The document summarizes the government system of Burundi. It is a presidential democratic republic with a bicameral parliament. The president is both head of state and head of government, serving a 7-year term. The legislative branch is made up of the 100-member National Assembly and at least 43-member Senate. Elections are held every 5 years for the National Assembly and indirectly for the Senate. The country has faced ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi groups.
The document discusses different types of emergencies under the Indian Constitution. It outlines three types: national emergency (Article 352), state emergency (Article 356), and financial emergency (Article 360). For national emergency, the President can proclaim emergency if the security of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. There have been three instances of national emergency in India. For state emergency (President's Rule), emergency can be imposed if a state government cannot function as per the Constitution. Judicial reviews have established some limitations on imposing President's Rule. Financial emergency can be imposed if India's financial stability is threatened.
The document summarizes the government system of Burundi. It is a presidential democratic republic with a bicameral parliament. The president is both head of state and head of government, serving a 7-year term. The legislative branch is made up of the 100-member National Assembly and at least 43-member Senate. Elections are held every 5 years for the National Assembly and indirectly for the Senate. The country has faced ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi groups.
The document discusses different types of emergencies under the Indian Constitution. It outlines three types: national emergency (Article 352), state emergency (Article 356), and financial emergency (Article 360). For national emergency, the President can proclaim emergency if the security of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. There have been three instances of national emergency in India. For state emergency (President's Rule), emergency can be imposed if a state government cannot function as per the Constitution. Judicial reviews have established some limitations on imposing President's Rule. Financial emergency can be imposed if India's financial stability is threatened.
I go over the government system of Belarus from executive to legislative and how the electoral system works in the country with the leader dubbed as Europe's last dictator.
The document discusses the roles and powers of the Union Executive in India, including the President, Vice President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. It outlines the qualifications, election process, powers and removal of the President and Vice President. The President is the nominal head of state but executive powers are exercised by the PM and Council of Ministers. The President has various powers including executive, legislative, financial, judicial, military, diplomatic and emergency powers, but must generally act on the advice of the PM and Council of Ministers.
Provisions of Emergency under Constitutional Law Law Laboratory
The document discusses different types of emergencies that can be declared in India according to the constitution: national emergency, state emergency, and financial emergency. It provides details on the reasons and provisions for each type of emergency to be declared according to articles in the constitution. It also discusses effects of national emergencies, including the three national emergencies that have been declared in India in 1962, 1971, and 1975 and the associated historical context for each. The document concludes with details on the Additional District Magistrate vs. S. S. Shukla case related to the national emergency of 1975.
The document summarizes the history and features of emergency powers in Malaysia. It discusses how emergency powers originated due to the 1948 insurgency and allow the executive to concentrate powers, legislate without ordinary constraints, and suspend fundamental liberties. Key amendments expanded these powers by removing time limits and increasing executive control. Judicial review is limited while parliamentary oversight is ineffective. Various emergencies were declared from 1964 to 1977 to deal with threats in Sarawak, post-1969 racial tensions, and a state political crisis in Kelantan.
The president of India has several important powers according to the constitution. These include executive powers over the administration, legislative powers such as introducing bills and approving or returning acts of parliament, financial powers such as approving the national budget, judicial powers like pardoning convicted criminals, and emergency powers to declare different types of emergencies. The president can exercise these powers directly or through subordinate officers. Additionally, the president has the power to appoint key government officials and acts as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. While the president has significant authority, executive powers must be exercised according to the constitution and are subject to limited judicial review.
The governor is the nominal executive head of the state, while the chief minister and council of ministers are the real executive. The governor is appointed by the president and holds office at the president's pleasure. The governor has executive, legislative, financial, and emergency powers but acts on the advice of the council of ministers in routine matters. The governor also has discretionary powers in certain areas like ordinance making and has special responsibilities in some states. While constitutionally the head of the state, the governor in practice acts as an agent of the central government.
This document discusses emergency provisions in the Indian Constitution from Articles 352 to 360. It defines national emergency, state emergency, and financial emergency. During a national emergency, the President can assume extra powers, suspend fundamental rights, and extend the term of the Lok Sabha. A state emergency allows the President to take over state administration. During a financial emergency, the President can issue financial directives and reduce salaries. The document provides examples of past emergencies in India and explains the impact of the 44th Constitutional amendment on emergency powers.
Emergency provision under Indian constitution gagan deep
The document discusses different types of emergencies that can be declared under the Indian Constitution: national emergency, state emergency, and financial emergency.
A national emergency can be declared if the security of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. It allows the central government to assume more powers. A state emergency can be imposed if a state's government can no longer function properly. It transfers state powers to the central government. A financial emergency is declared if India's financial stability is endangered. It also concentrates powers with the central government to address the situation.
The presentation comprises powers and functions of the President of India from the Constitutional perspective viz. Executive power, Legislative power, Financial power, Emergency power, Diplomatic Power, Military power, Pardoning power, etc.
The document discusses the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers at the state level in India. It defines the Chief Minister as the head of the state government, though formally appointed by the Governor. The Chief Minister is typically the leader of the party with a majority in the state assembly. They appoint the Council of Ministers and head this body. The Council of Ministers aids and advises the Governor and collectively takes responsibility before the state legislature. Key roles of the Chief Minister include recommending ministers, designating portfolios, and advising the Governor on various appointments.
Croatia has a parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The President serves as head of state and is elected to a 5-year term, while the Prime Minister leads the government as head of the executive branch. Legislative power lies with the unicameral Sabor parliament. The judiciary is independent and Croatia has a three-tiered court system headed by the Supreme Court. The current President and Prime Minister are Ivo Josipović and Zoran Milanović, respectively.
I go over the government system of Belarus from executive to legislative and how the electoral system works in the country with the leader dubbed as Europe's last dictator.
The document discusses the roles and powers of the Union Executive in India, including the President, Vice President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. It outlines the qualifications, election process, powers and removal of the President and Vice President. The President is the nominal head of state but executive powers are exercised by the PM and Council of Ministers. The President has various powers including executive, legislative, financial, judicial, military, diplomatic and emergency powers, but must generally act on the advice of the PM and Council of Ministers.
Provisions of Emergency under Constitutional Law Law Laboratory
The document discusses different types of emergencies that can be declared in India according to the constitution: national emergency, state emergency, and financial emergency. It provides details on the reasons and provisions for each type of emergency to be declared according to articles in the constitution. It also discusses effects of national emergencies, including the three national emergencies that have been declared in India in 1962, 1971, and 1975 and the associated historical context for each. The document concludes with details on the Additional District Magistrate vs. S. S. Shukla case related to the national emergency of 1975.
The document summarizes the history and features of emergency powers in Malaysia. It discusses how emergency powers originated due to the 1948 insurgency and allow the executive to concentrate powers, legislate without ordinary constraints, and suspend fundamental liberties. Key amendments expanded these powers by removing time limits and increasing executive control. Judicial review is limited while parliamentary oversight is ineffective. Various emergencies were declared from 1964 to 1977 to deal with threats in Sarawak, post-1969 racial tensions, and a state political crisis in Kelantan.
The president of India has several important powers according to the constitution. These include executive powers over the administration, legislative powers such as introducing bills and approving or returning acts of parliament, financial powers such as approving the national budget, judicial powers like pardoning convicted criminals, and emergency powers to declare different types of emergencies. The president can exercise these powers directly or through subordinate officers. Additionally, the president has the power to appoint key government officials and acts as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. While the president has significant authority, executive powers must be exercised according to the constitution and are subject to limited judicial review.
The governor is the nominal executive head of the state, while the chief minister and council of ministers are the real executive. The governor is appointed by the president and holds office at the president's pleasure. The governor has executive, legislative, financial, and emergency powers but acts on the advice of the council of ministers in routine matters. The governor also has discretionary powers in certain areas like ordinance making and has special responsibilities in some states. While constitutionally the head of the state, the governor in practice acts as an agent of the central government.
This document discusses emergency provisions in the Indian Constitution from Articles 352 to 360. It defines national emergency, state emergency, and financial emergency. During a national emergency, the President can assume extra powers, suspend fundamental rights, and extend the term of the Lok Sabha. A state emergency allows the President to take over state administration. During a financial emergency, the President can issue financial directives and reduce salaries. The document provides examples of past emergencies in India and explains the impact of the 44th Constitutional amendment on emergency powers.
Emergency provision under Indian constitution gagan deep
The document discusses different types of emergencies that can be declared under the Indian Constitution: national emergency, state emergency, and financial emergency.
A national emergency can be declared if the security of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. It allows the central government to assume more powers. A state emergency can be imposed if a state's government can no longer function properly. It transfers state powers to the central government. A financial emergency is declared if India's financial stability is endangered. It also concentrates powers with the central government to address the situation.
The presentation comprises powers and functions of the President of India from the Constitutional perspective viz. Executive power, Legislative power, Financial power, Emergency power, Diplomatic Power, Military power, Pardoning power, etc.
The document discusses the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers at the state level in India. It defines the Chief Minister as the head of the state government, though formally appointed by the Governor. The Chief Minister is typically the leader of the party with a majority in the state assembly. They appoint the Council of Ministers and head this body. The Council of Ministers aids and advises the Governor and collectively takes responsibility before the state legislature. Key roles of the Chief Minister include recommending ministers, designating portfolios, and advising the Governor on various appointments.
Croatia has a parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The President serves as head of state and is elected to a 5-year term, while the Prime Minister leads the government as head of the executive branch. Legislative power lies with the unicameral Sabor parliament. The judiciary is independent and Croatia has a three-tiered court system headed by the Supreme Court. The current President and Prime Minister are Ivo Josipović and Zoran Milanović, respectively.
Ecuador has a presidential republic system of government with a president as both head of state and head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. Citizens can participate directly in governance through initiatives to propose legislation or constitutional amendments requiring a percentage of voter signatures. They can also recall elected officials through a referendum.
This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
The document summarizes the role and powers of the President of the Republic of Italy based on the country's constitution. It outlines that the President is the head of state and institutions, a supervisory body above the traditional separation of powers. While not part of the executive, the President has various formal and informal powers, including appointing ministers, dissolving parliament, and using "moral suasion" to influence politics during times of weakness or crisis. The President is elected by parliament for a seven-year term.
The document summarizes the government system of El Salvador. It describes El Salvador as a presidential representative republic with an executive branch led by a president and legislative branch consisting of a unicameral Legislative Assembly. Key points include that the president acts as both head of state and head of government, appoints ministers, commands the armed forces, and can declare states of emergency. The Legislative Assembly passes laws, approves the budget and international treaties, and elects certain officials. Elections take place every 3-5 years via proportional representation.
I talk about Brazil's system of government from executive to legislative and how elections work. I also talk about how it is a federation which means states and even districts within them get autonomy rights.
Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and has a long history, transitioning between rule by various kingdoms and empires. It was eventually colonized by Italy in the late 19th century. After World War II, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia but Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962, leading to a 30-year war for independence. Eritrea gained independence in 1993 after a UN-monitored referendum but is now a one-party totalitarian dictatorship under an authoritarian president and ruling party, with no active democracy or civil liberties.
In this post I talk about Austria's system of government including the executive government to do with the President and Chancellor, the Legislative Government and how elections work in the country.
I go over the government system of Barbados from executive to legislative and how elections work on the small island nation that was once apart of the British Empire.
Cuba has a one-party communist system led by the Communist Party of Cuba. The President is the head of state and chief diplomat but holds less power than the First Secretary of the Communist Party. The National Assembly is the unicameral legislature, whose members are elected through a multi-round system by local committees dominated by the Communist Party. The Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, acts as the executive branch and is responsible for implementing policies set by the National Assembly. Elections occur every five years for the National Assembly and top leadership positions.
The Problem with School Uniforms and the Possible FixesCharlie
I talk about how school uniforms can be disruptive for autistic people and people with learning disabilities and look into what can be done to improve the situation.
The Possible Implications of Sky AdvertisingCharlie
1. A Candy Crush advertisement displayed in the sky over New York City using drones sparked discussion about the potential implications of sky advertising.
2. Regulations currently focus on drone safety and security, but sky advertising is new and unregulated. Advertisers may be interested in using colorful, moving light shows at night to reach massive audiences.
3. Regulations could be needed to limit when and where sky ads occur to prevent overcommercialization of the night sky and impacts on wildlife, while also addressing citizen concerns about losing clear night skies.
The document summarizes Montenegro's complex governmental system and history. Montenegro is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic with a directly elected president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The country has experienced various rulers throughout its history, including being part of the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Montenegro declared independence in 2006 and now has a multi-party parliamentary system within a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic.
1. The document discusses 7 simple things the author learned about JavaScript, including that JavaScript engines like V8 and SpiderMonkey power different browsers, languages can transpile to JavaScript, the ECMA-262 specification defines JavaScript, Firefox and Chrome have the best developer tools, the <script> tag inserts JavaScript into HTML, semicolons end statements but can be omitted, and strict mode was introduced to handle changes to the language.
Looking into COBOL and Being Serious About itCharlie
I talk about the OG COBOL programming language and explain how its still more prevalent than you probably realise. I go over its history, things it was used for, and how it continues in the modern world.
I go over some useful and fun browser website tools that can be used to do things like get videos, video conversion to other formats, search, and a website full of OSINT tools.
I talk about how getting lower grades in school does not mean you have to settle for less. School is not for everyone and we can create our own pathways.
Tim Berners-Lee Inventor of the World Wide WebCharlie
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British Virgin Islands Enquiry Asks for Direct Rule from BritainCharlie
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I give an overview of the 2022 local elections that are happening later this week. This includes all of the council/local authority elections, mayoral elections, and the assembly election in Northern Ireland.
Britains 5 Original National Free-to-Air Television ChannelsCharlie
I look into the five national british television channels, BBC One and Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Includes their founding, history, setup, structure and how each managed to be successful.
Unemployment Among People with Autism is a Systemic Problem not an Individual...Charlie
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How I Once Ran a Successful Facebook Page The Rise and FallCharlie
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The Weekly Update 1 TV Channel Blog Post Short Blogs and MoreCharlie
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A Look at Dark Items 4 The Binding of Isaac A Lump of Coal and KrampusCharlie
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
1. April 27,
2020
The Government System of Croatia
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-croatia/
Croatia is a country located in
southeast Europe and is bordered
with Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina and a small part
of Montenegro. Croatia also has a
coast along the Adriatic Sea facing
Italy, and the country has a number of
small islands along its coast as well.
The country’s capital city, Zagreb, is
located near to the border with
Slovenia. I originally first heard of the
country via people talking about its
football team, particularly during the
Euros and World Cup (although I am
not into football myself).
The Croats first came to the area in
the 6 Century, forming the Duchy of
Croatia of which eventually became a Kingdom with the first king being Tomislav. This
lasted for about two centuries when there was a succession crisis leading to entering a
union with Hungary in 1102. Fast-forward to near the end of WW1 and the territory
broke away from Austro-Hungary, leading to the creation of the State of Slovenes, Croats
and Serbs, which soon merged with the Kingdom of Serbia, the area was renamed
to Yugoslavia in 1929.
When the Nazis invaded and occupied Yugoslavia during WW2 they made Croatia in an
“independent” puppet state. Resistance against the Nazis led to the forming of the
Federal state of Croatia which became a founding member of the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia after WW2. In June 1991 Croatia declared independence from
Yugoslavia and fought a successful four year long civil war against the Serb-backed
Yugoslav Army to maintain independence and territorial sovereignty.
The country’s official language is Croatian and the largest religion is Roman Catholic. The
country’s currency is the Kuna, used since 1994. The country’s population is estimated to
reach 4,227,746 by July 2020.
Government Type
th
1/11
2. Croatia’s Coat of Arms.
Croatia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic with a President who is
Head of State and a Prime Minister who is Head of Government. There is also a
unicameral parliament which makes up the legislative government. Multiple parties are
allowed.
Political parties that are against free democracy or that endanger Croatia are
unconstitutional and so not allowed.
2/11
3. Executive Government
Croatia’s Government Headquarters. Photo by Jorge Lascar from Flickr. CC BY 2.0.Source.
As said, there is a President who is Head of State, representing the country abroad in its
diplomatic and foreign affairs. The Presidency has a number of executive powers at its
disposal.
The person who is elected President must resign from any political party they are a part
of and stand independently.
presidential absence
The President of the Croatian Parliament can temporarily substitute for the President
due to some kind of absence or illness, if this goes for a long period of time due to
severe illness etc then the Constitutional Court will make the decision to put forth the
President of the Croatian Parliamrnt as temporary President. If the President dies in
office or resigns and this is confirmed by the Constitutional Court then again, the
President of the Croatian Parliament is temporary President of the Nation.
Any acts issued by a temporary President on promulgation of law must be counter-
signed by the Prime Minister.
If the absence of President is permanent then fresh elections will be called within 60
days.
Democratic duties
The President calls elections for the Croatian Parliament and convenes its first session.
The President can call a referendum as long as it conforms with the constitution. The
3/11
4. President appoints the Prime Minister after parliamentary elections, the person who is
seen to have the confidence of the majority of members.
The Government can dissolve the Croatian Parliament for early elections at the proposal
of the Government, counter-signature of Prime Minister and after consultations with the
representatives of the clubs of parliamentary parties. This can happen if there has been
a successful vote of no-confidence in the Government or if the state budget has not been
passed within 120 days. The President is unable to dissolve parliament early if there are
ongoing impeachment proceedings against him.
pardon
The President can grant pardons from the law. The President can confer decorations and
other awards specified by law.
foreign affair duties
The President decides on the establishment of diplomatic missions and consular offices
abroad, with proposal from the Government and counter-signature from the Prime
Minister. With the counter-signature of the Prime Minister, the President also appoints
and recalls diplomatic representatives, after proposal from the Government and after
hearing the opinion of the authorized committee of the Croatian parliament.
President and Government
The President can propose to the Government to hold a session to consider certain
issues and the President may be present at the meeting of the Government and take
part in deliberations.
The President and Government cooperate together in directing the operations of the
security services. Appointments of heads of security have prior opinion from the
authorized committee in Croatian Parliament and is then counter-signed by the
President and Prime Minister.
commander-in-chief
The President is the commander-in-chief of the country’s armed forces. The President
appoints and relieves of duty military commanders, via conformity of the law. With
decision of the Croatian parliament, the President can declare war and make peace.
If there is an immediate threat to independence, unity and existence of the state, then
the President can order the employment of the armed forces before a state of war is
declared, although needs a counter-signature from the Prime Minister to do this.
Armed forces of allied nations may cross the national border and enter Croatia or
operate within the national borders as stipulated in a ratified international treaty, with
consent from the Government and the President. Croatia may also give assistance to
allied nations in case of armed aggression under ratified international treaties, decided
by the parliament, Government with consent from the President.
4/11
5. If the President does not give consent to the above, he can be overruled by a vote of two-
thirds of parliamentary members.
Military exercises and humanitarian assistance are also decided as stipulated by
international treaties and with a decision via Government and consent from the
President.
emergency provisions
Provisions in the constitution allow the restriction of freedoms and rights under
emergency and extraordinary situations, such as due to war or territorial sovereignty or
the nation’s independence being threatened, severe natural disasters etc. Any move to
being in such emergency provisions requires consent of at least two-thirds of
parliament, but if the parliament is unable to meet due to whatever the problem is, then
the decision is proposed by the Government to the President, which is counter-signed by
the Prime Minister. Certain provisions cannot be restricted as stated in the constitution,
such as right to life, prohibition of torture, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment
and so on.
Emergency provisions and time of war allow the President to issue decrees with the
power of law, with the authority obtained from the Croatian Parliament. Decrees are
consented to by parliament.
Head of State Removal
The President can be impeached for breaking the country’s constitution. Impeachment
proceedings are instituted against the President a by a two-third majority vote of the
Croatian Parliament. The Constitutional Court will then decide via a two-third vote of its
judges on the President’s impeachment. If impeachment is sustained by the
Constitutional Court then the President is removed from office by force of the
constitution.
The Government
The other part of the Executive is the Government itself which is headed by the Prime
Minister as Head of Government. The Prime Minister proposes ministers and other
members of Government who are appointed by the President, there can also be Deputy
Prime Ministers.
formation
Within 30 days of the formation of Government it and its program will be presented to
parliament by the mandatary (person appointed to lead as Prime Minister) and demand
a vote of confidence on it. If successful then the Government assumes it duty. After
confidence is expressed the ruling on the appointment of Prime Minister will be brought
by the President of the Republic with counter-signature from the President of the
Croatian Parliament and the ruling on the appointments of ministers and government
members will then be brought by the Prime Minister with counter-signature again from
the President of the Croatian Parliament.
5/11
6. If the mandatary fails to form a Government within 30 days the President of the Republic
can choose to give up to 30 additional days, if the mandatary still fails to form a
Government within that additional time or if a proposed Government loses a vote of
confidence in parliament then the President of the Republic will choose a new
mandatary.
If it still fails then the President of the Republic can appoint a temporary non-party
Government and call fresh elections.
Main Governmental duties
It is the Governments job to propose legislation and other acts to the Croatian
Parliament; propose state budget and annual accounts; execute laws and other
decisions by the Croatian Parliament; enact decrees to implement laws; guide foreign
and internal policies; direct and control operations of state administration; take care of
economic development of country; direct performance and development of public
services among more.
parliamentary confidence
The Government is ultimately responsible to the Croatian Parliament and the Prime
Minister, ministers and members of Government are jointly-responsible for
Governmental decisions.
A vote of confidence in the Government, the Prime Minister or an individual minister or
member of Government can be brought forth by at least one-fifth of the members of
parliament. It is decided by vote of an absolute majority of members, if the motion is not
passed it cannot be reintroduced for six months against the same person or entity. If a
motion of no confidence passes against the Government or Prime Minister then the
Prime Minister and Government resign and if a newly appointed mandatary cannot form
a government then the President of the Republic may call fresh elections.
Legislative Government
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7. Croatian Parliament meeting place. Photo by Ex13 from Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0.Source.
The Croatian Parliament (or Sabor) is a unicameral chamber that makes up legislative
government and is where legislation is introduced, debated, amended and either passed
or rejected. It also gives consent to the state budget and gives confidence or non-
confidence to the Prime Minister, other ministers and members of Government and to
the Government as a whole and can also institute impeachment proceedings against the
President of the Republic. Various committees for different functions exist. The
parliament gives consent to alteration of Croatia’s territory, also decides on declaring war
or making peace, giving the President of the Republic consent to do so. Parliament can
grant amnesty for criminal offenses.
The President of the Republic must promulgate laws passed by parliament within eight
days unless the President believes the law does not abide by the country’s constitution
he can then instead refer it to the Constitutional Court for review, if they deem it to be
abiding with the constitution then the President must promulgate it.
An extraordinary session of parliament can be called by the President of the Republic or
by the Government or by the vote of a majority of parliamentary members.
The constitution states that the parliament has no less than 100 members but no more
than 160 members elected to it. It currently has 151 elected members.
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8. The President of the Croatian Parliament is elected in the first session after
parliamentary elections by a majority vote and members will decides on Standing Rules
which regulates the running of parliament.
The parliament can form commissions of inquiry regarding any issue of public interest.
The parliament can vote to have referendums on certain issues deemed of national
importance, at least 10% of voters can also convoke parliament to call a referendum on
certain issues stated by the constitution.
Judicial Branch
Croatia Supreme Court. Photo by Suradnik13 from Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0.Source.
The Supreme Court is the highest court of law in Croatia and its President is proposed by
the President of the Republic (after opinion from the general session of Supreme Court
and of the authorized committee of the Croatian Parliament) and the Croatian
Parliament will vote its consent, the Croatian Parliament can also vote to relieve the
President of the Supreme Court at the proposal of the President of the Republic. The
President of the Supreme Court serves for a 4-year term.
The National Judicial Council exists to make sure the Judicial Branch remains
autonomous and independent, it consists of 11 members serving 4-year terms (manner
of election decided by law) seven members are judges, two are university professors of
law and two members of parliament, one of which will be from the opposition, the
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9. council members elect among themselves the chairperson. The council appoints,
promotes, transfers, dismisses, and performs disciplinary accountability of judges and
presiding judges, excluding the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
The Constitutional Court consists of thirteen judges who are elected by a two-thirds
majority of the Croatian Parliament for 8-year terms, from among notable jurists,
including judges, public prosecutors, attorneys and university law professors. The judges
for election of the Constitutional Court are proposed by the committee of the Croatian
parliament authorized for constitutional issues. The judges of the constitutional court
elect a President from among themselves for a 4-year term.
Electoral System
Image in Public Domain.
Parliamentary elections are held every 4-years to elect the 151 members of Croatia’s
parliament, 140 members are elected from multi-seat constituencies using a
proportional representation system via the D’Hondt method, where all parties who get
at least 5% threshold are guaranteed seats in parliament. Three further members are
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10. elected by Croatians living abroad and finally eight further members are elected by
recognized minorities from a single nation-wide constituency, 3 by the Serb minority, 1
by the Hungarian minority, 1 by the Italian minority, 1 elected jointly by the Czech and
Slovak minorities and finally 2 elected jointly by all other recognized minorities.
After parliamentary elections a mandatary is appointed by the President of the Republic
who is deemed to have the most confidence among members of the parliament, they will
form Government and become Prime Minister if successful.
Presidential elections happen every 5-years and uses a two-round system where a
candidate requires an absolute majority to win in the first round otherwise a second
round is held between the top two candidates which is won by simple majority. One
person cannot serve as President for more than two terms either consecutively or not.
To vote in elections one must be a citizen of Croatia and be at least 18-years-old. Voting
is not mandatory.
Sources
The source for this post is from the 1991 Croatian constitution with amendments
through to 2013 from constituteproject.org and so it should be as accurate as possible
but of course there is always a chance I misinterpreted some parts and of course the
constitution can be changed so this post may eventually become outdated, so cross-
research is encouraged is using this in a serious capacity. Some information such as on
population and election of the unicameral parliament from the Croatia entry on the CIA
World Factbook.
The country’s constitution can be amended via a proposal brought forth by at least one-
fifth of the members of the Croatian Parliament. The President of the Republic or the
Government can also bring forth proposed amendments. It is voted by an absolute
majority of the members of parliament to start proceedings for constitutional
amendment, it is then voted by an absolute majority to determine draft amendments
and finally the amendment is adopted by a two-third majority vote in parliament and is
then promulgated by the parliament.
Next up will be the government system of Cuba.
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