. Taoism stemmed from the teachings of Laozi around 600 BC and focuses on living simply and harmoniously with nature. Buddhism first entered China in the 1st century AD and focuses on enlightenment through self-cultivation and living in the present moment. Together, these three philosophies have had a profound influence on Chinese culture and values.
The document summarizes the origins and evolution of the Satyanarayan Pooja ritual in Hinduism. It traces the development of Hindu scriptures like the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and how they shaped religious practices. The Satyanarayan Pooja ritual is described in the Skanda and Bhavishya Puranas as focusing on the principles of bhakti (devotion), karma (duty), dharma (righteousness) and moksha (liberation). It involves prayers, offerings, storytelling and aims to popularize spiritual concepts through allegorical tales emphasizing moral values.
Culture refers to a people's way of life and includes their language, beliefs, customs, and material goods. There are five major world religions discussed in the document: Hinduism, which originated in India and believes in reincarnation and many gods; Buddhism, which began in India and teaches the path to nirvana and eliminating desire; Judaism, the first monotheistic religion and beliefs outlined in the Old Testament; Christianity, founded by Jesus Christ and the belief he was the son of God; and Islam, founded by Mohammed and the belief in one God, Allah, and the five pillars of faith.
The document provides an overview of the three major Western religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - as well as some Eastern religions including Hinduism and Buddhism. It discusses the origins, founders, basic beliefs and tenets of each religion. Key figures mentioned include Abraham, Moses, Jesus Christ, Muhammad, Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha). The document also briefly outlines the histories and spread of the religions around the world.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for studying religion academically. It discusses the importance of separating the academic study of religion from religious instruction. Studying religion requires being open-minded, honest, and applying critical thinking to overcome biases. Religions can be defined based on their shared rituals, symbols, myths and other characteristics. The goals of describing, comparing, understanding and explaining religious phenomena are discussed. Fieldwork methods like observation, participation and interviews at religious sites are also covered.
This document discusses several key aspects of Hinduism and Hindu culture. It explains that Hindu culture emphasizes respect for elders, with younger people using honorific titles rather than names when addressing older individuals. Some important behaviors in Hinduism include showing respect to elders by sitting to their left, not contradicting them, and serving them first. The document also provides definitions of Hinduism and several major branches of Buddhism, describing their core beliefs and practices.
The document discusses religion and belief systems from an anthropological perspective. It defines religion as pertaining to supernatural beings and forces, with beliefs varying within and between cultures and changing over time. It provides examples of religious practices and beliefs from various cultures regarding the relationship between the spiritual and natural world. The document also outlines common features of religions such as scriptures, clergy, rules, and practices like worship, prayers and sacrifices. It notes there are over 4,200 religions worldwide and lists some of the major ones such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and others.
1. The document provides an overview of the major cultural and religious developments that occurred in Eurasia and North Africa between 500 BCE and 500 CE. It discusses the philosophies that emerged in China like Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism and how they addressed social order.
2. In India, it outlines the development of Hinduism and Buddhism, including their core beliefs like samsara, karma, and achieving nirvana. It also examines the social roles prescribed for women.
3. In the Middle East, it introduces the monotheistic traditions of Zoroastrianism and Judaism that emerged, emphasizing concepts like the struggle between good and evil.
Buddhism originated in ancient India with Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, who discovered the teachings of Buddhism through meditation and spiritual enlightenment. The core beliefs of Buddhism are the Four Noble Truths that explain suffering and how to end it, and the Noble Eightfold Path that provides a framework for living. Buddhism spread across Asia as Buddha traveled preaching his teachings for the rest of his life.
This document provides an overview of several Eastern religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. It describes their ancient origins, key beliefs, scriptures, and spread. It also discusses approaches to witnessing to Theravada Buddhists by finding common ground and lifting up Jesus Christ while discipling new converts.
This document provides information about three key concepts in Chinese philosophy and mythology: Confucianism, Taoism, and Yin and Yang. Confucianism focuses on ethics, social hierarchy, and ritual practices. Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature and achieving eternal life by understanding natural laws. Yin and Yang refers to the complementary duality in nature between feminine/passive/dark forces and masculine/active/light forces.
This document discusses animism, polytheism, and shamanism. It explains that in animist worldviews, souls exist in all things including animals, plants, and objects. Shamans act as intermediaries between humans and spirits and have abilities like healing, divination, and astral projection. Polytheism involves belief in multiple gods with individual personalities and powers, rather than one omnipotent god. Ethics in polytheism see the world and everything in it as sacred manifestations of the gods, rather than a dichotomy of sacred and profane as in monotheism. Moral rules in polytheism depend on one's social role and recognize moral complexity and ambiguity.
Roby creates impossible pictures that play tricks on the viewer's mind. His artwork uses unusual perspectives and overlapping shapes to depict scenes and objects that cannot exist in the real world. These optical illusions challenge our perceptions and expectations through deceptive yet imaginative representations of space, form, and reality.
This document is about the power of positive vision and is from the Arise Training & Research Center. It repeats the name of the organization ten times throughout without providing any other context or information about the content of the document.
The document discusses the history and concepts of emotional intelligence from 1920 to 1995. It lists authors and their concepts relating to social intelligence, emotional thought, emotional intelligence, practical intelligence, and more. Key models and aspects of emotional intelligence are described, including its importance in self-awareness, managing emotions, and relationships. Causes and effects of stress are outlined along with stress management techniques like exercise, relaxation, and talking to others.
The document defines key religious terms:
- Belief in one God is monotheism. Atheism is denial of God's existence. Polytheism is belief in multiple gods. Naturalism is belief that nature holds all answers with no supernatural.
- Experiential refers to emotional religious experiences like prayer and speaking in tongues. Ritual enacts religious narratives like baptism. Doctrinal are written statements of faith. Ethical specify expected behaviors. Social refers to religious groups and institutions. Material includes sacred buildings and artworks.
The document provides an overview of the major world religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism. For each religion, it outlines the founder, location of origin, sacred texts, deities, symbols, and core beliefs and teachings. The religions covered originate from the Middle East, India, and East Asia and include both monotheistic and polytheistic faiths.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to sacred power in religious traditions. It discusses how philosophers and early scientists sought to explain beliefs in spirits and the supernatural. Key concepts covered include animism, totemism, manifestations of the sacred such as gods/goddesses, ancestral spirits, and beliefs about the nature of God across religions like monotheism, pantheism and atheism. Specific traditions such as Daoism, Christianity, Hinduism are examined in terms of concepts like the Trinity, avatars, and how humans interact with sacred power.
The document discusses several major world belief systems including:
- Animism and beliefs of early civilizations which included spirits and ancestors
- Buddhism founded by Siddhartha Gautama and focused on ending suffering through concepts like karma and nirvana
- Hinduism which believes in reincarnation and union with Brahman through dharma and adherence to the caste system
- Confucianism which emphasized social harmony and hierarchy
- Taoism which sought harmony with nature through balance of yin and yang
- Judaism founded on belief in one God and moral teachings in the Torah and Ten Commandments
- Christianity founded by Jesus Christ and focused on salvation and spreading the gospel
Gandhi believed that all religions contain both truth and error, and that the goal of religious followers should not be to convert others but rather to improve themselves and their own faith. He felt Hindus should strive to be better Hindus, Muslims better Muslims, and Christians better Christians.
- The document provides a timeline and overview of major philosophical movements and ideas from ancient times through modern European philosophy.
- It traces the development and migration of ideas from ancient Sumerian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Indian, and Chinese philosophies and how they influenced later Islamic and European philosophies.
- The timeline shows the rise and fall of different philosophical schools of thought and how new movements emerged in response to previous ones over thousands of years of human intellectual history.
The document discusses various methods of arriving at an understanding of Christianity and its relationship with science. It examines religious explanations for the origin of the universe and human life, as well as scientific explanations such as the Big Bang theory and evolution. Both perspectives are presented, along with arguments for and against each view. The document aims to provide a balanced overview of the key issues in the debate between religion and science regarding origins.
The document discusses the three main pillars of Chinese culture: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Confucianism, which originated from the teachings of Confucius around 500 BC, focuses on social harmony and moral order. Taoism stemmed from the teachings of Laozi around 600 BC and focuses on living simply and harmoniously with nature. Buddhism first entered China in the 1st century AD and focuses on enlightenment through self-cultivation and living in the present moment. Together, these three philosophies have had a profound influence on Chinese culture and values.
The document summarizes the origins and evolution of the Satyanarayan Pooja ritual in Hinduism. It traces the development of Hindu scriptures like the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and how they shaped religious practices. The Satyanarayan Pooja ritual is described in the Skanda and Bhavishya Puranas as focusing on the principles of bhakti (devotion), karma (duty), dharma (righteousness) and moksha (liberation). It involves prayers, offerings, storytelling and aims to popularize spiritual concepts through allegorical tales emphasizing moral values.
Culture refers to a people's way of life and includes their language, beliefs, customs, and material goods. There are five major world religions discussed in the document: Hinduism, which originated in India and believes in reincarnation and many gods; Buddhism, which began in India and teaches the path to nirvana and eliminating desire; Judaism, the first monotheistic religion and beliefs outlined in the Old Testament; Christianity, founded by Jesus Christ and the belief he was the son of God; and Islam, founded by Mohammed and the belief in one God, Allah, and the five pillars of faith.
The document provides an overview of the three major Western religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - as well as some Eastern religions including Hinduism and Buddhism. It discusses the origins, founders, basic beliefs and tenets of each religion. Key figures mentioned include Abraham, Moses, Jesus Christ, Muhammad, Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha). The document also briefly outlines the histories and spread of the religions around the world.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for studying religion academically. It discusses the importance of separating the academic study of religion from religious instruction. Studying religion requires being open-minded, honest, and applying critical thinking to overcome biases. Religions can be defined based on their shared rituals, symbols, myths and other characteristics. The goals of describing, comparing, understanding and explaining religious phenomena are discussed. Fieldwork methods like observation, participation and interviews at religious sites are also covered.
This document discusses several key aspects of Hinduism and Hindu culture. It explains that Hindu culture emphasizes respect for elders, with younger people using honorific titles rather than names when addressing older individuals. Some important behaviors in Hinduism include showing respect to elders by sitting to their left, not contradicting them, and serving them first. The document also provides definitions of Hinduism and several major branches of Buddhism, describing their core beliefs and practices.
The document discusses religion and belief systems from an anthropological perspective. It defines religion as pertaining to supernatural beings and forces, with beliefs varying within and between cultures and changing over time. It provides examples of religious practices and beliefs from various cultures regarding the relationship between the spiritual and natural world. The document also outlines common features of religions such as scriptures, clergy, rules, and practices like worship, prayers and sacrifices. It notes there are over 4,200 religions worldwide and lists some of the major ones such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and others.
1. The document provides an overview of the major cultural and religious developments that occurred in Eurasia and North Africa between 500 BCE and 500 CE. It discusses the philosophies that emerged in China like Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism and how they addressed social order.
2. In India, it outlines the development of Hinduism and Buddhism, including their core beliefs like samsara, karma, and achieving nirvana. It also examines the social roles prescribed for women.
3. In the Middle East, it introduces the monotheistic traditions of Zoroastrianism and Judaism that emerged, emphasizing concepts like the struggle between good and evil.
Buddhism originated in ancient India with Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, who discovered the teachings of Buddhism through meditation and spiritual enlightenment. The core beliefs of Buddhism are the Four Noble Truths that explain suffering and how to end it, and the Noble Eightfold Path that provides a framework for living. Buddhism spread across Asia as Buddha traveled preaching his teachings for the rest of his life.
This document provides an overview of several Eastern religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. It describes their ancient origins, key beliefs, scriptures, and spread. It also discusses approaches to witnessing to Theravada Buddhists by finding common ground and lifting up Jesus Christ while discipling new converts.
This document provides information about three key concepts in Chinese philosophy and mythology: Confucianism, Taoism, and Yin and Yang. Confucianism focuses on ethics, social hierarchy, and ritual practices. Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature and achieving eternal life by understanding natural laws. Yin and Yang refers to the complementary duality in nature between feminine/passive/dark forces and masculine/active/light forces.
This document discusses animism, polytheism, and shamanism. It explains that in animist worldviews, souls exist in all things including animals, plants, and objects. Shamans act as intermediaries between humans and spirits and have abilities like healing, divination, and astral projection. Polytheism involves belief in multiple gods with individual personalities and powers, rather than one omnipotent god. Ethics in polytheism see the world and everything in it as sacred manifestations of the gods, rather than a dichotomy of sacred and profane as in monotheism. Moral rules in polytheism depend on one's social role and recognize moral complexity and ambiguity.
Roby creates impossible pictures that play tricks on the viewer's mind. His artwork uses unusual perspectives and overlapping shapes to depict scenes and objects that cannot exist in the real world. These optical illusions challenge our perceptions and expectations through deceptive yet imaginative representations of space, form, and reality.
This document is about the power of positive vision and is from the Arise Training & Research Center. It repeats the name of the organization ten times throughout without providing any other context or information about the content of the document.
The document discusses the history and concepts of emotional intelligence from 1920 to 1995. It lists authors and their concepts relating to social intelligence, emotional thought, emotional intelligence, practical intelligence, and more. Key models and aspects of emotional intelligence are described, including its importance in self-awareness, managing emotions, and relationships. Causes and effects of stress are outlined along with stress management techniques like exercise, relaxation, and talking to others.
Gandhi robert placement jobs - change in world- arise dreams careerArise Roby
if you want to bring a change around you then you should change yourself accordingly to the situation and act analyzing yourself.Than to find faults on others- robert placement jobs career
Great magic being ever youth self-confidenceArise Roby
This document discusses developing self-confidence. It defines self-confidence as having a positive perception of oneself and one's abilities, while a lack of self-confidence involves self-doubt, passivity, and feelings of inferiority. A lack of self-confidence can develop from negative life experiences, dwelling on failures, being too critical, and unrealistic expectations. The document provides strategies for increasing self-confidence such as thinking positively, setting realistic goals, rewarding accomplishments, and focusing on strengths rather than weaknesses. It also discusses assertiveness, selfishness versus aggressiveness, rights, and tips for improving assertiveness. Finally, it summarizes Don Miguel Ruiz's Four Agreements from his book - be impeccable with words,
Freshers interview experience – robert dreamsArise Roby
Your first interview will give you a chance to know and learn from mistakes.doing mistakes is common learning from mistakes gives you eternal probability of winning the race.
ARISE ROBY DREAMS
Sixth sense a matter of question - what is that sixth sense just reasoning or thinking if so why does a bird doesnt clash when it flies towards a tree!!!!
----------- ARISE ROBY
China economy, politics, technology - Arise RobyArise Roby
The document outlines topics related to China's historical background, economic growth, relations with the US and other countries, regional stability, and prospects for democracy. It discusses China's rise since the late 1970s, sources of conflict with the US over trade, human rights and Taiwan, China's increasing military capabilities, and questions over whether China will surpass the US and if it is dissatisfied with the current international order.
Whistleblower’s flower to U.S. - ARISE ROBYArise Roby
Edward Snowden, an NSA contractor, revealed in an interview that the NSA has hacked hundreds of targets in Hong Kong and mainland China since 2009, including public officials, students, businesses and major internet infrastructure. Snowden claims the NSA hacks into internet routers to gain access to hundreds of thousands of computers without directly hacking each one. While the US has accused China of cyberattacks, Snowden's allegations add tension and China claims it too is a victim of hacking.
Arnold Schwarzenegger was born in 1947 in Austria and became a bodybuilder before pursuing an acting career in Hollywood. He later entered politics as the 38th Governor of California, having become a US citizen in 1983. Schwarzenegger is known for his roles in action films like Terminator and for serving one term as the Republican Governor of California from 2003 to 2011.
Poor labour employer relations - roever robyArise Roby
India ranks poorly at 61st in employee-employer cooperation according to a Morgan Stanley report, behind countries like Mexico, Thailand, and the Philippines. The report also found that India lags in labor market efficiency at 99th place compared to countries like China, Brazil, and the Philippines. In order to improve its labor relations and market, the report recommends that India amend laws regarding outsiders in leadership roles of labor unions, introduce strike ballot requirements, and allow more flexible use of contract labor while protecting worker rights.
This document discusses challenges faced by rural students in learning English and proposes 20 strategies to help overcome them. Rural students often lag in English proficiency due to factors like poverty, weaknesses in primary education, family influences, and seasonal changes. New technologies like social media can both help and hinder English development through auto-correction features. The document advocates using play-based methods rather than solely exam-oriented learning and analyzing skills in reading, speaking, listening to improve English among rural youth.
Senator Barack Obama gave a masterful 40-minute speech to 120 supporters at a fundraising event. He opened with wit and gratitude, thanking the hosts for opening their home. One of Obama's sharpest tools is his wit, which he uses to keep the crowd engaged and entertained between points. For all his delivery skills, the real power came from his clear and inspiring message that they would not just win the election but transform the country, though he could not do it alone. He closed by recounting an inspiring story and getting the crowd to chant "Fired up! Ready to go!" before declaring with confidence that it was time to go change the world.
Passive smoking, also known as second-hand smoke, exposes non-smokers to the smoke exhaled by smokers and can have serious health effects. It is estimated to cause 600,000 deaths per year globally, with women and children being especially vulnerable. Exposure to second-hand smoke increases the risk of various health issues such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, and lung cancer. While laws have been implemented to reduce second-hand smoke exposure, poor enforcement and increasing air pollution continue to exacerbate the health risks of passive smoking.
CLASS ROOM MANAGEMENT :
It’s effective discipline
It’s being prepared for class
It’s motivating your students
It’s providing a safe, comfortable learning environment
It’s building your students’ self esteem
It’s being creative and imaginative in daily lessons
Victorian era - Roby Vincent Arise RobismArise Roby
The document discusses the Victorian period in England from 1833-1901 under Queen Victoria's reign. It was a time of rapid industrialization, economic growth, and expansion of the British Empire. New social classes emerged and Britain became the world's foremost imperial power. Science, technology, and social reform movements advanced society in modern directions while strict social norms around behavior, courtship, and gender roles were still prevalent. Literature, art, and thought also flourished during this era.
This document provides 30 tips for effective public speaking based on over 25 years of experience training youth. It recommends organizing a speech into an introduction, main points, and conclusion. The introduction should be brief but attention-grabbing, using techniques like a quotation, example, definition, or humor. The main points should be limited to three for a three-minute speech, with each point clearly stated and supported by one or two examples. Language should be simple with specific examples, word pictures, and appropriate pauses. Delivery should involve standing erect, speaking at a natural pace and volume while making eye contact with different parts of the audience.
Religion has developed naturally over time from early forms like animism and shamanism to more complex modern religions. Early humans may have practiced animal worship and had religious beliefs as early as 300,000 years ago based on burial sites. Religion progressed through stages including animism, polytheism, henotheism, and monotheism. The five major world religions today are Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, with Judaism being one of the earliest monotheistic faiths based on teachings from the Torah and belief in one God.
RLST Exam 1 Religious Dimensions of Polytheism in the Ancient Near East (2017)David Cockerham
This visual exam is true/false and multiple choice. It covers seven religious dimensions of some pagan/polytheistic religions in the ancient Near East.
The document provides an introduction to theology, discussing various definitions and classifications of theology. It begins by defining theology as the study of God and discussing general uses of the term, including naming theologies after influential theologians like Augustine, Calvin, and Luther. It then discusses classifying theologies by their source material, place of origin, particular content, or methodological approach. Examples are given for each classification, such as biblical theology focusing on biblical authors, and systematic theology summarizing doctrinal traditions. The document concludes by outlining the first chapter of theology which will cover the doctrine of Scripture.
This document provides an overview of the origins and developments of Western and Eastern philosophy. It discusses the following key points:
- Western philosophy traces its origins to ancient Greek philosophers before Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It developed through four historical periods: Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and Contemporary.
- Eastern philosophies emerged in countries like India, China, and Japan. They are often woven with religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. Eastern philosophies emphasize harmony between people and nature.
- Key figures who influenced Western philosophy include Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Descartes, and Marx. Eastern philosophies include Hinduism
This document discusses religion and belief systems. It defines religion and describes how it is viewed as an organized collection of beliefs and practices. It also discusses the functions of religion in helping people bear suffering and promoting social welfare. The document then covers the evolution of religion from animism to polytheism to monotheism. It provides examples of institutionalized religions like Christianity and Islam and discusses the separation of church and state.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy and ethics. It defines philosophy and lists its 8 main branches: metaphysics, epistemology, cosmology, aesthetics, theodicy, philosophy of human person, logic, and ethics. It then discusses ethics in more detail, comparing ethics and morality, and examining key concepts like intellect, will, and universal morality. The document outlines different ethical teachings from Christianity, Hinduism, Confucianism, and Taoism. It provides learning objectives and readings for further lessons on pillars of ethics, principles of ethics, and applying ethics to real-life situations.
Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean: Course DescriptionKate Findley
This is a course description I wrote for Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World, a course offered by The Great Courses. This course uses ancient texts and archaeological evidence to explore the religious cultures of the ancient Mediterranean world, from the earliest indications of human religious practices during prehistoric times to the conversion of the Roman Empire.
INT-244 Topic 7 Folk Religion, Animism, and New AgeS Meyer
The document outlines the key parts of a topic assignment on religions. It includes sections on demographics, history/biography, beliefs, practices, and reflection. Students are asked to research and present on a religion using academic sources, and include slides covering the above sections along with references. They are also asked to provide a quiz question. The overall assignment asks students to demonstrate their understanding of a religious tradition through detailed analysis and presentation.
The golden age of patristic literature occurred during the 4th and 5th centuries. This period produced many talented writers who addressed heresies such as Arianism and developed Christian doctrine. The establishment of Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire created a peaceful environment for scholarly works. Major figures from this era include St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Gregory Nazianzenus, St. John Chrysostom, St. Jerome, and St. Augustine. They wrote on many theological topics in a classical style and sought to integrate philosophy with Christian faith.
Relationship between religion and scienceFawad Kiyani
The relationship between religion and science has been debated since antiquity. Perspectives vary widely between cultures and eras, from viewing the relationship as one of conflict to one of harmony or independence. Elements of the scientific method originated with ancient Christian, Islamic, and pagan scholars. Views on the relationship also differ between religious traditions, with some embracing science and others viewing it as incompatible or secondary to religion. Modern frameworks for understanding the relationship include seeing science and religion as addressing different aspects of human experience, in dialogue, or integrated in some way.
This document provides an overview of different branches and schools of philosophy. It discusses the main branches of philosophy as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. It then outlines some other philosophies including Chinese philosophy, Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Islam. It describes the key teachings and figures of these philosophies. The document also summarizes several ancient Greek schools of philosophy including the Ionian school, Pythagorean school, Heraclitean school, Eleatic school, pluralists, atomists, Sophists, Socratic philosophy, Platonic philosophy and Aristotelian philosophy. It highlights the main ideas and thinkers associated with each school.
This document provides background information on Max Weber and the concept of "disenchantment." It discusses how disenchantment refers to the erosion of religion and superstition with the development of science and enlightenment. The document then outlines factors in the postwar period that contributed to renewed interest in personal spirituality and new religious movements. These movements incorporated exotic or therapeutic practices from Eastern religions and offered supernatural explanations. The document gives examples of specific new religious movements and examines the history and use of practices like tarot cards, crystals, and Reiki in spiritual contexts.
Critical social theory has emerged as the newest worldview developing in the West. It builds upon postmodernism and seeks to expose and dismantle oppressive power structures in society through analyzing language, culture, and institutions from the perspectives of marginalized groups. Critical theorists draw from Marxism, psychoanalysis, and other fields to critique prevailing assumptions and promote social justice for the oppressed. Examples of critical theory in current issues include indigenous people's day, debates over children's literature, and the removal of controversial monuments.
1. L1 Science, Technology and its Significance to Society Contemporary World....ElsieJoyLicarte
This document provides an overview of science, technology, and society (STS). It defines science as the study of nature, technology as using knowledge for practical purposes, and society as groups with common goals. The document then discusses notable human successes in these fields like Copernicus proving the sun is the center of the solar system, Darwin's theory of evolution, and Freud revolutionizing psychology. It also notes potential disadvantages like environmental impact, social inequalities, and misuse of advancements.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to understanding religion. It defines religion and discusses worldviews, different belief systems like monotheism and polytheism, the nature and origins of religion, elements and theories of religion, and the differences between religion and spirituality. It also includes reflection questions and an enrichment activity. The key points are: religion involves organized beliefs and practices for worshipping gods, social environment and upbringing shape religious views, and the four common elements among religions are belief in deity, doctrine of salvation, code of conduct, and rituals.
This document provides an introduction to world religions and belief systems. It begins with a pretest to assess the reader's understanding. It then defines key terms like worldview, belief system, religion, spirituality, and theology. It discusses how worldviews are shaped by religions and describes some major belief systems like monism, monotheism, atheism, polytheism, and theism. The document also explores the relationship between religion and geography, noting how many major faiths originated in Asia and were then spread by geographical factors. It provides examples of sacred places in different religious traditions and discusses the interplay between culture and religion.
[Jacob neusner and_bruce_chilton]_the_intellectual(book_fi.org)Tolotang Tau
This document analyzes how early Christian and Jewish thinkers adopted Greek philosophical modes of thought and argumentation. It argues that from their earliest writings, figures like Paul and rabbinic sages structured their works around articulating contradictory positions and using reasoned arguments to validate one view over others. This approach established the Western traditions of religious intellectual thought and science. The document examines how Christian theologians and Jewish sages appropriated alien Greek philosophical logic and shaped their religions' foundational texts around explicit disputes and rigorous debate from the very beginning.
This document contains a summative test with multiple choice, enumeration, true/false questions about science and technology topics. It covers contributions of scientists like Darwin, Copernicus, and Filipino scientists. It also addresses indigenous knowledge, cradles of civilization, schools in the Philippines, and goals of Spanish expeditions. True/false questions test understanding of concepts like the relationship between science and technology, uses of indigenous knowledge, and the development of the Philippines during Spanish colonization.
This document provides an introduction to a book on the origin of religion. It summarizes that there are two main theories on the origin of religion - theistic and anti-theistic. The book aims to study the origin and early history of religion using the historical method rather than relying on scripture or dogma. It outlines that the book will examine evidence that monotheism preceded polytheism in many early cultures and religions, contradicting the evolutionary view. The introduction concludes by stating the book will argue that the history of religion has been one of decline from an original primitive revelation, not continuous evolution.
How to live your Life Quotes Holistically & Ecstatically and Peacefully aris...Arise Roby
CLICK
https://bit.ly/36lWxFk
This pdf by AriseRoby master minds is a multi perspective Quotes designed for everyone from kids to adults. It gives lot of insight about how to create a channel and make your views go viral. As kids has taken initiative and made it with guidance of ariseroby master you can easily learn how to easily increase subscribes and increase views overnight. It talks a lot about entertainment, life, meditation, Life style, games, Fun & History.
It focuses on mindfulness meditation, Zen and Taoism. The main idea is to ignite an identity in the minds of younger generation. We have separate team headed by the Founder AriseRoby to share about the views on Meditation, Concentration. Buddhism and life.
This document lists the names of individuals associated with Arise Training & Research Center including the founder and head A. Robert Maria Vincent as well as masters Abu, Sam Krish, Sam Ravi, and assistant Megna. It also includes two YouTube video links related to the organization.
1. Only above 18 years old can do 8 shape walking.
2.Pregnancy ladies should strictly avoid 8 shape walking.
தினமும் "8" வடிவ நடைப்பயிற்சியை மேற்கொள்வதால் கிடைக்கும் நன்மை.
Good Deed is not just words; it is a decision, a choice. It's an act of the helping, giving selflessly and sacrificially to another person. Selfless work is for the purification of the mind. This is the basic message of the Good Deed. Our good deeds make us feel good.
Children exercise ariserobydreams Delhi Robert maria Vincent 2020Arise Roby
When most adults think about exercise, they imagine working out in the gym, running on a treadmill, or lifting weights. But for kids, exercise means playing and being physically active.
...
Aerobic activities include:
basketball.
bicycling.
ice skating.
inline skating.
soccer.
swimming.
tennis.
walking.
Aathichudi is a collection of 108 single-line verses written by the great Tamil poetess Avviyar. It is considered the first Tamil lesson for children learning the language. The document provides the collection of single-line verses from Aathichudi with their English translations.
A leader how is born inborn or borne ariserobydreams leader-convertedArise Roby
A simple definition is that leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act toward achieving a common goal. ... They are the person in the group that possesses the combination of personality and leadership skills to make others want to follow their direction.
Aa easy way resume attraction - jobs quickly -ariserobydreams-convertedArise Roby
A resume is a document used and created by a person to present their background, ... The word résumé comes from the French word résumé meaning "summary". ... This trend has attracted criticism from human resources management professionals
A a interview skills ariserobydreams convertedArise Roby
Interviewing for a job takes a good amount of self-confidence, panache and interpersonal communication savvy. They way in which you present yourself during an interview gives hiring managers a first impression of you as a potential staffer, and sets the tone for how you would perform in an everyday capacity.
Mind control.ppt ariserobydreams converted # Buddha #VivekanandhaArise Roby
There are many misunderstandings regarding the definitions of "cult" and "mind control". What do these words mean and what is involved? How can we tell the difference between the conveyance of a good idea and being controlled into exploitation?
Mind control is known by many names: brainwashing, coercive persuasion, thought reform, uninformed consent, manipulation, exploitive persuasion, malignant use of group dynamics, sociopsychological manipulation, behavioral change technology, and compliance-gaining influence. Cults are also known by other names: closed system of logic, authoritarian structure, coercive organization, and ideological totalism.
Assertive vs aggressive ariserobydreams2020Arise Roby
Assertiveness is a skill regularly referred to in social and communication skills training. Being assertive means being able to stand up for your own or other people's rights in a calm and positive way, without being either aggressive, or passively accepting 'wrong'.
Positive talkxxx vs negative talkxxx ariserobydreams.-converted = Arise Roby
SELF TALK can be both negative and positive. It can be encouraging, and it can be distressing. Much of your self-talk depends on your personality. If you’re an optimist, your self-talk may be more hopeful and positive. The opposite is generally true if you tend to be a pessimist.
My dream office ariserobydreams robert maria vincent-convertedArise Roby
You took a job you were more than qualified for because you believed in the company, took the projects no one else wanted and knocked them out of the park, and even mentored new teammates until they became self-sufficient stars.
But despite your hard work, there may be one more hurdle standing in your way: office politics.LETS SEE HOW AN OFFICE CAN BE WHEN THERE IS WITHOUT OFFICE POLITICS.
ariserobydreams.
Office is a place where we meet different personality with different mindset and caliber.Its all in the game how we analyze the pitch and defend.Mostly its better to leave such a negative environment than to degrade yourself and waste your time impotent talent people.
Gen z club 2020 arise roby - M.I.E.T. Training & Placement robert maria # Pla...Arise Roby
The 3 words which stands unique in rendering giving quality education DISSEMINATION,ARTICULATION,CREATION.M.I.E.T Gundur renders perfect quality education in withstanding firmly on these 3 words.2020
Miet engineering placement 2019 robert maria vincent all xArise Roby
The only Institution which would enhance students on mold on STEM education.robert maria Vincent accreditation in process.Placement based on their Interest and dreams,Clubs to Ignite their dreams
Arise#dreams industry institute partnshp m.i.e.t. arise roby head t & ...Arise Roby
Industry Institute partnership will enhance any student to mould according to corporate expectations.Life seems fullfilled only when achieve our dream career for that merging Industry Institute for Technical Education is a prominent one.arise#roby
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
2. A. Religion—from Latin “religio”
1. Originally seems to referred to as “fear” or
reverence for the gods—later to the rites offered to
them
2. Confusion as to where word originates
a. “relegere”--to gather things together”
or “to pass over things repeatedly”
b. “religare”--to bind things together”—
emphasize communal aspect—draws people into
religious rites, practice and belief
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
3. A. The study of religions seemingly originated
with the Greeks
1. Herodotus—father of history—took seriously the
chronology of the past
2. Epicurus—a radical critic of religion and sought to
catalog and explain the sense of the sacred
3. Stoics—believed there was a common
denominator of sacred behind all religion
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
4. B. Romans studied religion
1. Cicero—concerned with the word “religion” and
was first to use the term
2. Seneca,Tacitus, and Julius Caesar all interested in
the study
3. After Christianity emerged study of different
religions was neglected since the church was more
concerned with its own mission and survival
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
5. C. Confrontation with Islam
1. Islam rapid expansion
2. Crusades
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
6. D. The Modern Mission Movement
WithWilliam Carey in 1792
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
7. E. The New Empiricism and Rationalism
1. Deists and philosophers such as Hume,
Rousseau, andVoltaire discussed the problem of
“natural religion”
2. Max Mueller wrote an essay on comparative
mythology—he found the origin of myths in
natural phenomena
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
8. Criteria for the Study of
World Religions
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
9. A. Objectivity—students of religion must
observe facts as objectively as possible
1. One must consider sacred texts and historical
manifestations of the faith
2. It is important not to pre-judge another
religious perspective
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
10. B. AThorough Grounding
1. Must have knowledge of history, psychology,
philosophy, sociology, and theology in order to
come to the essence of different religions
2. Such facts are necessary for intelligent
comparisons and discussions
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
11. C. Proper Criteria
One must have the responsibility to establish a
criteria for judgment based on fact, not value
judgments
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
12. Distinguishing between fact and value
1. A factual judgment asserts that is or is so
2. A value judgment asserts that something
ought to be
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
13. THE STUDY OF RELIGION
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
14. A. Animism
EdwardTylor—founder of modern
anthropology
A type of consciousness in animate and
inanimate objects
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
15. B. Fear
C. Rabbi Brown
Anicent humanity was
insecure because of the
forces of nature
Suggested Gen. 1:1 should
have read
“in the beginning was fear”
Lucretius offered this as
explanation of origin of
religion
“We fear what we do not
know”
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
16. C. Totemism—Durkheim
Worship of ancestors
Religion arose out of fear for loved ones
Tribe was the family enlarged
Religion is identified with society
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
17. D. High God Revelation—Wilhelm Schmidt
Rooted against evolution view of religion
Believed most ancient people had a belief in a
higher being
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
19. A. Religion as a phenomenon looked on as
universal—Eliade’s concept of the
“sense of the sacred”
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
20. B. Anti-Rationalistic Definitions
1. Lucretius—an anti-rational, coercive force
2. Reinanch—a sum of scruples which impede the
free exercise of our faculties
3. Marx—a pathological manifestation of
protective forces, deviation caused by ignorance
of natural causes and their effects
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
21. C. Intellectual Definition
Max Mueller wrote that religion is a mental factor
independent of sense and reason to apprehend
the infinite in different names
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
22. D. Emotional Definitions
1. Schleiermacher saw the essence of religion as an
emotion and consists of feelings of absolute
dependence
2. McTaggert said religion is best described as an
emotion resting in conviction of harmony between
ourselves and the universe at large
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
23. E. Religion as Morality
Immanuel Kant saw religion as the recognitions of
our duties as divine commands, the driving force
of the sacred is morality, e.g., tabu, holiness
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
24. F. Psychological Definition
William James said that religion comes from the
feelings and experiences and individual people
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
25. G. Religion as UltimateValuation—PaulTillich’s ultimate concern
1. Ultimate concern has priority in the system of concerns
which constitutes a personality or a culture—it gives meaning
and purpose to human life
2. Ultimate concern is pervasive—spread over the totality of
existence
3. Ultimate concern is concerned with the holy—Rudolph Otto
saw holiness as a special and unique experience. He coined the
phrase numinous, from Latin meaning divinity, god, or spirit—
refers to a special feeling of aweness or fear
4. Ultimate concern has to do with the expression and
communication of religious experience—religious experience
takes place through symbolic words, objects, and actions
5. Ultimate Concern is both lived and celebrated---celebrated
through liturgy and mythology—lived out in the religious
expressions influencing all factors of life
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
26. Three Types of Religious
Experience
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
27. A. Cosmic Religion—one in which there is
found a plurality of religious objects or gods;
it is polytheistic. The many gods are
associated with nature and/or culture.
Prehistoric and folk religions are examples of
this type
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
28. B. Acosmic Religion—one in which is found
the religious object beyond the common
secular world of nature and society—usually
emphasizes the One.
Hinduism and transcendental monism are
examples
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
29. C. Historical Religion—one in which is found
the religious object beyond and within the
common world—sees history as linear—
examples are Judaism, Christanity, and Islam
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
31. A. Concept of religion is believed to have began in
the Old Stone Age (Palaeolithic) with the
Neanderthals (100,000-25,000 years ago)
1. Deliberate and meticulous care of burying
dead, with ceremony
2. The dead were buried in a “fetal” position—
a “return to the womb”
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
32. 3. Example of burial in Monte Cicero (Italy)
a. Bones of deer, horse, hyena, elephant, and
lion were on the floor and heaped up around the
walls in piles
b. On the floor beneath the cranaium were two
fractured metacarpals of an ox and of a deer
c. The skull showed signs of having received
a fatal blow on the right side of the temple
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
33. d. At its base the portion connecting the braid with
the spinal cord had been cut away after death,
probably to extract the brain
e. The site appeared be a place in which the body
was deposited ceremonially in a cave used for ritual
purposes as a sacred ossuary
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
34. 4. Another example of a ritual burial is in Bavaria
a. A nest of 27 human skulls were found in a group
embedded in red ochre, the skulls looking westward
b. A few yards away was a second identical group of six
skulls—some of these the cervical vertebrae were still
attached and from their condition the heads must have
been severed from the body after death with flint
knives
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
35. c. Those skulls in the center were tightly packed
together and crushed—it seems that they had been
added one by one from time to time
d. Twenty of the skulls were of children
ornamented with snail shells; nine were of women
with necklaces of deer teeth, and four were of adult
males
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
36. B. Cro-Magnons (25,000-10,000 years ago)—more
developed
1. First “idols” found were of female
deities—shows interest in fertility; the
concept of the “mother goddess” beginning to
appear as a fecundity motif
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
37. 2. From drawings, it appears the concept of
symphatic magic was being conceived
3. Throughout other burial sites, certain shells
(cowrie) were shaped in the form of a portal
through which a child enters the world
4. During this time there was a widespread
custom of placing ochreous powder on the body:
red was the color of life and placing the red
ochre on the body suggests a belief in a “life to
come”
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
38. 5. One anthropologist believes the painting of the body with
the red ochre was the first “mummification” and an attempt
to make the body “servicable” again
6. Some burial spots could suggest that the living were
making offerings to the dead out of a fear and awe of them
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
39. C. Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age, 10,000-7,000 years
ago
1. This age was a transitional age which saw the
vanishing of the ice sheet and a gradual shift from
nomadic to village life
2. In one grave site in Brittany were found a great
ossuary with ten burial sites, including the remains of 23
individuals.
a. The bodies were crouched in shallow
trench caves near the hearths accompanied
by implements, perforated shell necklaces, and
braclets
b. The bodies were covered with red ochre
and stone slabs
c. It appeared that the bodies were clothed
where they were interred
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
40. 3. In Denmark there was a continuation of extended
burial in earth graves defined by a small ring of small stones
around the body and covered with a large earth mound
known as dyssers or dolmans
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
41. D. The Neolithic (New Stone Age, 7000-3000 years ago
1. This age is characterized by several great
changes
a. Early forms of agriculture, with active
tilling of the soil
b. Domestication of animals and their
gathering into flocks and herds
c. Advances in the arts of pottery, plaiting,
weaving, and sewing
d. Establishment of settled communities with
an accompanying growth of population
e. The invention of the wheeled card
f. The first surgery
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
42. 2. Religion also being radically transformed
a. The Mother Goddess or Great Goddess of
earlier hunting culture became associated
with creation and regeneration
b. Female divine power went beyond the
animal models of birthing and nurture to the
watering, tending, and protecting of the
whole world of vegetation
c. Studies of Old Europe (Balkans) reveal a
pantheon of mostly female deities
subsequently obscured, but not fully
displaced by later Indo-Aryan patriarchal and
gender-polarized views.
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
43. Generalizations of
Tribal Religions
A. Traditional—no written language exists
B. Naturalistic framework of reference—biological
drives
C. Spontaneous—response to stimuli, irrational
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
44. Broad
Generalizations
A. Primitive religion is monistic—no dualism
B. A sense of absolute interdependence of all things
C. Interdependence maintained by infallible rigid authority
D. Religion serves to maintain social harmony and stability
E. No opposites among tribal people—everything and
everybody complementary
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
46. A. Awe before the Sacred
1. Rudolf Otto inThe Ideal of the Holy, bases the
experience of the holy upon an encounter with a
mysterium tremendum et fascinosum, and found it in all
religions—the degree of the sense of the awe or holy
various tremendously with each group
2. In most primitive societies the sacred possesses a
special significance and cannot be handled lightly
3. Objects and persons can have this “awe” within them
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
47. B. Expressions of anxiety in ritual
1. When there is a sense of the sacred, anxiety
occurs and will cause “action”
2.This “action” takes the form of special deeds and
words
3. Such anxiety is the basis of all religious ritual
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
48. C. Ritual and Expectancy
1. Some rituals are expectant in nature
2. They presuppose a causal efficacy
3. They are performed to bring health, offspring,
productivity of the soil, fertility of cattle, et al
4. Other rites occur at specific times for specific
purposes
a. Rites of passage—connected with birth,
name giving, initiation, betrothal, marriage,
death, etc
b. The elevation to tribal leadership or
kingship
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
49. D. Myth and Ritual
1. The making of myth is common in all human
cultures
2. Myths help to answer questions as to the origin of
actions or beliefs
3. Cosmogonic or “creation” myths help to explain the
origin of existence
4. An etiological myth is one that explains how
things have come to be as they are now
5. The quasi-historical myth is the elaboration of an
original happening, usually involving a hero or
pioneer figure
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
50. E. Types of magic
1. Magic may be loosely defined as an endeavor
through utterance of set words, or the performance of set
acts, or both, to control or bend the powers of the world to
one’s will
2. Sympathetic magic (James Frazer) takes an
imitative form based upon analogy
a. It assumes that look-alikes act alike, or,
more significantly, that like influences or even
produces like
b. Thus, if one imitates the looks and actions
of a person or an animal (or even a
thundercloud), one can induce a like and
desired action in the imitated being or object
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
51. 3. Outcomes of magic are considered to be:
a. Productive—Cro-Magnon hunting magic
(painting) was a type of imitative magic
b. Aversive—one can use magic to hurt one’s
enemies by imitating a harmful act upon an
image of a person
c. Contagious—things conjoined and then
separated still are connected—thus severed
hair or fingernails retain a magical sympathy
with the person to whom they belong
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
52. 4. Methods of control of magic
a. Fetishism—refers to any resort to a
presumed power in inanimate objects—
includes objects which have power innate in
them
b. Shamanism—refers to the conjuring of
spirits into or out of human beings by one who
is similarly spirit-possessed
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
53. F. Prayer
1. Prayers in preliterate societies are generally
formal and structured
2. Where the gods are anthropormorphic, formal
prayers generally include elements found in more
literate societies; namely, adoration, confession of
wrongdoing, and promise of atonement, thanksgiving
in grateful recognition of past favors, and supplication or
petitions of a more or less specific kind
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
54. G. Divination
1. A means to by-pass prayer
2. It aims at immediate knowledge of the intentions
or dispositions of the spiritual powers
3. Usually there is a connection between divination
and shamanism
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
55. H. Belief in Mana (Used by Codrington)
1. Mana is a Melanesian term widely used to
designate a widespread, although not universal, belief
in occult force of indwelling supernatural power
distinct from spirits
2. The term refers to an experienced presence of a
powerful but silent force
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
56. I. Animism
1. An acceptance that all sorts of motionless objects
as well as living and moving creatures have souls or
spirits in them
2. Identified with E. B.Tylor, who wrote that all
nature is possessed, pervaded, crowded with spiritual
beings
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
57. J. Veneration and worship of powers
1. Worship can take three modes
a. Sometimes an object itself is worshipped
as living and active, heavily charged with
mana
b. Sometimes the object is nor worshipped
for itself, but for the spirit or soul lodged in it
c. Sometimes the object is a symbol of the
reality which is worshipped
2. Veneration and awe are “short” of worship
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
58. K. Recognition of a Supreme Being
1. Great debate as to whether primal peoples had a
belief in a supreme being
2. It is rather common to find a belief in a deity up in the
sky or at a great distance from the earth
3. Daily activities did not include such a high deity
4. The great deity usually was the creator of the more
popular deities
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
59. L. Taboo-Tabu
1. Taboos are prohibitions applied to things,
persons, and actions because they are considered
sacred, dangerous, or socially forbidden
2. Many taboos are due to fear based on mana;
others may reflect the dread of pollution
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
60. M. Purification rites
1. Ceremonies of purification and cleansing are due
to the belief of taboos or the impurity of a certain
person or object
2. In some cases, purification rites are used for the
motive of purifying oneself for future ritual
3. Purification rites may take the form of fasting,
abstention from sex, ablutions, et al
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
61. N. Sacrifices and gifts
1. Sacrifice usually entails the giving up or
destruction (e.g., burning) of something, animate or
inanimate, human, animal, or vegetable in order to
cause it to pass from human possession to that of the
divine
2. Original sacrifices seem to have involved animal
and/or human sacrifices, because the spirits as well
as humans need the vitality and strength present in
life and blood
3. Sacrifice may be performed to seek reconciliation
with a divinity
4. Sacrifice may be performed to placate the gods;
thus considered to be propitiatory
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
62. O. Attitudes toward the dead
1. In many ancient societies, there developed a view
that the dead may cause injury to the living
2. Thus, some kind of actions or words may be
performed to prevent such interference
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
63. P. Totemism
1. A very common characteristic of primal religions
recognize the existence of a more or less intimate
relationship between certain human groups or
particular individuals and classes or species of
animals, plant, or inanimate object in nature
2. This recognition results in special social grouping
and special rituals unique to that social grouping
3. If an animal is the totem, the group is forbidden to
eat the animal except in special cases
4. By eating the animal, the group takes on the
power of that particular animal
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
65. I. No way to really discuss as one category since
differences are so great—we can look at a few
recurring themes
A. Transcendence
1. Names and expressions of
divinities vary greatly
2. But there does seem to be a
general belief that there exists a kind
of a supreme being who has control
over the lesser spirits
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
66. 3. The first observations that
African religion was simply forms
of primitive polytheism does not
seem to bear out
4. The supreme being is
described in various ways—as a
beneficent being, a father or
mother, or as a holy god
5. Popular religion seems to be
polytheistic; these beings seem to be
representatives or servants of the higher
god
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
67. 6. Like most religions, there are
creation stories
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
68. B. Stages on Life’s way—one’s life is
dominated by rituals—rites of passage
1.Birth—children are important—
naming ceremonies is important
ceremony, accomplished in a
variety of ways
2. Initiation—the coming of age,
assumption of responsibilities
of adulthood
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
69. 3. Marriage—very important and
intricate
4. Death—serious and somewhat
fearful experience; there is
general belief in a life after death;
reincarnation believed by some
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
70. C. Religious roles
1. Includes prophets, shamans,
sacred kings, traditional medicine
men
2. They have means of
foreseeing the future
3. Oracles are important
4. The priest is important; uses
established ritual forms which
relate human life to transcendent
life
5. King is important feature
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
72. A. Like African religions, there is great variety
1. Differences between gatherers and
farmers
2. The latter celebrate the cycle of the
agricultural year
3. Many hunter-gatherers have stories of a
transformer of trickster who set things in
motion
4. For farmers the creator is not a person,
but a power in the sky
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
73. B. RecurringThemes
1. Transcendence
a. There exists in all persons and
objects a mystifying spirit—called
mana by Melanesians
b. Many do not have concept of a
single high god
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
74. c. Paul Radin notes two aspects
of this high god
(a) the supreme deity is just
and rational but remote
(b) the transformer who is
not always fair, but actively
intervene in human life;
there also exists great
number of other
spirits—good and bad
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
75. C. Stages on Life’s way
1. Birth—naming ceremony is
extremely important
2. Initiation
a. A vision quest for boys
and sometimes for girls
b. Usually accomplished by
sending them into
wilderness, usually sees a
supernatural visitor, that
becomes major divinity of the
person
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
76. 3. Marriage—intricate—no single pattern—
many see in women a mysterious power
4. Death—usually takes on form of fear
and avoidance—contact with corpse leads to
separation or isolation
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER
77. D. Religious roles—emphasis on shaman,
medicine man and priest—priests lead in
established rituals, no vision necessary
ARISE TRAINING & RESEARCH CENTER