I go over the government system of Belarus from executive to legislative and how the electoral system works in the country with the leader dubbed as Europe's last dictator.
In this post I talk about Austria's system of government including the executive government to do with the President and Chancellor, the Legislative Government and how elections work in the country.
This presentation covers in depth knowledge about PLURAL EXECUTIVE SYSTEM.
Inclusive of - intro, plural executive system working in Switzerland, it's organisation, Types and many more topics on Plural Exec System
Learn and better understand the system of governance used by the country of Afghanistan and how their elections work in my new A to Z political post series.
In this post I talk about Austria's system of government including the executive government to do with the President and Chancellor, the Legislative Government and how elections work in the country.
This presentation covers in depth knowledge about PLURAL EXECUTIVE SYSTEM.
Inclusive of - intro, plural executive system working in Switzerland, it's organisation, Types and many more topics on Plural Exec System
Learn and better understand the system of governance used by the country of Afghanistan and how their elections work in my new A to Z political post series.
Towards a new state in Myanmar
UPLOADED BY
Michael Lidauer-VIEWS-222
https://www.academia.edu/8144441/Towards_a_new_state_in_Myanmar
Towards a new state in Myanmar
UPLOADED BY
Michael Lidauer-VIEWS-222
kontakt@wahlbeobachtung.org
http://www.wahlbeobachtung.org/
Introduction
The state in Myanmar has gone through several incarnations since pre-colonial times.
1
After decades of military rule (1958–60, 1962–74, 1988–2010) and/or one-party-regime (1974–88), the 2008 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar establishes the basis for new gov-ernmental institutions and new modes of governance. This constitution – the third for the country following those from 1947 and 1974
2
– has been heavily criticized by democracy activists and opposition parties inside the country and by the international community for not meeting basic international standards for democratic governance. The strong role of the military, in particular the provision for reserved seats in the legislature, has been especially criticized. In fact, the question whether to accept the new constitution as a preliminary framework – that could provide a transitional pathway, opening a window of opportunity for opposition forces to re-engage in politics – was a question of principle for political parties prior to the 2010 elections. These elections were held on the basis of the new constitution. Several parties split over this question, some deciding on a boycott while splinter groups or newly founded parties decided to contest the polls
I talk about the government system of Bhutan including its monarchy, executive and legislative systems and how they all work as well as how elections work.
The Government System of Bosnia and HerzegovinaCharlie
I talk about the government system of Bosnia & Herzegovina including the result of the Bosnian War and the two agreements that formed the current system, from executive to legislative and how elections work.
This amazing power point is sooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo AWESOMEEEEEEEEEEEEEE!!!!!!! It will show you everything that you need to know about the 3 branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial
I was inspired to do this power point because I have been learning about the 3 branches of government in school for a LOOOONNNNGGG time now!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ENJOY!!!!!!!!!
Comparision on PARLIAMENTARY and PRESIDENTIAL form of government with referen...neil0504
This PPT will give a clear idea about the similarities and the differences of the Parliamentary form and Presidential form of government with respect to India and U.S.A.
difference between parliamentary govt and presidential govtAmulya Nigam
meaning and features of parliamentary form of govt and presidential form of govt
comparison between parliamentary form of govt and presidential form of govt and presidential form of govt
Towards a new state in Myanmar
UPLOADED BY
Michael Lidauer-VIEWS-222
https://www.academia.edu/8144441/Towards_a_new_state_in_Myanmar
Towards a new state in Myanmar
UPLOADED BY
Michael Lidauer-VIEWS-222
kontakt@wahlbeobachtung.org
http://www.wahlbeobachtung.org/
Introduction
The state in Myanmar has gone through several incarnations since pre-colonial times.
1
After decades of military rule (1958–60, 1962–74, 1988–2010) and/or one-party-regime (1974–88), the 2008 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar establishes the basis for new gov-ernmental institutions and new modes of governance. This constitution – the third for the country following those from 1947 and 1974
2
– has been heavily criticized by democracy activists and opposition parties inside the country and by the international community for not meeting basic international standards for democratic governance. The strong role of the military, in particular the provision for reserved seats in the legislature, has been especially criticized. In fact, the question whether to accept the new constitution as a preliminary framework – that could provide a transitional pathway, opening a window of opportunity for opposition forces to re-engage in politics – was a question of principle for political parties prior to the 2010 elections. These elections were held on the basis of the new constitution. Several parties split over this question, some deciding on a boycott while splinter groups or newly founded parties decided to contest the polls
I talk about the government system of Bhutan including its monarchy, executive and legislative systems and how they all work as well as how elections work.
The Government System of Bosnia and HerzegovinaCharlie
I talk about the government system of Bosnia & Herzegovina including the result of the Bosnian War and the two agreements that formed the current system, from executive to legislative and how elections work.
This amazing power point is sooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo AWESOMEEEEEEEEEEEEEE!!!!!!! It will show you everything that you need to know about the 3 branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial
I was inspired to do this power point because I have been learning about the 3 branches of government in school for a LOOOONNNNGGG time now!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ENJOY!!!!!!!!!
Comparision on PARLIAMENTARY and PRESIDENTIAL form of government with referen...neil0504
This PPT will give a clear idea about the similarities and the differences of the Parliamentary form and Presidential form of government with respect to India and U.S.A.
difference between parliamentary govt and presidential govtAmulya Nigam
meaning and features of parliamentary form of govt and presidential form of govt
comparison between parliamentary form of govt and presidential form of govt and presidential form of govt
I go over the government system of Barbados from executive to legislative and how elections work on the small island nation that was once apart of the British Empire.
The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue. It is also the industry with the highest spending on research & development per firm.
The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue. It is also the industry with the highest spending on research & development per firm.The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue. It is also the industry with the highest spending on research & development per firm.The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue. It is also the industry with the highest spending on research & development per firm.
The Problem with School Uniforms and the Possible FixesCharlie
I talk about how school uniforms can be disruptive for autistic people and people with learning disabilities and look into what can be done to improve the situation.
Looking into COBOL and Being Serious About itCharlie
I talk about the OG COBOL programming language and explain how its still more prevalent than you probably realise. I go over its history, things it was used for, and how it continues in the modern world.
I go over some useful and fun browser website tools that can be used to do things like get videos, video conversion to other formats, search, and a website full of OSINT tools.
I talk about how getting lower grades in school does not mean you have to settle for less. School is not for everyone and we can create our own pathways.
Tim Berners-Lee Inventor of the World Wide WebCharlie
A blog post adapted from my presentation about Tim Berners-Lee who invented the world wide web. Goes over the history and some other information on Tim Berners-Lee.
British Virgin Islands Enquiry Asks for Direct Rule from BritainCharlie
I talk about the prospect of direct rule for the British Virgin Islands following a corruption enquiry and arrest of their Premier. I also look into what happened with the Turks and Caicos Islands when they were under direct rule.
I give an overview of the 2022 local elections that are happening later this week. This includes all of the council/local authority elections, mayoral elections, and the assembly election in Northern Ireland.
Britains 5 Original National Free-to-Air Television ChannelsCharlie
I look into the five national british television channels, BBC One and Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Includes their founding, history, setup, structure and how each managed to be successful.
Unemployment Among People with Autism is a Systemic Problem not an Individual...Charlie
I talk about how the unemployment issue among people with Autism is clearly a systemic issue and not an individual's issue alone. I highlight many of the common issues and barriers people with Autism face with employment and as a result many give up or try a more unconventional path.
How I Once Ran a Successful Facebook Page The Rise and FallCharlie
I talk about how I once ran a successful community-focused social media page that includes what I think I did right and wrong. I also talk about how and why it eventually came to an end.
The Weekly Update 1 TV Channel Blog Post Short Blogs and MoreCharlie
The first in the regular Weekly Update series for The Weekly Rambler blog. Goes over misc topics and gives information on what is happening with the blog and its content on a weekly basis.
A Look at Dark Items 4 The Binding of Isaac A Lump of Coal and KrampusCharlie
I look into the darkness and origins behind the Alpine folkloric being that is Krampus and I also look into the origins of why coal for Christmas is now a negative thing.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
The Government System of Belarus
1. January 20,
2020
The Government System of Belarus
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-belarus/
Belarus is a landlocked country located in the east of Europe and is bordered by Russia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine. The country has been a part of numerous nations
before it saw a form of independence, it has been part of the Principality of Polotsk, the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and then the Russian
Empire.
After the revolution in Russia in 1917, Belarus declared its brief independence as the
Belarusian People’s Republic but it was short-lived as the Polish-Soviet War ravaged the
country, Poland took some of the territory while the rest was incorporated into the
Soviet Union. Interestingly the then government of the Belarusian People’s Republic,
called Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, is still in exile to this very day, being
the oldest government in exile, it is the most influential organization on the Belarusian
diaspora and advocates for democracy in Belarus.
Belarus finally gained independence on 25th August 1991 during the collapse of the
Soviet Union.
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2. The capital city is Minsk located near to the center of the country and the currency is the
Belarusian ruble and as of 2017 its population is 9.508 million. The official languages are
Belarusian and Russian and the largest religion is Christian Eastern Orthodoxy.
Government Type
Belarus Coat of Arms
The Government is made up of a President who is Head of State and an appointed Prime
Minister who is Head of Government and there is a bicameral (upper and lower house)
parliament that makes up the legislative government.
Current president Alexander Lukashenko who is still the country’s first ever president
(but 2nd ever leader) of Belarus since its independence, has attracted widespread
criticism for his harsh rule of the country, including lack of proper democracy, unlimited
terms as president, human rights abuses, limits of freedom of press, media and speech
and powers enabling him to overrule parliament as well as one of the only former-Soviet
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3. states on the European side to keep close relations with Russia and reinstatement of
Soviet-era functions, policies and symbols. Public assembly is severely restricted and not
allowed without government consent and oversight.
He has been dubbed by Western critics as “Europe’s last dictator”.
Executive Government
Palace of the Republic, President’s Office. Photo byJoergsam from Wikimedia. License.
As previously mentioned, the Executive government includes the Head of State who is
the President of Belarus and the Prime Minister who is the Head of Government,
appointed by the President with consent from the lower house of parliament.
The President has a number of powers that he can use, some of them deemed to be
authoritarian by critics. These powers include calling national referendums, dissolving of
parliament, calling elections for parliament and local representative bodies and decides
on the structure of government. He signs bills into law passed by parliament but can also
return them either fully or in parts that he doesn’t agree with. He can also appoint and
dismiss ministers and deputy prime ministers and decides on officials’ resignations and
can abolish acts of government. The president can also send a draft bill to parliament to
make changes to the constitution.
With consent from the upper house of parliament, which is basically guaranteed, the
president can appoint and dismiss the chairperson of the Supreme Court and also
appoint and dismiss judges. In foreign affairs the president is charged with conducting
negotiation and signing international treaties as well as appointing and recalling
diplomatic representatives. He can also determine the status of asylum seekers and
grant pardons to convicted citizens.
The President is also commander-in-chief of the country’s armed forces and can declare
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4. states of emergency or martial law with consent of the upper house of parliament.
Powers exist to remove the president from office due to physical or mental health with
an ad hoc committee being set up to determine the president’s state of health before the
motion begins. The President can also be removed from office for committing crime or
treason. In both cases a two-thirds vote is required in both houses of parliament and if it
is related to crime/treason it must also be reviewed by the Supreme Court. Due to both
houses often being stacked with the president’s supporters due to the undemocratic
nature of elections, the president being removed from office in this way is incredibly
unlikely. The motion is also made void if it isn’t passed within a month’s time of calling it.
The President is immune from arrest with the exception of treason and listed grave
crimes in Article 88 of the constitution. The presidents honour and dignity is also
protected by the constitution under Article 79, limiting freedom of speech and protest.
Further Article 5 makes it illegal for the media/press from printing or reporting news
considered defamation against the president.
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with consent from the lower house.
They are the Head of Government and are in-charge of ministers and a Cabinet of their
creation which is in charge of government policy, the Prime Minister and his government
is accountable to parliament and the president and ensures the implementation of
decrees and instructions from the president.
The Prime Minister and his cabinet also draft a national budget and can issue acts of
government.
Legislative Government
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5. The Legislative government is made up of a bicameral parliament, meaning there is an
elected lower house called the House of Representatives and an appointed upper house
called the Council of the Republic. The lower and upper house can draft bills from the
formation of committees and will debate and vote on draft bills which if passed go to the
upper house who debate and if passed from there will go to the President.
The lower house also debates and votes on the report of the Prime Minister on the policy
of the government, which if rejected twice is seen as an expression of non-confidence in
the government. The house itself can also call and hold a vote of no confidence on the
Prime Minister and his government, which requires at least a one-third vote to pass. The
lower house also gives its consent to the President’s appointed Prime Minister.
If the lower house rejects the nominated Prime Minister twice, the house will be
dissolved by the president and new elections called.
The upper house approves or rejects bills from the lower house. It also gives consent to
other appointments by the President such as Chairpersons and judges. The house itself
also elects six judges to the Constitutional Court. It can also reverse decisions by local
councils that go against the law and also dissolve local councils which it deems have
broken the law systematically. It also considers Presidential decrees among other things.
If the President rejects a law passed by parliament, he can send it back, the bill can only
be passed into law at that point if it gets a two-thirds vote in both houses. The President
can also draft his own bills for parliament to consider. The President can also issue
temporary decrees with the power of law if accepted by two-thirds of both houses.
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6. The House of Representatives (lower house) elect a Chairperson of the House and
deputy from their ranks and the Council of the Republic (upper house) also elect from
their ranks a Chairperson of the Council and a deputy. The chairpersons and their
deputies are in charge of conducting proceedings of the houses and also in charge of the
regulations of the operation of the chambers.
The lower house has a set 110 members who are elected every 4-years in parliamentary
elections while the upper house has a set 64 members who are elected by local regional
bodies and others appointed by the president. The upper house consists of 8 deputies
from each region or oblast as well as 8 from the capital Minsk. 8 Deputies are also
appointed by the President.
Parliament can also vote on having referendums.
Electoral System
Photo by EUvin from Wikimedia. License.
The democratic system in Belarus has been highly criticized as inadequate and wholly
undemocratic due to restrictions on media, press and freedom of speech, on top of a
harsh limit on candidate expenditures making it hard for opposing candidates to be
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7. noticed, as well as lack of finance in elections which altogether leads to low turnout and
voter apathy. Elections have also been postponed and staggered numerous times and
there have been elections where parliament has been left without quorum. Due to this
parties have also found it incredibly difficult to gain a foothold, with parliament mostly
made up of independents. Most members of parliament are supporters of Lukashenko,
leaving him with power to proceed with executive decisions without opposition.
There has also been the disappearances and deaths of prominent opposition leaders
and human rights abuses against other opposition politicians.
The President is also allowed to be elected an unlimited number of terms which has
allowed Lukashenko, the country’s only 2nd ever leader and first ever President to
remain in office since 1994. A presidential term lasts five years, but on occasions the
term has been reset due to constitutional changes enacted by the president.
Presidential elections are meant to happen every 5-years and are called by the lower
house of parliament within the set time frame by the constitution. Presidential
candidates require signatures from no less than 100,000 citizens who are eligible to vote
to get on to the ballot. The main election requires a candidate to get at least 50% of the
vote to win, a 2nd round with the two highest performing candidates is held if no
candidate got more than 50% in the 1st round.
Eligible presidential candidates must be at least 35-years-old and a citizen of Belarus who
is eligible to vote and has lived in the country for at least 10-years.
Parliamentary elections elect the lower house of parliament and are held every 4-years.
The 110 members are elected from single-seat constituencies using the first-past-the-
post system. To be eligible for election to appointment to parliament requires candidates
to be citizens of Belarus, at least 21-years-old for the lower house or 30-years-old for the
upper house. Additionally, for the upper house candidates must have lived in a
corresponding region or the city of Minsk for at least 5-years.
The Upper House of parliament is re-appointed every 4-years.
Any citizen of Belarus who is at least 18-years-old can vote, voting is not compulsory.
People can though be considered incapable to vote by a court and people in prison
cannot vote.
Thank you for reading, next up will be Belgium!
If you have any queries please Email me, you can find my Email in the Contacts &
Community section. Please also follow The Weekly Rambler on Twitter and Facebook
which you can access through the buttons at the bottom of this website. You can also
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8. through a button in each Email notification), or alternatively you can use an RSS Feed
Reader. Please also join my FB Group The Weekly Ramblers Readers Group where
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can also find it in Community.
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