The document describes the transform and quantization processes used in H.264 video compression. It discusses how the discrete cosine transform is approximated using integer arithmetic. The forward and inverse processes are derived from each other. Scaling matrices are incorporated to normalize values and minimize computational complexity while maintaining good compression performance. Quantization values are specified in the standard through scaling matrices.
This document discusses parallel prefix adders. It provides background on parallel prefix operations and defines binary addition as a parallel prefix problem. The key steps of carry lookahead adders are described, including precomputing propagate and generate values, calculating carries through a carry generation block, and combining carries and propagates to generate the sum. Several parallel prefix adder architectures are introduced, including the Sklansky conditional adder, Kogge-Stone adder, and Ladner-Fischer adder, which aim to optimize parameters like depth, node count, and fan-out.
HEVC/H.265 is a video compression standard that provides around 50% better compression over H.264/AVC for the same level of video quality. It was finalized in 2013 by the joint collaboration of MPEG and ITU-T. Key features of HEVC include support for higher resolutions like 4K and 8K, improved parallel processing abilities, increased coding efficiency through larger block sizes and an expanded set of prediction modes.
The document discusses Kogge Stone adders, which are a type of prefix adder circuit. It provides details on:
1) How prefix adders work by computing the sum of inputs in parallel using an operation applied sequentially from the least significant to most significant bits.
2) The graph representation of prefix adders showing how partial sums are computed.
3) The Kogge Stone adder specifically, which is a variant of prefix adders that balances delay and hardware cost. Radix-2 and radix-4 Kogge Stone adders are shown.
Cyclic codes have an algebraic structure that allows them to be specified concisely using a single generator polynomial. A cyclic code C of length n is a set of codewords that is generated by a polynomial g(x) that divides x^n - 1. Every cyclic code C can be expressed as 〈g(x)〉, where g(x) is the unique monic generator polynomial of smallest degree. The dimension of C is n - degree(g(x)). A generator matrix for C can be constructed by using the coefficients of g(x).
This document provides an overview of HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) including:
- HEVC aims to provide roughly half the bitrate of H.264/AVC at the same quality.
- It uses block-based hybrid video coding with improved intra-prediction, transform, quantization and entropy coding techniques.
- HEVC supports a wide range of resolutions, color spaces and bit depths for 4K and beyond.
Using Chebyshev filter design, there are two sub groups,
Type-I Chebyshev Filter
Type-II Chebyshev Filter
The major difference between butterworth and chebyshev filter is that the poles of butterworth filter lie on the circle while the poles of chebyshev filter lie on ellipse.
This document discusses parallel prefix adders. It provides background on parallel prefix operations and defines binary addition as a parallel prefix problem. The key steps of carry lookahead adders are described, including precomputing propagate and generate values, calculating carries through a carry generation block, and combining carries and propagates to generate the sum. Several parallel prefix adder architectures are introduced, including the Sklansky conditional adder, Kogge-Stone adder, and Ladner-Fischer adder, which aim to optimize parameters like depth, node count, and fan-out.
HEVC/H.265 is a video compression standard that provides around 50% better compression over H.264/AVC for the same level of video quality. It was finalized in 2013 by the joint collaboration of MPEG and ITU-T. Key features of HEVC include support for higher resolutions like 4K and 8K, improved parallel processing abilities, increased coding efficiency through larger block sizes and an expanded set of prediction modes.
The document discusses Kogge Stone adders, which are a type of prefix adder circuit. It provides details on:
1) How prefix adders work by computing the sum of inputs in parallel using an operation applied sequentially from the least significant to most significant bits.
2) The graph representation of prefix adders showing how partial sums are computed.
3) The Kogge Stone adder specifically, which is a variant of prefix adders that balances delay and hardware cost. Radix-2 and radix-4 Kogge Stone adders are shown.
Cyclic codes have an algebraic structure that allows them to be specified concisely using a single generator polynomial. A cyclic code C of length n is a set of codewords that is generated by a polynomial g(x) that divides x^n - 1. Every cyclic code C can be expressed as 〈g(x)〉, where g(x) is the unique monic generator polynomial of smallest degree. The dimension of C is n - degree(g(x)). A generator matrix for C can be constructed by using the coefficients of g(x).
This document provides an overview of HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) including:
- HEVC aims to provide roughly half the bitrate of H.264/AVC at the same quality.
- It uses block-based hybrid video coding with improved intra-prediction, transform, quantization and entropy coding techniques.
- HEVC supports a wide range of resolutions, color spaces and bit depths for 4K and beyond.
Using Chebyshev filter design, there are two sub groups,
Type-I Chebyshev Filter
Type-II Chebyshev Filter
The major difference between butterworth and chebyshev filter is that the poles of butterworth filter lie on the circle while the poles of chebyshev filter lie on ellipse.
The document discusses different types of jitter that can occur in electronic signals. It defines random jitter as stochastic variations caused by thermal and shot noise that typically follow a Gaussian distribution. Deterministic jitter is defined as predictable variations that can be non-Gaussian, including duty cycle distortion, inter-symbol interference, and periodic jitter caused by external factors like power supply noise. The document explains how both random and deterministic jitter components combine to impact the overall jitter observed in real-world signals and timing measurements.
Compression: Video Compression (MPEG and others)danishrafiq
This document provides an overview of video compression techniques used in standards like MPEG and H.261. It discusses how uncompressed video data requires huge storage and bandwidth that compression aims to address. It explains that lossy compression methods are needed to achieve sufficient compression ratios. The key techniques discussed are intra-frame coding using DCT and quantization similar to JPEG, and inter-frame coding using motion estimation and compensation to remove temporal redundancy between frames. Motion vectors are found using techniques like block matching and sum of absolute differences. MPEG and other standards use a combination of these intra and inter-frame coding techniques to efficiently compress video for storage and transmission.
This document introduces the basics of asynchronous sequential machine (ASM) notation for describing finite state machines:
- ASM uses state boxes, decision boxes, and conditional boxes to graphically describe the operations of a finite state machine more concisely than conventional flowcharts. State boxes indicate states, decision boxes represent conditional transitions between states, and conditional boxes list outputs.
- An ASM block consists of interconnecting a single state box with decision and/or conditional boxes, representing the operations that occur within a single clock cycle as the system enters the next state. All elements within the block are evaluated simultaneously.
- Timing considerations require that all sequential elements be controlled by a master clock, though multiple clocks can
Introduction to H.264 Advanced Video CompressionIain Richardson
The document discusses H.264 advanced video compression. It provides an agenda that covers what H.264 is, how it works through prediction, transform and quantization techniques, its syntax, examples, and going deeper into its implementation. H.264 is widely used for video compression in broadcast digital TV, DVDs/Blu-Rays, IPTV, web video and mobile video. It works by predicting pixels from previous frames, applying transforms and quantization to remove redundant information, and using entropy coding techniques to further compress the data. The document provides resources to learn more about H.264 standards, implementations, and extensions.
This document discusses multimedia compression. It begins by explaining why compression is needed due to the large size of raw audio and video data. It then outlines an overview of generic compression algorithms and content-specific compression techniques. It discusses lossy compression and introduces common lossless compression algorithms like Huffman coding and Arithmetic coding. Finally, it explains how content-specific compression aims to further reduce redundancy by de-correlating audio, images, and video based on properties like temporal, channel, color space, and spatial correlations.
This document discusses the process of sampling in signal processing. It defines key terms like analog and digital signals, sampling frequency, and samples. It explains how sampling works by taking regular measurements of a continuous signal's amplitude over time. This converts it into a discrete-time signal. It discusses applications of sampling like audio sampling, where signals are typically sampled above 20 kHz. It also discusses video sampling rates and speech sampling rates. The document contains examples and diagrams to illustrate these concepts.
An Overview of High Efficiency Video Codec HEVC (H.265)Varun Ravi
The document provides an overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) H.265 standard. It discusses the need for improved video compression standards due to increasing video content and limited bandwidth. HEVC was developed to meet this need by providing around 50% better compression over its predecessor H.264 while still maintaining high video quality. The document describes the various techniques used in HEVC such as improved block partitioning, transform sizes, prediction modes, and entropy coding that help achieve its compression gains. Both hardware and software implementations of HEVC decoders and encoders are discussed.
This PPT will help to understand about the following:
1. what is DSC ?
2. what is mp ?
3. Difference between mp and DSC ?
4. Various generation of TMS320 ?
5. Application of TMS320F2000 FAMILY
Convolution discrete and continuous time-difference equaion and system proper...Vinod Sharma
This document discusses discrete time signals and discrete time convolution. Discrete time convolution describes the output of a linear, time-invariant system when its input is one discrete signal and its impulse response is another. The output is the sum of each input sample multiplied by the corresponding flipped and shifted impulse response. This allows characterization of a system by its impulse response. The document provides examples of discrete time convolution and discusses properties such as the number of samples in the convolved output depending on the lengths of the input and impulse response signals.
This document discusses various digital integrated circuit logic families including RTL, DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, and CMOS. It covers key characteristics such as fan-out, power dissipation, propagation delay, and noise margin. TTL is described as having several subfamilies or series with different output configurations like open-collector, totem-pole, or three-state outputs. ECL is introduced as a non-saturated logic family with very fast propagation rates below 2ns but also the worst noise immunity and power dissipation of all families.
This document contains solutions to examples related to pulse code modulation (PCM). It begins by solving examples calculating the maximum bandwidth, sampling rate, number of bits, and bit rate for various PCM systems processing different types of signals. It then solves additional examples involving quantization noise power, signal-to-noise ratios, step sizes, and transmission bandwidths for PCM systems. The document provides detailed calculations and reasoning for each example solved.
This document discusses iteration bound and loop bound, which are fundamental lower limits on the achievable iteration or sample period of an algorithm represented as a data flow graph (DFG). The iteration bound is determined by the longest computational path through the DFG, while the loop bound is the minimum computation time of a loop divided by the number of delays in the loop. Together, iteration bound and loop bound place theoretical constraints on how fast a recursive DSP program can be implemented in hardware.
It is the adder used to eliminate the wastage of time occur at each stage of parallel binary adder.In this , by using only carry input signal , we can calculate the the carry output without going to calculate carry at each stage.it is commonly used only for 4 bit addition because further calculation will be more complex.
This document provides an overview and comparison of the H.264 and HEVC video coding standards. It describes the key features and innovations that allow each standard to compress video more efficiently than previous standards. H.264 introduced features like adaptive block sizes, multi-frame prediction, quarter-pixel motion compensation and loop filtering that improved compression performance over prior standards. HEVC aims to further increase compression efficiency through innovations such as larger coding tree blocks, additional intra-prediction modes, and improved entropy coding. The document analyzes these standards to understand how their new coding tools enable significantly higher compression ratios and support for new applications like higher resolution video.
Digital Signal Processing Tutorial: Chapt 4 design of digital filters (FIR) Chandrashekhar Padole
This document discusses digital filters and the design of finite impulse response (FIR) filters. It covers topics such as the design of FIR filters using windows, properties of FIR filters including their linear phase characteristics, and comparisons between FIR and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. MATLAB code is provided to demonstrate the effects of linear phase characteristics on filtered signals. Linear phase filters are shown to preserve signal shape while non-linear phase filters can distort signals.
This document discusses techniques for pulse shaping to reduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) in digital communication systems. It introduces the Nyquist criteria that pulse shapes must satisfy to avoid ISI, including having zero crossings at symbol intervals, zero areas within symbol periods, and zero values at decision thresholds. Methods like raised cosine filtering are presented that trade off bandwidth for smoothness to meet the Nyquist criteria. The document also discusses partial response signaling techniques like duobinary that relax the criteria but require differential encoding to avoid error propagation.
DPCM and ADPCM are audio compression techniques that exploit the fact that differences between successive audio samples are typically smaller than the sample amplitudes. DPCM encodes differences between original and predicted samples while ADPCM varies the number of bits used based on difference size. Higher compression can be achieved through predictive coding and linear predictive coding, which analyze audio to determine perceptual features like pitch, period, and loudness for encoding. Perceptual coding considers how the human ear perceives sound by exploiting frequency and temporal masking effects.
PLOTTING UNITE STEP AND RAMP FUNCTION IN MATLAB Mahmudul Hasan
This presentation summarizes plotting unite step and ramp functions in MATLAB. It defines the unit step and ramp functions mathematically and graphically. It shows how to represent the combination of 10 step functions and the corresponding ramp function in MATLAB. Code examples are provided to plot the unit step and ramp functions in MATLAB.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
DSP_2018_FOEHU - Lec 03 - Discrete-Time Signals and SystemsAmr E. Mohamed
The document discusses discrete-time signals and systems. It defines discrete-time signals as sequences represented by x[n] and discusses important sequences like the unit sample, unit step, and periodic sequences. It then defines discrete-time systems as devices that take a discrete-time signal x(n) as input and produce another discrete-time signal y(n) as output. The document classifies systems as static vs. dynamic, time-invariant vs. time-varying, linear vs. nonlinear, and causal vs. noncausal. It provides examples to illustrate each classification.
The document summarizes a lecture on packet routing algorithms for hypercubes, including analyzing the expected time for a random routing algorithm to route packets from source to destination in two phases. It then discusses primal-dual algorithms for solving multi-commodity flow problems on networks and how they maintain constraints for both the primal and dual optimization problems through an iterative process of adjusting primal and dual variables.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document discusses different types of jitter that can occur in electronic signals. It defines random jitter as stochastic variations caused by thermal and shot noise that typically follow a Gaussian distribution. Deterministic jitter is defined as predictable variations that can be non-Gaussian, including duty cycle distortion, inter-symbol interference, and periodic jitter caused by external factors like power supply noise. The document explains how both random and deterministic jitter components combine to impact the overall jitter observed in real-world signals and timing measurements.
Compression: Video Compression (MPEG and others)danishrafiq
This document provides an overview of video compression techniques used in standards like MPEG and H.261. It discusses how uncompressed video data requires huge storage and bandwidth that compression aims to address. It explains that lossy compression methods are needed to achieve sufficient compression ratios. The key techniques discussed are intra-frame coding using DCT and quantization similar to JPEG, and inter-frame coding using motion estimation and compensation to remove temporal redundancy between frames. Motion vectors are found using techniques like block matching and sum of absolute differences. MPEG and other standards use a combination of these intra and inter-frame coding techniques to efficiently compress video for storage and transmission.
This document introduces the basics of asynchronous sequential machine (ASM) notation for describing finite state machines:
- ASM uses state boxes, decision boxes, and conditional boxes to graphically describe the operations of a finite state machine more concisely than conventional flowcharts. State boxes indicate states, decision boxes represent conditional transitions between states, and conditional boxes list outputs.
- An ASM block consists of interconnecting a single state box with decision and/or conditional boxes, representing the operations that occur within a single clock cycle as the system enters the next state. All elements within the block are evaluated simultaneously.
- Timing considerations require that all sequential elements be controlled by a master clock, though multiple clocks can
Introduction to H.264 Advanced Video CompressionIain Richardson
The document discusses H.264 advanced video compression. It provides an agenda that covers what H.264 is, how it works through prediction, transform and quantization techniques, its syntax, examples, and going deeper into its implementation. H.264 is widely used for video compression in broadcast digital TV, DVDs/Blu-Rays, IPTV, web video and mobile video. It works by predicting pixels from previous frames, applying transforms and quantization to remove redundant information, and using entropy coding techniques to further compress the data. The document provides resources to learn more about H.264 standards, implementations, and extensions.
This document discusses multimedia compression. It begins by explaining why compression is needed due to the large size of raw audio and video data. It then outlines an overview of generic compression algorithms and content-specific compression techniques. It discusses lossy compression and introduces common lossless compression algorithms like Huffman coding and Arithmetic coding. Finally, it explains how content-specific compression aims to further reduce redundancy by de-correlating audio, images, and video based on properties like temporal, channel, color space, and spatial correlations.
This document discusses the process of sampling in signal processing. It defines key terms like analog and digital signals, sampling frequency, and samples. It explains how sampling works by taking regular measurements of a continuous signal's amplitude over time. This converts it into a discrete-time signal. It discusses applications of sampling like audio sampling, where signals are typically sampled above 20 kHz. It also discusses video sampling rates and speech sampling rates. The document contains examples and diagrams to illustrate these concepts.
An Overview of High Efficiency Video Codec HEVC (H.265)Varun Ravi
The document provides an overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) H.265 standard. It discusses the need for improved video compression standards due to increasing video content and limited bandwidth. HEVC was developed to meet this need by providing around 50% better compression over its predecessor H.264 while still maintaining high video quality. The document describes the various techniques used in HEVC such as improved block partitioning, transform sizes, prediction modes, and entropy coding that help achieve its compression gains. Both hardware and software implementations of HEVC decoders and encoders are discussed.
This PPT will help to understand about the following:
1. what is DSC ?
2. what is mp ?
3. Difference between mp and DSC ?
4. Various generation of TMS320 ?
5. Application of TMS320F2000 FAMILY
Convolution discrete and continuous time-difference equaion and system proper...Vinod Sharma
This document discusses discrete time signals and discrete time convolution. Discrete time convolution describes the output of a linear, time-invariant system when its input is one discrete signal and its impulse response is another. The output is the sum of each input sample multiplied by the corresponding flipped and shifted impulse response. This allows characterization of a system by its impulse response. The document provides examples of discrete time convolution and discusses properties such as the number of samples in the convolved output depending on the lengths of the input and impulse response signals.
This document discusses various digital integrated circuit logic families including RTL, DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, and CMOS. It covers key characteristics such as fan-out, power dissipation, propagation delay, and noise margin. TTL is described as having several subfamilies or series with different output configurations like open-collector, totem-pole, or three-state outputs. ECL is introduced as a non-saturated logic family with very fast propagation rates below 2ns but also the worst noise immunity and power dissipation of all families.
This document contains solutions to examples related to pulse code modulation (PCM). It begins by solving examples calculating the maximum bandwidth, sampling rate, number of bits, and bit rate for various PCM systems processing different types of signals. It then solves additional examples involving quantization noise power, signal-to-noise ratios, step sizes, and transmission bandwidths for PCM systems. The document provides detailed calculations and reasoning for each example solved.
This document discusses iteration bound and loop bound, which are fundamental lower limits on the achievable iteration or sample period of an algorithm represented as a data flow graph (DFG). The iteration bound is determined by the longest computational path through the DFG, while the loop bound is the minimum computation time of a loop divided by the number of delays in the loop. Together, iteration bound and loop bound place theoretical constraints on how fast a recursive DSP program can be implemented in hardware.
It is the adder used to eliminate the wastage of time occur at each stage of parallel binary adder.In this , by using only carry input signal , we can calculate the the carry output without going to calculate carry at each stage.it is commonly used only for 4 bit addition because further calculation will be more complex.
This document provides an overview and comparison of the H.264 and HEVC video coding standards. It describes the key features and innovations that allow each standard to compress video more efficiently than previous standards. H.264 introduced features like adaptive block sizes, multi-frame prediction, quarter-pixel motion compensation and loop filtering that improved compression performance over prior standards. HEVC aims to further increase compression efficiency through innovations such as larger coding tree blocks, additional intra-prediction modes, and improved entropy coding. The document analyzes these standards to understand how their new coding tools enable significantly higher compression ratios and support for new applications like higher resolution video.
Digital Signal Processing Tutorial: Chapt 4 design of digital filters (FIR) Chandrashekhar Padole
This document discusses digital filters and the design of finite impulse response (FIR) filters. It covers topics such as the design of FIR filters using windows, properties of FIR filters including their linear phase characteristics, and comparisons between FIR and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. MATLAB code is provided to demonstrate the effects of linear phase characteristics on filtered signals. Linear phase filters are shown to preserve signal shape while non-linear phase filters can distort signals.
This document discusses techniques for pulse shaping to reduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) in digital communication systems. It introduces the Nyquist criteria that pulse shapes must satisfy to avoid ISI, including having zero crossings at symbol intervals, zero areas within symbol periods, and zero values at decision thresholds. Methods like raised cosine filtering are presented that trade off bandwidth for smoothness to meet the Nyquist criteria. The document also discusses partial response signaling techniques like duobinary that relax the criteria but require differential encoding to avoid error propagation.
DPCM and ADPCM are audio compression techniques that exploit the fact that differences between successive audio samples are typically smaller than the sample amplitudes. DPCM encodes differences between original and predicted samples while ADPCM varies the number of bits used based on difference size. Higher compression can be achieved through predictive coding and linear predictive coding, which analyze audio to determine perceptual features like pitch, period, and loudness for encoding. Perceptual coding considers how the human ear perceives sound by exploiting frequency and temporal masking effects.
PLOTTING UNITE STEP AND RAMP FUNCTION IN MATLAB Mahmudul Hasan
This presentation summarizes plotting unite step and ramp functions in MATLAB. It defines the unit step and ramp functions mathematically and graphically. It shows how to represent the combination of 10 step functions and the corresponding ramp function in MATLAB. Code examples are provided to plot the unit step and ramp functions in MATLAB.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
DSP_2018_FOEHU - Lec 03 - Discrete-Time Signals and SystemsAmr E. Mohamed
The document discusses discrete-time signals and systems. It defines discrete-time signals as sequences represented by x[n] and discusses important sequences like the unit sample, unit step, and periodic sequences. It then defines discrete-time systems as devices that take a discrete-time signal x(n) as input and produce another discrete-time signal y(n) as output. The document classifies systems as static vs. dynamic, time-invariant vs. time-varying, linear vs. nonlinear, and causal vs. noncausal. It provides examples to illustrate each classification.
The document summarizes a lecture on packet routing algorithms for hypercubes, including analyzing the expected time for a random routing algorithm to route packets from source to destination in two phases. It then discusses primal-dual algorithms for solving multi-commodity flow problems on networks and how they maintain constraints for both the primal and dual optimization problems through an iterative process of adjusting primal and dual variables.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Amth250 octave matlab some solutions (4)asghar123456
This document provides the solutions to assignment questions about linear algebra and linear programming. It includes:
1) The matrix and vector representations of a system of linear equations. It finds the numerical solution and compares it to the exact solution.
2) An analysis of the condition number of Hilbert matrices of increasing size, showing the condition number grows exponentially up to a certain point.
3) Formulating a production planning problem as a linear programming problem to maximize profit subject to resource constraints. It solves the problem as both a linear program and integer program.
Data Mining With A Simulated Annealing Based Fuzzy Classification SystemJamie (Taka) Wang
The document presents the results of experiments comparing the proposed fuzzy classifier called SAFCS to other classification algorithms on several datasets. SAFCS achieved the highest average accuracy on both the training and test sets for most of the datasets, outperforming algorithms like C4.5, IBk, Naive Bayes, SVM, GAssist and XCS. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the SAFCS approach for constructing fuzzy classifiers and finding a set of fuzzy rules through simulated annealing optimization.
EE301 Lesson 15 Phasors Complex Numbers and Impedance (2).pptRyanAnderson41811
This document covers phasors, complex numbers, and their application to representing alternating current (AC) signals. It defines phasors as rotating vectors used to represent sinusoids, and complex numbers as numbers with real and imaginary parts that allow representing phasors. The document explains how to convert between polar and rectangular complex number forms, and how to perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on complex numbers. It then discusses using phasors to model AC voltages and currents by transforming them into the frequency domain using complex numbers. Finally, it covers topics like phase difference between waveforms and using phasors to understand phase relationships between AC signals.
ITS World Congress :: Vienna, Oct 2012László Nádai
Control of the emission rate of exhaust fumes as well as vehicle density in various road segments of freeway traffic practically is desirable. For this purpose hydrodynamic macroscopic models are used that approximate the traffic as the motion of some compressible fluid. They normally have analytical ambiguities due to using various finite element approximations of spatial partial differential operators and applying various analytical compressibility models. Further uncertainties stem from the estimation of the model parameters. The suggested approach is able to iteratively and adaptively refine the traffic control based on any version of the possible analytical forms. The controller has to measure vehicle densities and traffic velocities and applies variable traffic signs for prescribing velocities and allowed ingress rate from a ramp as control signals. Since the stationary solutions of the control problem are stable in the region investigated, instead of fast, really dynamic control it applies simple quasi-stationary process model and control that is a common practice in Classical Thermodynamics. The operation of the proposed method is illustrated via simulations.
The document contains 24 sample questions for an AM paper. The questions cover topics related to binary, logic, computing hardware, algorithms and data structures. They include multiple choice questions testing knowledge of binary representations, logic expressions, computer architecture concepts like cache memory and pipelining, and algorithms involving queues, trees and arrays.
This book has been written mainly as an aid to Electrical/Electronic, Computer Engineering Technology students in the University and Polytechnic Education Sector preparing for Circuit Theory Examination aimed at achieving an improved result.
The book covers the National Board Technical Education i Nigeria Curriculum for Circuit Theory Courses in National Diploma and Higher National Diploma programmes.
Students are advice to attempt the questions on their own before writing the answer (solution). The analysis and solutions for each question is immediately after the problems (question).
ENGR. KADIRI, KAMORU OLUWATOYIN Ph, D
This document discusses the concept of derivatives and how they are used to analyze marginal revenue, marginal cost, and marginal profit. It provides examples of how to calculate derivatives numerically using difference quotients and a spreadsheet tool. The document then applies these concepts to a project on determining the profit-maximizing quantity and price for a good using marginal analysis. It demonstrates how to graph marginal revenue, marginal cost, and marginal profit, and calculate the quantity and price that maximize profit by setting marginal revenue equal to marginal cost. Sensitivity of the optimal solution is also assessed by varying the quantity slightly.
The document discusses the concept of derivatives and how they are used in business situations. It provides examples of calculating derivatives using difference quotients and numerical differentiation methods. It also discusses how derivatives can be used to analyze marginal revenue, marginal cost, and profit maximization for a business project. Specifically, it shows how to calculate marginal revenue and cost functions from total revenue and cost data, graph the results to find where marginal profit is maximized, and use the analysis to answer questions about optimal price, quantity, profit and sensitivity.
This document discusses quantum error correction. It explains that while quantum states and operators are theoretically perfect, in reality approximations must be made which can cause errors. Quantum error correction deals with these imperfections. It describes different types of quantum errors and discusses barriers to quantum error correction, such as the no-cloning theorem. The document introduces classical error correction techniques and explains how similar techniques can be applied to encode quantum states to correct bit flip and phase flip errors by measuring the parity of qubits without collapsing their superpositions. Specific quantum error correcting codes are presented, including Shor's code which can correct both types of errors.
The document discusses digital systems and binary numbers. It defines digital systems as systems that manipulate discrete elements of information, such as binary digits represented by the values 0 and 1. It explains how binary numbers are represented and arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are performed on binary numbers. It also discusses number base conversions between decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal numbering systems. Finally, it covers binary complements including 1's complement, 2's complement and subtraction using complements.
This document discusses quantum logic synthesis. It begins by comparing traditional and quantum circuits, describing features like superposition and entanglement in quantum computers. It then covers reversible computation and common quantum gates like CNOT, Toffoli, and Fredkin. Various synthesis frameworks are introduced, including RMRLS, DDS, and their hybrid RMDDS. The document provides examples of quantum gate applications and references several foundational works.
The Karnaugh map method provides a graphical way to simplify logic equations or convert truth tables into logic circuits. It arranges variables in a grid so that adjacent squares differ in only one variable. Loops of adjacent 1s can then be identified to eliminate variables from the logic expression. Larger loops eliminate more variables - pairs eliminate one variable, quads eliminate two variables, and octets eliminate three variables. The method is demonstrated through examples of constructing Karnaugh maps from truth tables and simplifying the resulting logic expressions through looping.
The document discusses the kinematic modeling of robot manipulators. It introduces the forward and inverse kinematic problems and describes how the Denavit-Hartenberg convention is used to define a robot's kinematic model using homogeneous transformations. Specifically, it assigns reference frames to each link based on conventions, and uses only four parameters (ai, αi, di, θi) called Denavit-Hartenberg parameters to describe the relative pose of consecutive frames and define the overall kinematic model of the robot.
The document discusses the kinematic modeling of robot manipulators. It introduces the forward and inverse kinematic problems and describes how the Denavit-Hartenberg convention is used to assign reference frames to each link of a robotic arm. This convention specifies assigning frames using four parameters - link offset (d), joint angle (θ), link length (a), and link twist (α). Together these parameters define the homogeneous transformation between adjacent links via rotation and translation operations, allowing the complete forward kinematic model to be described with minimal parameters.
This document provides an overview of digital systems and computer systems. It discusses how digital systems represent and process information using discrete signals and states. Digital systems can be combinational or sequential logic. Number systems like binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal are examined along with arithmetic operations and base conversion between number systems. Encoding of numeric and non-numeric data using binary codes is also covered.
This document discusses statistical cost estimation techniques, including variable costs, fixed costs, and mixed costs. It explains how to use the scattergraph method and regression analysis to derive a total cost equation and estimate mixed costs. Specifically, it discusses using regression to interpret results like the correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, and t-statistic. It provides an example of using multiple regression with two predictor variables and interpreting those results. Finally, it discusses potential problems that can occur with regression data like curvilinear costs, outliers, spurious relations, and violating assumptions.
AU QP Answer key NOv/Dec 2015 Computer Graphics 5 sem CSEThiyagarajan G
This document contains a summary of a computer graphics exam with 10 multiple choice questions in Part A and 4 long answer questions in Part B. Some of the key topics covered include: image resolution, scaling matrices, color conversion between RGB and CMY color modes, Bezier curves, projection planes, dithering, animation principles, turtle attributes in graphics, Bresenham's circle algorithm, Liang-Barsky line clipping algorithm, viewing transformations, cubic Bezier curves, and backface detection. Part B also includes questions on orthographic vs axonometric vs oblique projections, ambient lighting models, raster vs keyframe animation, ray tracing, and morphing.
This document contains a sample exam question paper for the GATE 2010 exam in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It includes 13 multiple choice questions related to topics like properties of matrices, Fourier series, differential equations, electrical circuits, transistors, CMOS technology, logic gates, and computer architecture. The questions are from different areas of electronics and communication engineering and assess concepts as well as calculations.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!