This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
The document summarizes the government system of El Salvador. It describes El Salvador as a presidential representative republic with an executive branch led by a president and legislative branch consisting of a unicameral Legislative Assembly. Key points include that the president acts as both head of state and head of government, appoints ministers, commands the armed forces, and can declare states of emergency. The Legislative Assembly passes laws, approves the budget and international treaties, and elects certain officials. Elections take place every 3-5 years via proportional representation.
This document defines and explains different forms of government and constitutions. It discusses monarchies, aristocracies, democracies, unitary and federal systems of government, parliamentary and presidential systems, and written vs unwritten, rigid vs flexible, enacted vs evolved constitutions. As an example, it provides details about the government of Brazil, which has a federal system with an elected president and bicameral legislature.
The foregoing proposed Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the Constitutional Commission of 1986 on the twelfth day of October, Nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and accordingly signed on the fifteenth day of October, Nineteen hundred and eighty-six at the Plenary Hall, National Government Center, Quezon City, by the Commissioners whose signatures are hereunder affixed.
Notes in Philippine Government and Constitution (Finals)Noel Jopson
The document discusses key concepts related to citizenship, suffrage, and the legislative process in the Philippine government and constitution. It defines terms like citizenship, naturalization, suffrage, and the different types of citizens. It also outlines the qualifications for voters in the Philippines and covers the classification of House representatives. Finally, it summarizes the sessions of Congress, rules of procedure, and defines important legislative terms like appropriations, budgets, bills, statutes, and resolutions.
The document discusses key aspects of a constitution including that it establishes the framework of government, assigns powers and duties, and protects citizen rights. A good constitution is brief, broad, and definite. It should contain provisions on the structure of government, fundamental rights, and the amendment process. Constitutional amendments allow modifications to respond to changing needs but require rigorous processes like legislative approval or public ratification.
The document discusses questions and answers related to the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It begins by defining a constitution as a set of rules that govern how a country exercises its sovereignty. It then outlines the key concerns addressed in the Philippine Constitution such as territory, principles/policies, bill of rights, citizenship, suffrage, the legislative, executive and judicial branches, and methods for amendment. The document provides examples of individual rights, state policies on education, and distinguishes between laws and statutes. It summarizes the qualifications for Philippine citizenship and voting rights.
The document discusses the Philippine constitution, defining what a constitution is and outlining the key features and principles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It describes how the Philippine Constitution establishes the basic framework of government, assigns powers to different branches, and aims to preserve citizens' rights while pursuing principles like democracy, justice, and human rights. The document also provides overviews of previous 1935 and 1973 Philippine Constitutions.
This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
The document summarizes the government system of El Salvador. It describes El Salvador as a presidential representative republic with an executive branch led by a president and legislative branch consisting of a unicameral Legislative Assembly. Key points include that the president acts as both head of state and head of government, appoints ministers, commands the armed forces, and can declare states of emergency. The Legislative Assembly passes laws, approves the budget and international treaties, and elects certain officials. Elections take place every 3-5 years via proportional representation.
This document defines and explains different forms of government and constitutions. It discusses monarchies, aristocracies, democracies, unitary and federal systems of government, parliamentary and presidential systems, and written vs unwritten, rigid vs flexible, enacted vs evolved constitutions. As an example, it provides details about the government of Brazil, which has a federal system with an elected president and bicameral legislature.
The foregoing proposed Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the Constitutional Commission of 1986 on the twelfth day of October, Nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and accordingly signed on the fifteenth day of October, Nineteen hundred and eighty-six at the Plenary Hall, National Government Center, Quezon City, by the Commissioners whose signatures are hereunder affixed.
Notes in Philippine Government and Constitution (Finals)Noel Jopson
The document discusses key concepts related to citizenship, suffrage, and the legislative process in the Philippine government and constitution. It defines terms like citizenship, naturalization, suffrage, and the different types of citizens. It also outlines the qualifications for voters in the Philippines and covers the classification of House representatives. Finally, it summarizes the sessions of Congress, rules of procedure, and defines important legislative terms like appropriations, budgets, bills, statutes, and resolutions.
The document discusses key aspects of a constitution including that it establishes the framework of government, assigns powers and duties, and protects citizen rights. A good constitution is brief, broad, and definite. It should contain provisions on the structure of government, fundamental rights, and the amendment process. Constitutional amendments allow modifications to respond to changing needs but require rigorous processes like legislative approval or public ratification.
The document discusses questions and answers related to the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It begins by defining a constitution as a set of rules that govern how a country exercises its sovereignty. It then outlines the key concerns addressed in the Philippine Constitution such as territory, principles/policies, bill of rights, citizenship, suffrage, the legislative, executive and judicial branches, and methods for amendment. The document provides examples of individual rights, state policies on education, and distinguishes between laws and statutes. It summarizes the qualifications for Philippine citizenship and voting rights.
The document discusses the Philippine constitution, defining what a constitution is and outlining the key features and principles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It describes how the Philippine Constitution establishes the basic framework of government, assigns powers to different branches, and aims to preserve citizens' rights while pursuing principles like democracy, justice, and human rights. The document also provides overviews of previous 1935 and 1973 Philippine Constitutions.
I talk about Brazil's system of government from executive to legislative and how elections work. I also talk about how it is a federation which means states and even districts within them get autonomy rights.
It deals with the principles of checks and balances and the separation of powers in a presidential system of government of the Philippines. It also shows the functions of the three branches of the government - executive, legislative, and the judiciary - as well as the positions and qualifications for each branch.
The document provides excerpts from the United States Constitution, outlining the structure and powers of the federal government. It establishes three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - and divides Congress into the House of Representatives and Senate. Key powers granted to Congress include taxation, commerce regulation, and declaring war. The President is established as commander-in-chief and makes treaties with approval of the Senate. The judicial branch has a Supreme Court with life terms for judges. The Constitution can be amended through a process requiring approval by Congress and state legislatures.
The US Constitution is the highest law of the land and sets forth the basic framework of the government, including limited government power, separation of powers among three branches, and checks and balances. It also establishes judicial review, federalism, and fundamental rights in the Bill of Rights. State constitutions generally reflect these principles but may include some unique additions. The Constitution can be amended through approval by two-thirds of Congress and three-fourths of states.
This document summarizes the process by which the 1987 Philippine Constitution was drafted and ratified after the 1986 People Power Revolution. It describes how President Corazon Aquino issued a temporary constitution called the "Freedom Constitution" and then established a constitutional commission to draft a new constitution. The commission finished its work in October 1986 and the draft was submitted to and ratified by a public referendum in February 1987, with over 76% of voters approving. The new constitution enshrined key principles like sovereignty residing in the people, civilian authority over the military, and separation of powers among the three branches of government.
The document discusses the legislative branch of the Philippine government. It notes that the legislative branch is responsible for making, deliberating on, amending, and repealing laws. The Philippine Congress is the country's bicameral legislative department, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. Senators serve 6-year terms and Representatives serve 3-year terms. The document outlines the powers of Congress and the process for how a bill becomes a law, which involves readings in both the House and Senate and approval by the President.
This summarizes the key elements of the Philippine Constitution:
1) It establishes the Philippines as a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people.
2) It outlines the national territory and declares principles like promoting social justice, protecting human rights and the family, and pursuing an independent foreign policy.
3) It establishes a Bill of Rights that protects civil liberties like freedom of speech, religion, press, and due process, and prohibits torture.
The document discusses the Philippine Constitution. It defines key terms like constitution, constitutional law, and supremacy of the constitution. It explains the origins and elements of the state. It discusses the different types of constitutions based on origin, form, and manner of amendment. It also covers the inherent powers of government, requirements for a valid constitution, and the process of revision and amendment. The qualifications and terms of Senators and the composition of the House of Representatives are also summarized.
The document discusses key concepts related to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, including its preamble, fundamental objectives, and authorship. It notes that the constitution seeks to build a just and humane society under a government that will promote general welfare and preserve independence and democracy. The preamble introduces the Filipino people as the sovereign authors of the constitution.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of the Philippine legislative system from Spanish colonial rule to the present-day Congress. It discusses how representation in the Spanish Cortes evolved over time. It then outlines the legislative bodies that followed, including the Malolos Congress (1898-1899), the Philippine Commission (1901), the establishment of an elective legislature through the Jones Act (1916), the National Assembly under the 1935 Constitution, and the restoration of the bicameral Congress in 1941. It further describes the establishment of the unicameral Batasang Pambansa under martial law in 1972, its abolition following the 1986 People Power Revolution, and the reestablishment of the current bicameral Congress under the 1987
The document provides an overview of the key concepts and principles of the Philippine Constitution. It defines what a constitution is and explains that the Philippine Constitution is the supreme law of the land. It also describes the key principles and policies established in the Constitution like the Philippines being a democratic republic, renouncing war, civilian supremacy over the military, and separation of church and state. The summary highlights the Constitution's definition of the national territory and establishment of basic rights and duties of the people and government.
The document discusses the formation of the US Constitution. It describes how the Articles of Confederation created a weak national government and led states to call a Constitutional Convention in 1787. The framers drafted a new Constitution with three branches of federal government and a system of checks and balances. It was then debated by Federalists who supported it and Antifederalists concerned with states' rights. The Constitution was eventually ratified after promises of a Bill of Rights, which was later added as the first 10 amendments.
The document provides an overview of the political and administrative structure of the Philippines. It discusses the unitary presidential system and the three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial. It describes the structure and powers of each branch. The executive branch is led by the President. The legislative branch is a bicameral Congress consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court and includes lower courts.
This document is the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. It establishes Ethiopia as a federal and democratic state. It outlines the structure of the federal government and member states. It defines the powers and functions delegated to the federal government and powers reserved for the member states. It also establishes fundamental rights and freedoms for citizens and outlines principles of democracy, separation of religion and state, and conduct of government.
1. The document discusses concepts related to states and governments including definitions of a state, key elements of states, and theories of state origin.
2. It also covers the concept of constitutions, the preamble of constitutions, and types of governments and constitutions.
3. The summary specifically defines key Philippine constitutional concepts - the national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago and waters, seabed, insular shelves and other areas over which it has sovereignty. It also defines related maritime zones.
This document outlines 28 sections of the Declaration of Principles and State Policies in the Philippines constitution. Sections 1-6 discuss state principles such as the Philippines being a democratic republic where sovereignty resides with the people. Sections 7-28 outline state policies including an independent foreign policy, promotion of social justice, protection of human rights, and ensuring honesty and integrity in public service. The constitution establishes the framework of the Philippine government and principles it aims to uphold.
Dynamism of Philippine Administrative System and its Role to National Develop...Mhd Faheem Aliuden
The administrative system of the Republic of the Philippines is comprised of a central government and its territorial and political subdivisions, which enjoy local autonomy: the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays (smallest administrative unit) and the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
Executive Power
Vested in the President of the Philippines. The President is elected by popular vote. The principal workplace of the President is the Malacañang Palace in San Miguel, Manila. The executive branch is currently headed by President Rodrigo Duterte. The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
The Jones Law of 1916 established an autonomous government for the Philippine Islands by creating a bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. It outlined qualifications for voters, senators, representatives, and established the positions of Resident Commissioners to the U.S. and Governor-General, who would be appointed by the U.S. President. It also maintained the existing court system and process for appointing judges. The law aimed to give more control over domestic affairs to the Philippines to prepare them for future independence.
Ecuador has a presidential republic system of government with a president as both head of state and head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. Citizens can participate directly in governance through initiatives to propose legislation or constitutional amendments requiring a percentage of voter signatures. They can also recall elected officials through a referendum.
I talk about Brazil's system of government from executive to legislative and how elections work. I also talk about how it is a federation which means states and even districts within them get autonomy rights.
It deals with the principles of checks and balances and the separation of powers in a presidential system of government of the Philippines. It also shows the functions of the three branches of the government - executive, legislative, and the judiciary - as well as the positions and qualifications for each branch.
The document provides excerpts from the United States Constitution, outlining the structure and powers of the federal government. It establishes three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - and divides Congress into the House of Representatives and Senate. Key powers granted to Congress include taxation, commerce regulation, and declaring war. The President is established as commander-in-chief and makes treaties with approval of the Senate. The judicial branch has a Supreme Court with life terms for judges. The Constitution can be amended through a process requiring approval by Congress and state legislatures.
The US Constitution is the highest law of the land and sets forth the basic framework of the government, including limited government power, separation of powers among three branches, and checks and balances. It also establishes judicial review, federalism, and fundamental rights in the Bill of Rights. State constitutions generally reflect these principles but may include some unique additions. The Constitution can be amended through approval by two-thirds of Congress and three-fourths of states.
This document summarizes the process by which the 1987 Philippine Constitution was drafted and ratified after the 1986 People Power Revolution. It describes how President Corazon Aquino issued a temporary constitution called the "Freedom Constitution" and then established a constitutional commission to draft a new constitution. The commission finished its work in October 1986 and the draft was submitted to and ratified by a public referendum in February 1987, with over 76% of voters approving. The new constitution enshrined key principles like sovereignty residing in the people, civilian authority over the military, and separation of powers among the three branches of government.
The document discusses the legislative branch of the Philippine government. It notes that the legislative branch is responsible for making, deliberating on, amending, and repealing laws. The Philippine Congress is the country's bicameral legislative department, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. Senators serve 6-year terms and Representatives serve 3-year terms. The document outlines the powers of Congress and the process for how a bill becomes a law, which involves readings in both the House and Senate and approval by the President.
This summarizes the key elements of the Philippine Constitution:
1) It establishes the Philippines as a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people.
2) It outlines the national territory and declares principles like promoting social justice, protecting human rights and the family, and pursuing an independent foreign policy.
3) It establishes a Bill of Rights that protects civil liberties like freedom of speech, religion, press, and due process, and prohibits torture.
The document discusses the Philippine Constitution. It defines key terms like constitution, constitutional law, and supremacy of the constitution. It explains the origins and elements of the state. It discusses the different types of constitutions based on origin, form, and manner of amendment. It also covers the inherent powers of government, requirements for a valid constitution, and the process of revision and amendment. The qualifications and terms of Senators and the composition of the House of Representatives are also summarized.
The document discusses key concepts related to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, including its preamble, fundamental objectives, and authorship. It notes that the constitution seeks to build a just and humane society under a government that will promote general welfare and preserve independence and democracy. The preamble introduces the Filipino people as the sovereign authors of the constitution.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of the Philippine legislative system from Spanish colonial rule to the present-day Congress. It discusses how representation in the Spanish Cortes evolved over time. It then outlines the legislative bodies that followed, including the Malolos Congress (1898-1899), the Philippine Commission (1901), the establishment of an elective legislature through the Jones Act (1916), the National Assembly under the 1935 Constitution, and the restoration of the bicameral Congress in 1941. It further describes the establishment of the unicameral Batasang Pambansa under martial law in 1972, its abolition following the 1986 People Power Revolution, and the reestablishment of the current bicameral Congress under the 1987
The document provides an overview of the key concepts and principles of the Philippine Constitution. It defines what a constitution is and explains that the Philippine Constitution is the supreme law of the land. It also describes the key principles and policies established in the Constitution like the Philippines being a democratic republic, renouncing war, civilian supremacy over the military, and separation of church and state. The summary highlights the Constitution's definition of the national territory and establishment of basic rights and duties of the people and government.
The document discusses the formation of the US Constitution. It describes how the Articles of Confederation created a weak national government and led states to call a Constitutional Convention in 1787. The framers drafted a new Constitution with three branches of federal government and a system of checks and balances. It was then debated by Federalists who supported it and Antifederalists concerned with states' rights. The Constitution was eventually ratified after promises of a Bill of Rights, which was later added as the first 10 amendments.
The document provides an overview of the political and administrative structure of the Philippines. It discusses the unitary presidential system and the three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial. It describes the structure and powers of each branch. The executive branch is led by the President. The legislative branch is a bicameral Congress consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court and includes lower courts.
This document is the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. It establishes Ethiopia as a federal and democratic state. It outlines the structure of the federal government and member states. It defines the powers and functions delegated to the federal government and powers reserved for the member states. It also establishes fundamental rights and freedoms for citizens and outlines principles of democracy, separation of religion and state, and conduct of government.
1. The document discusses concepts related to states and governments including definitions of a state, key elements of states, and theories of state origin.
2. It also covers the concept of constitutions, the preamble of constitutions, and types of governments and constitutions.
3. The summary specifically defines key Philippine constitutional concepts - the national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago and waters, seabed, insular shelves and other areas over which it has sovereignty. It also defines related maritime zones.
This document outlines 28 sections of the Declaration of Principles and State Policies in the Philippines constitution. Sections 1-6 discuss state principles such as the Philippines being a democratic republic where sovereignty resides with the people. Sections 7-28 outline state policies including an independent foreign policy, promotion of social justice, protection of human rights, and ensuring honesty and integrity in public service. The constitution establishes the framework of the Philippine government and principles it aims to uphold.
Dynamism of Philippine Administrative System and its Role to National Develop...Mhd Faheem Aliuden
The administrative system of the Republic of the Philippines is comprised of a central government and its territorial and political subdivisions, which enjoy local autonomy: the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays (smallest administrative unit) and the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
Executive Power
Vested in the President of the Philippines. The President is elected by popular vote. The principal workplace of the President is the Malacañang Palace in San Miguel, Manila. The executive branch is currently headed by President Rodrigo Duterte. The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
The Jones Law of 1916 established an autonomous government for the Philippine Islands by creating a bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. It outlined qualifications for voters, senators, representatives, and established the positions of Resident Commissioners to the U.S. and Governor-General, who would be appointed by the U.S. President. It also maintained the existing court system and process for appointing judges. The law aimed to give more control over domestic affairs to the Philippines to prepare them for future independence.
Ecuador has a presidential republic system of government with a president as both head of state and head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. Citizens can participate directly in governance through initiatives to propose legislation or constitutional amendments requiring a percentage of voter signatures. They can also recall elected officials through a referendum.
The document outlines the structure and powers of the three branches of the US federal government as established by the Constitution:
1) The legislative branch is made up of Congress, which has the power to enact laws, declare war, approve appointments, and conduct investigations. Congress is divided into the House of Representatives and Senate.
2) The executive branch is headed by the President, who enforces laws and acts as commander-in-chief. The President can sign or veto bills, negotiate treaties, issue executive orders, and pardon crimes.
3) The judicial branch consists of federal courts that interpret laws and the constitution. Judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Supreme Court is the highest
The Philippine President serves as the principal architect of Philippine foreign policy, anchored on preserving national security, protecting overseas Filipinos, and promoting economic security. The President has power to negotiate treaties subject to Senate ratification and issue executive orders to direct executive officers or clarify laws. There are disagreements around the extent of the President's power in foreign relations, with some arguing sole power as Chief Executive and others that the President must follow policies set by Congress. Executive agreements are similar to treaties but do not require legislative approval.
The document discusses Colombia's constitution and government. It provides questions about key aspects of Colombia's political system such as the presidency, congress, supreme court, and constitutional amendments. It then provides answers to those questions, describing things like the requirements to become president, the main functions of congress and the supreme court, what a constitutional amendment and state of siege are, and other important details about Colombia's government under the 1886 constitution and subsequent amendments.
The document discusses Colombia's governmental system and constitution. It provides information on the president's role and requirements to become president. It also discusses the functions of congress, the supreme court, and constitutional amendments. The questions at the end cover topics like slavery, states of siege, the national front, and mayoral elections.
The document discusses Colombia's presidential system of government and constitutional history. It provides details on:
1. The main requirements to become president of Colombia are direct popular vote, being a native born citizen, and in full possession of political rights.
2. Colombia has had ten constitutions prior to the 1886 constitution. The 1853 constitution abolished slavery.
3. Important constitutional amendments resulted from the 1957 Sitges and San Carlos Agreements between Liberal and Conservative parties.
The document contains 20 questions about Colombia's constitutional history and government. It asks about the number of constitutions Colombia had prior to 1886, when slavery was abolished, the concept of a "state of siege," important constitutional amendments, requirements to become president, the functions of congress and the supreme court, and other topics related to Colombia's political system over time.
The document contains 20 questions about Colombia's constitutional history and government. It asks about the number of constitutions Colombia had prior to 1886, when slavery was abolished, the concept of a "state of siege," important constitutional amendments, requirements to become president, the functions of congress and the supreme court, and other topics related to Colombia's political system over time.
The document contains 20 questions about Colombia's constitutional history and government. It asks about the number of constitutions Colombia had prior to 1886, when slavery was abolished, the concept of a "state of siege," important constitutional amendments, requirements to become president, the functions of congress and the supreme court, and other topics related to Colombia's political system over time.
The document contains 20 questions about Colombia's constitutional history and government. It asks about the number of constitutions Colombia had prior to 1886, when slavery was abolished, the concept of a "state of siege," important constitutional amendments, requirements to become president, the functions of congress and the supreme court, and other topics related to Colombia's political system over time.
The document contains 20 questions about Colombia's constitutional history and government. It asks about the number of constitutions Colombia had prior to 1886, when slavery was abolished, the concept of a "state of siege," important constitutional amendments, requirements to become president, the functions of congress and the supreme court, and other topics related to Colombia's political system over time.
The document discusses several key concepts related to government and constitutions:
- It defines what a constitution is and discusses the separation of powers into the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches.
- It provides context on the Colombian Constitution of 1886 and how it established the Republic of Colombia.
- It briefly discusses mechanisms for amending constitutions, such as amendments, plebiscites, and decrees.
- It also covers the roles and selection processes of different government positions, such as President, Ministers, Congress members, and Supreme Court justices.
The document provides information about the presidency and governmental system in Colombia. It discusses the requirements to become president, the main functions of the president which include directing the executive branch and appointing governors. It also summarizes the main functions of congress, the supreme court, and discusses some important constitutional amendments over time such as the National Front which alternated the presidency between parties and required two-thirds majority for legislation.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. April 15,
2020
The Government System of Costa Rica
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-costa-rica/
Costa Rica is a country located in the
Central American region between the
North and South American continents
and is bordered with Panama and
Nicaragua and has a coast along both
the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic
Ocean on one side and the Pacific
Ocean on the other. Its capital city San
Jose is located in the center of the
country.
The area that is Costa Rica was
inhabited by Indigenous peoples
before the area was eventually
colonized and incorporated into the
Spanish Empire and made part of the
Captaincy General of Guatemala, a
largely autonomous area under the
Viceroyalty of New Spain, where it would become one of the poorest colonies, due to a
number of factors such as distance from the captaincy capital, legal prohibition from
trade with Panama, lack of resources as well as the lack of significant indigenous
population in the area that could have been exploited via forced labour to set up
plantations.
After Spain’s defeat in the Mexican War of Independence the entire Central America
region attained independence as the Federal Republic of Central America, during this
time a civil war broke out in Costa Rica over if they should become fully independent or
incorporated into the Mexican Empire, the outcome of the war led to independence.
In the later years there would be a second civil war in the country due to a dispute over a
presidential election, with the legislature annulling the outcome, leading to a
commander of their armed forces rebelling and overthrowing the government with the
backing of Guatemala and the US (likely due to Communists fighting on the side of the
Government). A provisional government junta was set up, fresh elections were held and
a new constitution was drafted and the military was abolished, making Costa Rica one of
the only country’s not to have a standing army (it relies on the US for defense).
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2. Costa Rica Coat of Arms
Since then the country has not experienced any significant political or social violence and
is seen as one of the most peaceful countries in the world and also one of the most
environmentally friendly as well.
The official language is Spanish and other nationally recognised languages include
Mekatelyu, Bribri and Patois. The largest religion is Roman Catholic and the country’s
currency is the Costa Rican colón. The country’s population is estimated to reach
5,097,988 by July 2020 according to the CIA World Factbook.
Government Type
Costa Rica is a Presidential Representative Democratic
Republic where the elected President is both Head of State
and Head of Government and there is an elected
unicameral chamber of parliament that makes up the
legislative government. Multiple parties are allowed.
Executive Government
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3. 48th President of Costa Rica. Photo by MadriCR from Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 4.0Source.
As already stated, there is a President who is both Head of State, representing the
country abroad in diplomatic and foreign affairs and the President is also Head of
Government, giving the position many powers to organise it.
The President and the Ministers of Government together exercise the Executive Power.
One of the two Vice-Presidents (by order of nomination) will take over the post of
President if the President is in absolute absence. For temporary absence the President
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4. can call either of the Vice-Presidents to stand in. If for whatever reason the Vice-
Presidents cannot stand-in then it will be the President of the Assembly instead.
The President’s powers include freely appointing and removing Ministers of Government;
officially representing the Nation and exercises the supreme command of the Public
Force. Communicates with the Legislative Assembly and informs them on various
matters of Administration, political state of the Republic, proposal of measures for good
functioning of the Government and the progress and wellbeing of the nation, also
informs the legislative chamber when he intends to leave the country and the motives
for trips.
For a person to be appointed a Minister of Government they must be a citizen in exercise
either Costa Rican born or a person naturalized with 10-years of residency, have a
secular status and to be at least 25-years or older. Members of the Legislative Assembly
appointed as a Minister must vacate their seat in parliament during the time they are
Minister but can return afterwards.
The President and Ministers working together as the Executive Power have further
powers that include freely appointing and removing members of the public force;
appoint and remove, with subject to the law, members of the Civil Service and the rest of
the public servants of their dependency; sanctions and promulgates laws passed by the
Legislative chamber, regulate and execute them and see to their full exactment.
Can decide on implementing emergency provisions and suspensions of certain parts of
the constitution allowed to be under extraordinary circumstances which is consented to
by a two-third vote of the Legislative chamber.
Maintains order and tranquility of the Nations; see to collection and investment of
national income in accordance with the law; direct international relations and
sign/promulgate treaties given approval by the Legislative chamber; see to good
functioning of administrative services and dependencies; convoke the Legislative
Assembly to ordinary or extraordinary sessions and send the bill of National Budget to
the Legislative Assembly, among other powers.
Decrees and decisions of the Executive Power require the signature of the President of
the Republic and the Minister of the branch it relates to and also in some cases the
approval of the Council of Government for it to have effect.
The Council of Government is formed by the President of the Republic and the Ministers
of Government to exercises functions that include asking the Legislative Assembly to
declare a state of national defense and to give authorization to decree military
recruitment, to organise army and to negotiate peace. The Council also exercises the
right of pardon in a form dictated by law; appoints and removes diplomatic
representatives; appoints directors of autonomous institutions whose designation
corresponds to the Executive Power; and finally, to resolve other businesses and matters
submitted to it by the President if needed.
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5. Legislative Government
Legislative Assembly. Photo by MadriCR from Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 4.0.Source.
The legislative government is made up of a single unicameral chamber called the
Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica that has a set 57-members that are proportioned
between each of the country’s provinces by the Supreme Tribunal of Elections based on
each Census.
The Legislative Assembly introduces, amends, rejects and passes legislation which then
goes on to be sanctioned by the Executive Power. The Executive Power can choose
within a 10-day limit to return the bill without sanction to the Legislative Chamber due to
them determining it is inappropriate or believes that certain parts should be changed.
The Legislative chamber can then either choose to adopt the observations or reject
them, upon rejecting passing the bill again will require a two-third majority, when passed
again, with or without observations adopted, then the bill must be sanctioned by the
Executive Power.
Legislature members and the Executive Power can both introduce legislation to the
Assembly through permanent commissions appointed by the legislature, reflecting its
composition of members as best as possible. Adopts the Republic’s budgets. Also
establishes national taxes and contributions and authorize municipal ones.
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6. International treaties and agreements are approved by the Legislative Assembly, with
treaties that effect territorial integrity and governmental organisation requiring the
approval of at least two-thirds as well as two-thirds of a convoked Constituent Assembly.
The Assembly appoints titular and substitute Magistrates of the Supreme Court of Justice
for 8-year terms by a vote of two-thirds of members. They will be considered re-elected
for equal periods unless this is voted against by two-thirds of the Legislative Assembly.
Magistrates to be eligible must be Costa Rican from birth or naturalized and living in the
country for at least 10-years (although the President of the Supreme Court must be
Costa Rican from birth), be a citizen in exercise, have a secular status, be older than 35-
years of age and to possess a degree of lawyer that is issued or legally recognised in
Costa Rica and to have exercised the profession for at least 10-years, unless it concerns
judicial functionaries with judicial practice of at least 5-years.
Members of the Supreme Court internally appoint the various chamber presidents of the
Supreme Court and appoint the President of the Supreme Court by the nominations
from the Magistrates.
The Assembly gives assent for the entrance of foreign troops or for stationing of ships of
war in the seaports or airports; can authorize the Executive Power to to declare a state of
national defense or to agree to peace; vote by two-thirds majority to implement
exceptional emergency provisions, including suspensions of specific parts of the
constitution as stated in the constitution, on all or part of the national territory for up to
30 days; decides on doubts of the physical or mental incapacity of the President of the
Republic and if removed decide on if the person who must substitute for the President
be called to exercise that power.
Appoints the Comptroller and Sub-Controller of the Republic.
Also decides on accusations against the President of the Republic, Vice-Presidents,
members of the Supreme Powers and Diplomatic Ministersm, whether they should be
admitted and declaring by a two-third vote if cause should be formed or not against
them and placing them in front of the Supreme Court of Justice. Can put forth a motion
of Censure against Ministers of Government, accepted by a two-third majority.
Can appoint investigative commissions.
Can grant general amnesties and pardons for political crimes at a vote of a two-third
majority.
At least 5% of the citizens inscribed on the electoral role can convoke a referendum,
confirmed by a two-third vote of the legislature or by the Executive power jointly with the
absolute majority of the totality of members of the legislative assembly, to approve or to
abrogate laws and partial reforms of the constitution. This cannot be done on money
bills. A bill of popular initiative can also be brought forth to the Assembly by at least 5%
inscribed on the electoral role.
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7. Image by Ahoerstemeier from Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0.
Source.
At the start of each legislature after parliamentary elections, members elect the
chambers Directorate including the President and Vice-President of the Legislative
Assembly who much meet the same requirements as the President of the Nation for the
roles. The President of the Assembly works to regulate debate, direct agenda and make
sure chamber rules are enforced.
Sessions of the Legislative Assembly are publicly open unless members vote by two-
thirds majority of those present to have a closed session. The Executive branch/power
can convoke an extraordinary session of the chamber.
Electoral System
Presidential Elections happen every
4-years. The system used requires a
candidate to get at least 40% or
more of the vote to win in the first
round otherwise a 2nd round is
held between the top two
candidates which is won by simple
majority. The President and two
Vice-Presidents are elected on the
same ballot. A President must wait
8-years after serving a 4-year term
to run for the presidency again.
Candidates for President and Vice-
President must be a Costa Rican
citizen from birth and a citizen in
exercise, have secular status and be
older than 30-years-old.
Parliamentary elections happen every 4-years to elect the 57-members of the Legislative
Assembly. Multiple members are elected using a closed-list proportional representation
system from each province (with how many deputies each province is allocated based on
its population). Elected members cannot serve successive terms but can run again after
sitting out a 4-year term.
Candidates must be a citizen in exercise, either Costa Rican from birth or by
naturalization with 10-years of residence in the country after obtaining nationality.
Candidates must also be at least 21-years or older. Those holding positions of
government, judicial or security forces or managers of autonomous institutions cannot
run.
If a member of the Legislature is appointed to a ministry position in Government and
decides to take it on then they must vacate their seat during that time, but can return
after the ceasing of their functions.
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8. To vote in elections one must be a citizen of Costa Rica and be at least 18-years-old.
Voting is mandatory in Costa Rica.
Sources
My sources come from the country’s 1949 constitution with amendments through to
2011 from constituteproject.org and so should be as accurate as possible but the chance
remains that I may have misinterpreted some parts and of course the constitution can
always change and so this post may eventually become outdated and so cross-checking
is suggested when using this in a serious capacity. I got some information such as on
population and election and constitutional amendment procedure from the CIA World
Factbook.
A proposal to amend the constitution can be brought forth by at least 10-members of
the Legislative Assembly or 5% of the citizens on the electoral role. Consideration of
proposals require a two-thirds majority approval in each of three readings by the
Assembly, it is then made into a legislative bill which is approved by a simple majority
and then the actual passage of this requires a two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, a
two-third vote of the Assembly can also convoke a referendum for the constitutional
Amendment to be given consent by the nation, but it is not needed.
Next up will be the government system of Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast).
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