I go over the government system of Belarus from executive to legislative and how the electoral system works in the country with the leader dubbed as Europe's last dictator.
This document outlines Ukraine's laws regarding marriageable age, state registration of marriages, and the process for registering a marriage. It discusses the following key points:
- Marriageable age is 18 years for both men and women according to the Family Code of Ukraine.
- Registering a marriage is a multi-stage process that involves applying, a mandatory waiting period, informing applicants of their rights and responsibilities, and registering the marriage.
- Medical examinations are required but results are confidential. Concealing illnesses can make a marriage invalid.
- Marriages must take place in registration authorities but exceptions can be made for other locations in special circumstances.
I go over the government system of Barbados from executive to legislative and how elections work on the small island nation that was once apart of the British Empire.
I go over the government system of Belarus from executive to legislative and how the electoral system works in the country with the leader dubbed as Europe's last dictator.
This document outlines Ukraine's laws regarding marriageable age, state registration of marriages, and the process for registering a marriage. It discusses the following key points:
- Marriageable age is 18 years for both men and women according to the Family Code of Ukraine.
- Registering a marriage is a multi-stage process that involves applying, a mandatory waiting period, informing applicants of their rights and responsibilities, and registering the marriage.
- Medical examinations are required but results are confidential. Concealing illnesses can make a marriage invalid.
- Marriages must take place in registration authorities but exceptions can be made for other locations in special circumstances.
I go over the government system of Barbados from executive to legislative and how elections work on the small island nation that was once apart of the British Empire.
In this post I talk about Austria's system of government including the executive government to do with the President and Chancellor, the Legislative Government and how elections work in the country.
I talk about Argentina's government system, how the executive and legislative works and how each Province also has its own autonomous government and constitution. And how elections work.
The document discusses Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, which allows the central government to impose President's Rule in a state, temporarily taking over state functions. It was intended to help preserve national unity but has often been misused by parties in power at the center to take over states with opposing parties in power. While meant for emergency situations, it has frequently been used for political purposes rather than constitutional breakdown. The document examines the rationale for invoking this article often and its implications for India's democratic structure.
The Government System of Bosnia and HerzegovinaCharlie
I talk about the government system of Bosnia & Herzegovina including the result of the Bosnian War and the two agreements that formed the current system, from executive to legislative and how elections work.
The executive branch of the US government consists of the President, Vice President, Cabinet, and executive departments and agencies. The President is both head of state and head of the executive branch. Key powers of the President include legislative functions like signing bills into law, executive functions as Commander-in-Chief, and administrative functions such as appointing Cabinet members and ambassadors. The Vice President replaces the President if necessary and acts as President of the Senate. Voters elect electors who then formally elect the President and Vice President in the Electoral College system.
The Sarkaria Commission made several recommendations to improve center-state relations in India. Regarding legislative relations, it recommended that residuary powers should remain with Parliament but the concurrent list be expanded. It recommended greater consultation with states on concurrent list legislation. Regarding financial relations, it recommended periodic review of duties imposed by the center, consultation on taxation, and greater transparency from the Finance Commission. It recommended setting up a permanent Inter-Governmental Council and strengthening the National Development Council to improve coordination on economic and social planning.
I go over Belize's system of government from the influence of the British Monarchy, executive government, legislative and how elections work in the country.
The document discusses the three branches of the United States government: executive, judicial, and legislative. The executive branch, led by the President, is responsible for enforcing laws. The judicial branch, headed by the Chief Justice and Supreme Court, decides the constitutionality of laws and how they are applied. The legislative branch proposes bills and is made up of the Senate and House of Representatives.
The document summarizes the government system of Burundi. It is a presidential democratic republic with a bicameral parliament. The president is both head of state and head of government, serving a 7-year term. The legislative branch is made up of the 100-member National Assembly and at least 43-member Senate. Elections are held every 5 years for the National Assembly and indirectly for the Senate. The country has faced ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi groups.
I talk about Brazil's system of government from executive to legislative and how elections work. I also talk about how it is a federation which means states and even districts within them get autonomy rights.
In this blog post I go over how Angola's government system works from executive to legislative and also go over their electoral system, among other facts.
The United States government is based on a federal constitutional republic with three branches of government and a system of checks and balances. The executive branch is headed by the President, who oversees the various executive departments. The legislative branch is made up of Congress, which comprises the House of Representatives and Senate. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts that interpret laws. Some notable US Presidents include George Washington, the first President, Theodore Roosevelt, who won the Nobel Peace Prize, and Barack Obama, the first African American President.
The document outlines the structure and powers of the Executive Branch of the US government, including that it is headed by the President and includes the Vice President, Cabinet, and regulatory agencies. It describes the roles and qualifications of the President, as well as the powers and limitations of the office, including roles as Chief of State, Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, and Chief Legislator. The document also discusses the Executive Office of the President, executive departments, independent agencies, and the election and inauguration processes.
I put together this slide set for my classmates at USC in the International Public Policy and Management Program (IPPAM) in the Price School of Public Policy. As most are foreign nationals, they wanted to learn more about our Presidential elections. It was a great refresher for myself as well. Feel free to enjoy and share.
The document discusses the executive branch of the US government. It covers the roles and powers of the President as head of the executive branch, including chief executive, commander-in-chief, chief diplomat, and more. It also discusses the line of succession to the presidency, qualifications for President, the Cabinet, executive departments, and independent agencies that make up the federal bureaucracy.
In this post I talk about Austria's system of government including the executive government to do with the President and Chancellor, the Legislative Government and how elections work in the country.
I talk about Argentina's government system, how the executive and legislative works and how each Province also has its own autonomous government and constitution. And how elections work.
The document discusses Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, which allows the central government to impose President's Rule in a state, temporarily taking over state functions. It was intended to help preserve national unity but has often been misused by parties in power at the center to take over states with opposing parties in power. While meant for emergency situations, it has frequently been used for political purposes rather than constitutional breakdown. The document examines the rationale for invoking this article often and its implications for India's democratic structure.
The Government System of Bosnia and HerzegovinaCharlie
I talk about the government system of Bosnia & Herzegovina including the result of the Bosnian War and the two agreements that formed the current system, from executive to legislative and how elections work.
The executive branch of the US government consists of the President, Vice President, Cabinet, and executive departments and agencies. The President is both head of state and head of the executive branch. Key powers of the President include legislative functions like signing bills into law, executive functions as Commander-in-Chief, and administrative functions such as appointing Cabinet members and ambassadors. The Vice President replaces the President if necessary and acts as President of the Senate. Voters elect electors who then formally elect the President and Vice President in the Electoral College system.
The Sarkaria Commission made several recommendations to improve center-state relations in India. Regarding legislative relations, it recommended that residuary powers should remain with Parliament but the concurrent list be expanded. It recommended greater consultation with states on concurrent list legislation. Regarding financial relations, it recommended periodic review of duties imposed by the center, consultation on taxation, and greater transparency from the Finance Commission. It recommended setting up a permanent Inter-Governmental Council and strengthening the National Development Council to improve coordination on economic and social planning.
I go over Belize's system of government from the influence of the British Monarchy, executive government, legislative and how elections work in the country.
The document discusses the three branches of the United States government: executive, judicial, and legislative. The executive branch, led by the President, is responsible for enforcing laws. The judicial branch, headed by the Chief Justice and Supreme Court, decides the constitutionality of laws and how they are applied. The legislative branch proposes bills and is made up of the Senate and House of Representatives.
The document summarizes the government system of Burundi. It is a presidential democratic republic with a bicameral parliament. The president is both head of state and head of government, serving a 7-year term. The legislative branch is made up of the 100-member National Assembly and at least 43-member Senate. Elections are held every 5 years for the National Assembly and indirectly for the Senate. The country has faced ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi groups.
I talk about Brazil's system of government from executive to legislative and how elections work. I also talk about how it is a federation which means states and even districts within them get autonomy rights.
In this blog post I go over how Angola's government system works from executive to legislative and also go over their electoral system, among other facts.
The United States government is based on a federal constitutional republic with three branches of government and a system of checks and balances. The executive branch is headed by the President, who oversees the various executive departments. The legislative branch is made up of Congress, which comprises the House of Representatives and Senate. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts that interpret laws. Some notable US Presidents include George Washington, the first President, Theodore Roosevelt, who won the Nobel Peace Prize, and Barack Obama, the first African American President.
The document outlines the structure and powers of the Executive Branch of the US government, including that it is headed by the President and includes the Vice President, Cabinet, and regulatory agencies. It describes the roles and qualifications of the President, as well as the powers and limitations of the office, including roles as Chief of State, Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, and Chief Legislator. The document also discusses the Executive Office of the President, executive departments, independent agencies, and the election and inauguration processes.
I put together this slide set for my classmates at USC in the International Public Policy and Management Program (IPPAM) in the Price School of Public Policy. As most are foreign nationals, they wanted to learn more about our Presidential elections. It was a great refresher for myself as well. Feel free to enjoy and share.
The document discusses the executive branch of the US government. It covers the roles and powers of the President as head of the executive branch, including chief executive, commander-in-chief, chief diplomat, and more. It also discusses the line of succession to the presidency, qualifications for President, the Cabinet, executive departments, and independent agencies that make up the federal bureaucracy.
The document summarizes the government system of El Salvador. It describes El Salvador as a presidential representative republic with an executive branch led by a president and legislative branch consisting of a unicameral Legislative Assembly. Key points include that the president acts as both head of state and head of government, appoints ministers, commands the armed forces, and can declare states of emergency. The Legislative Assembly passes laws, approves the budget and international treaties, and elects certain officials. Elections take place every 3-5 years via proportional representation.
Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and has a long history, transitioning between rule by various kingdoms and empires. It was eventually colonized by Italy in the late 19th century. After World War II, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia but Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962, leading to a 30-year war for independence. Eritrea gained independence in 1993 after a UN-monitored referendum but is now a one-party totalitarian dictatorship under an authoritarian president and ruling party, with no active democracy or civil liberties.
I talk about the government system of Bhutan including its monarchy, executive and legislative systems and how they all work as well as how elections work.
This document provides a comparative analysis of the constitutions of India, the United States, and the United Kingdom. It outlines some key features of each constitution, including:
- The US has a written and rigid constitution, while the UK's is unwritten and flexible. India's constitution is the longest and most detailed written constitution.
- The US and India have federal systems, while the UK has a unitary system. India's system has some unitary features in addition to its federal structure.
- The US has a presidential system, while India and the UK have parliamentary systems where the executive is accountable to the legislature.
- Parliamentary sovereignty is a key principle in the UK, where the legislature is supreme
Ecuador has a presidential republic system of government with a president as both head of state and head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. Citizens can participate directly in governance through initiatives to propose legislation or constitutional amendments requiring a percentage of voter signatures. They can also recall elected officials through a referendum.
This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
The Problem with School Uniforms and the Possible FixesCharlie
I talk about how school uniforms can be disruptive for autistic people and people with learning disabilities and look into what can be done to improve the situation.
The Possible Implications of Sky AdvertisingCharlie
1. A Candy Crush advertisement displayed in the sky over New York City using drones sparked discussion about the potential implications of sky advertising.
2. Regulations currently focus on drone safety and security, but sky advertising is new and unregulated. Advertisers may be interested in using colorful, moving light shows at night to reach massive audiences.
3. Regulations could be needed to limit when and where sky ads occur to prevent overcommercialization of the night sky and impacts on wildlife, while also addressing citizen concerns about losing clear night skies.
The document summarizes Montenegro's complex governmental system and history. Montenegro is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic with a directly elected president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The country has experienced various rulers throughout its history, including being part of the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Montenegro declared independence in 2006 and now has a multi-party parliamentary system within a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic.
1. The document discusses 7 simple things the author learned about JavaScript, including that JavaScript engines like V8 and SpiderMonkey power different browsers, languages can transpile to JavaScript, the ECMA-262 specification defines JavaScript, Firefox and Chrome have the best developer tools, the <script> tag inserts JavaScript into HTML, semicolons end statements but can be omitted, and strict mode was introduced to handle changes to the language.
Looking into COBOL and Being Serious About itCharlie
I talk about the OG COBOL programming language and explain how its still more prevalent than you probably realise. I go over its history, things it was used for, and how it continues in the modern world.
I go over some useful and fun browser website tools that can be used to do things like get videos, video conversion to other formats, search, and a website full of OSINT tools.
I talk about how getting lower grades in school does not mean you have to settle for less. School is not for everyone and we can create our own pathways.
Tim Berners-Lee Inventor of the World Wide WebCharlie
A blog post adapted from my presentation about Tim Berners-Lee who invented the world wide web. Goes over the history and some other information on Tim Berners-Lee.
British Virgin Islands Enquiry Asks for Direct Rule from BritainCharlie
I talk about the prospect of direct rule for the British Virgin Islands following a corruption enquiry and arrest of their Premier. I also look into what happened with the Turks and Caicos Islands when they were under direct rule.
I give an overview of the 2022 local elections that are happening later this week. This includes all of the council/local authority elections, mayoral elections, and the assembly election in Northern Ireland.
Britains 5 Original National Free-to-Air Television ChannelsCharlie
I look into the five national british television channels, BBC One and Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Includes their founding, history, setup, structure and how each managed to be successful.
Unemployment Among People with Autism is a Systemic Problem not an Individual...Charlie
I talk about how the unemployment issue among people with Autism is clearly a systemic issue and not an individual's issue alone. I highlight many of the common issues and barriers people with Autism face with employment and as a result many give up or try a more unconventional path.
How I Once Ran a Successful Facebook Page The Rise and FallCharlie
I talk about how I once ran a successful community-focused social media page that includes what I think I did right and wrong. I also talk about how and why it eventually came to an end.
The Weekly Update 1 TV Channel Blog Post Short Blogs and MoreCharlie
The first in the regular Weekly Update series for The Weekly Rambler blog. Goes over misc topics and gives information on what is happening with the blog and its content on a weekly basis.
A Look at Dark Items 4 The Binding of Isaac A Lump of Coal and KrampusCharlie
I look into the darkness and origins behind the Alpine folkloric being that is Krampus and I also look into the origins of why coal for Christmas is now a negative thing.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
1. Post author By Charlie October 8, 2020
The Government System of Georgia
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-georgia/
Goergia is a country located in the Caucasus region and it is bordered with Russia,
Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan and also has a coast along the Black Sea, it has
disputed territory which is South Ossetia and Abkhazia who have declared independent
republics with the backing of Russia but is widely unrecognized by the wider
international community with most still viewing it as part of Georgia. The country’s
capital city is Tbilisi, located near to the Azerbaijan border.
During the earliest known times what is today Georgia was a number of independent
Georgian Kingdoms, which eventually adopted Christianity in the 4th Century, this
played a large part in uniting the Georgian Kingdoms as a single Kingdom which
reached its Golden Age in the 12th and early 13th Century before going into decline and
breakup due to influence of the Mongols, Ottoman Empire and various dynasties of
Iran.
In the later 18th Century the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti made an alliance with
the Russian Empire leading to the Kingdom being annexed by them in 1801 and the
Georgian Kingdom of Imereti also being annexed in 1810, treaties with Iran and the
Ottomans lead to acceptance of Russian rule over the Georgians and through the rest of
the 19th Century the remaining Georgian territories were absorbed into the Russian
Empire.
The Russian Revolution and Civil War led to Georgia briefly joining the Transcaucasian
Federation and then a short-lived independent republic called the Democratic Republic
of Georgia in 1918, but this ended in 1921 after the Soviets invaded the country and set
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2. up a new government leading to Georgia joining a new Transcaucasian Federation run
by the Soviets, Georgia then became one of the founding Republics of the Soviet Union.
Protests against de-Stalinization reforms in 1956 lead to the deaths of almost 100
students and in the 1980s a movement for independence begun to gather pace and was
achieved in April 1991 due to the Soviet Union being close to collapse. During this time
Georgia went through its own crisis due to a number of civil conflicts related to ethnic
tensions, successionist wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia and a violent military coup
against the first democratically elected government. The country also went through an
economic crisis.
The Rose Revolution in 2003 led to the peaceful changing of power in the country after
disputed election results and a transition to closer ties with the West with aims at NATO
and European integration, this lead to a souring of relations with Russia and
subsequently the Russo-Georgian War in 2008 which lead to Russia enabling Abkhazia
and South Ossetia to declare independent republics, which is widely unrecognized by
the West who see them as Georgian territory occupied by Russia. Georgia recognizes
Abkhazia as an autonomous republic which is a part of Georgia while it does not
recognize South Ossetia as having any special status.
Georgia has been considering whether to reinstate a monarchy, in this sense it would be
a constitutional monarchy alongside an elected government with a Prime Minister and
would likely abolish the position of President.
Government Type
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3. Coat of Arms of Georgia.
Georgia is a semi-presidential republic and a parliamentary representative democratic
republic with a President who is the ceremonial Head of State and the Prime Minister
who is the Head of Government. The legislative government is made up of a unicameral
parliament. Multiple parties are allowed.
Although the parliament is currently a single chamber, there are plans to create a 2nd
higher chamber called the Senate after appropriate conditions are met, it could be that
until the issue with South Ossetia and Abkhazia is resolved, there will not be a Senate.
The constitution says that the Senate shall consist of members elected from the
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Autonomous Republic of Ajara, and other
territorial units of Georgia and also five further members appointed by the President.
The Executive Government
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4. Giorgi Gakharia, current Prime Minister of Georgia. Photo by Davit Teteloshvili from
Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source.
The President is the country’s head of state representing the country abroad but the
position is mostly ceremonial with limited powers. Members of parliament can be
removed due to a judgement of conviction that comes into force against them; or a court
recognizes as incapable or missing; or if the legislator holds a position or engages in
activity incompatible with the status of legislator; if the legislator loses Georgian
citizenship; or if the legislator fails to participate in the work of parliament for at least a
period of four months without a good reason being given, removal of legislators can be
appealed at the country’s Supreme Court.
Powers and Duties
It is the duty of the President to represent Georgia in its foreign relations and the
President is the Commander-in-Chief of the country’s armed forces. The President, with
agreement from the Government, concludes and negotiates treaties and international
agreements, can appoint and dismiss ambassadors and other diplomatic
4/12
5. representatives on recommendation of the Government and also accredit ambassadors
and other diplomatic representatives of foreign states and
international organisations in agreement with the Government.
The President can conclude a constitutional agreement with the Apostolic
Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Goergia on behalf of the State of Goergia.
The President conducts the procedure of appointing the Prime Minister after
parliamentary elections. The President assigns an acting Government to perform official
duties until a new Government is sworn in.
The President, in accordance with the Constitution, nominates before Parliament and
appoints, releases, and dismisses officials. The President also appoints a member of the
High Council of Justice as determined by law. The President participates in the
appointment of a Chairperson and members of the Central Election Commission under
the procedure and determination of organic law. The President also nominates
candidates to be members of the National Regulatory Authorities to Parliament in
agreement with the Government.
The President nominates a Chairperson of the Government of the Autonomous
Republic of Ajara for approval of the Supreme Council of Ajara after its elections have
taken place, the nomination is made after consulting with political entities in the
Council and with prior consent given by the Government of Georgia.
On recommendation of the Government and consent of Parliament, the President has
the right to suspend the activity of self-government bodies or other representative
institutions off territorial units or dismiss them if their activities jeopardize the
sovereignty, territorial integrity of the country, or the exercise of constitutional powers
by state bodies.
The President can make decisions on issuing citizenship or asylum.
The President can grant pardons to convicts.
The President appoints members of the National Security Council, and with agreement
of the Government can appoint and dismiss the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed
Forces of Georgia and other commanders.
The President can dissolve parliament under specific circumstances as given by the
constitution. The President cannot dissolve parliament within 6-months after a
parliamentary election unless parliament fails to agree on the appointment of a Prime
Minister; cannot dissolve parliament while raising the question of or pursuing
impeachment of the President; cannot dissolve parliament during a state of emergency
or martial law; and cannot dissolve parliament within the last 6-months of the
President’s tenure unless again there is a situation where parliament cannot agree on a
Prime Minister.
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6. At the request of the Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia or by at least one-fourth
of legislators or by recommendation of the Government the President shall convene a
special session of Parliament on a specific agenda.
The President promulgates legislation that has been passed by the Parliament of
Georgia, the President must promulgate it within 10-days of receiving it or return it to
the parliament for a 2 opinion with comments that justify why. The members of
parliament can vote to accept the changes suggested by the President or bypass them
and pass the same legislation again via a special majority where which if it passes again
unchanged the President must promulgate it. If the President fails to promulgate a
passed piece of legislation within the given timeframe then the Chairperson of the
Parliament of Goergia will do it instead.
The President appoints a within 30-days referendum on an issue either at the request of
the Parliament of Georgia, the Government or at least 200,000 voters.
The President appoints three members of the Constitutional Court, another three are
elected by an absolute majority vote by the Parliament of Georgia and the last three
members are appointed by the Supreme Court, the Chairperson of the Constitutional
Court is elected among themselves. The members serve 10-year terms.
Judges and Chairperson of the Supreme Court are elected by the Parliament of Georgia
on recommendation of the President.
Members of the Council of the National Bank are suggested by the President and elected
by the Parliament of Georgia.
Most of the President’s powers require counter-signature by the Prime Minister to have
effect, unless otherwise stated in the Constitution.
Presidential Absence
If the President is unable to discharge their duties or has been terminated from office
then the Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia will fill in as Acting President, if they
are unable to do so then the Prime Minister will fill in as Acting President, with the First
Vice-Prime Minister filling in as Prime Minister. They will hold the post until the
President can discharge duties again or until the remainder of the presidential term
ends.
Acting Presidents are limited on using certain powers.
State of Emergency and Martial Law
The President has the ability to declare a state of emergency or martial law under
extraordinary and/or serious circumstances that will restrict certain rights and
freedoms for a set period of time, such temporary changes on rights include suspension
of certain court rights, communication privacy, right to enter private property and right
to own and inherit property, freedom of movement, rights to creative work and against
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7. censorship of creative works, freedom of speech and mass media, right to public
assembly, labour rights, right to strike and freedom of information and information
privacy.
Martial Law and States of Emergency require parliamentary approval and parliament
decides on any extension of Martial Law or States of Emergency. Parliament cannot be
dissolved during this time and elections are suspended.
During these times the President has the power to issue decrees with the force of law
that will last until the end of the Martial Law or State of Emergency period. Such
decrees are reviewed by parliament.
Presidential Removal
Certain cases allow the removal of the President from office which is triggered by the
Parliament of Georgia. At least one-third of the total number of legislators will raise the
question for impeachment of the President, the issue if accepted is referred to the
Constitutional Court of Goergia for a decision, the Courts conclusion is then submitted
to Parliament and if it confirms that the President has committed certain crimes or
violated the constitution the parliament will vote on whether to remove from office
within 15-days.
A vote of two-thirds is required to remove the President from office.
Impeachment procedure cannot be launched during a state of emergency, martial law
or time of war.
The Government and Prime Minister
The Government is led by the Prime Minister as Head of Government. It is the job of the
government to implement internal and foreign policy of the country. The Government
and Prime Minister are accountable to the Parliament of Georgia and must hold their
confidence to remain in power.
The Government also includes various appointed Ministers to run various aspects and
departments of the Government and implement policy that is under their competence.
The Prime Minister can also assign a member of Government as First Vice-Prime
Minister and one or more Government members as Vice Prime Minister/s.
The Government adopts ordinances and decrees on basis and fulfillment of the
Constitution and other legislative acts. These ordinances and decrees are signed by the
Prime Minister to have effect.
The President can request that certain matters be discussed at a Government meeting
and can participate in the discussion. The Secretary and other members of the National
Security Council can also attend the discussion.
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8. It is the job of the Prime Minister to determine the directions of Government
activity, organise such activity, and also coordinate and control the activity of
Government members.
If requested, the Prime Minister provides a report to the Parliament of Georgia on
progress on the Government Programme.
The Prime Minister appoints and can remove members of Government. The term of
Government members ends with the term of Government/the Prime Minister and if the
Prime Minister resigns the term of office of the Government members also ends with
it.
The Legislative Government
Parliament of Georgia meeting place. Photo by Diego Delsodelso.photo. CC-BY-SA license.
The Parliament of Georgia, which is currently a unicameral chamber, makes up the
legislative government. The parliament currently has 150 seats which are elected by the
people.
It is the main job of the parliament to have legislation introduced to it and for such
legislation to be debated and possibly amended and then either rejected or passed by a
majority of votes, except in the cases where a special increased majority is required,
such as for organic legislation or constitutional amendment. It is also the job of
parliament to review and pass the state budget and keep the Government and Prime
Minister in check and has powers to remove members of Government and or even the
entire Government and Prime Minister.
Legislation passed by Parliament is sent to the President for promulgation.
Legislation can be introduced by the Government, members of parliament,
parliamentary factions, parliamentary committees, and supreme representative bodies
of the autonomous republics of Abkhazia and Ajara or by at least 30,000 voters.
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9. The parliament also votes to ratify, denounce or annul treaties or international
agreements.
Legislators have rights to pose questions to bodies accountable to Parliament and pose
questions and get answers from the Government as well as from state institutions and
the heads of executive bodies of territorial units at any level.
An absolute majority of legislators can bring the Prime Minister’s attention to the
official responsiblilties of specific members of the Government.
Parliament makes decisions on issues of state of emergency, martial law and on a state
of war or peace.
The members of the parliament elect a chairperson and two deputy chairpersons, one of
the deputies is chosen by legislators from Abkhazia while the other is chosen by
legislators from Ajara, due to the Abkhazia situation I am unsure of the current
procedure. The Chairperson presides over meetings of parliament and regulates debate
and makes sure chamber by-laws are followed, the Chairperson also signs acts of
parliament.
At least one-thirds of the number of total legislators can bring forth the question of
impeachment and removal of the Chairperson of the Supreme Court or members of
Government, auditor general of the state audit service and members of the council of
the national bank if they violated the Constitution or committed and offence, the
Constitutional Court will submit its conclusion and if it deems guilt then there is again a
vote in parliament to remove the said official, requiring an absolute majority vote.
Like pretty much all parliaments, committees are formed for the functioning of the
parliament such as for preparation of legislative issues, decision implementation, and
for exercise of control of entities under the competence of the parliament and
Government. The committees are proportional as best as possible to the composition of
the current parliament.
Investigative and other special interim commissions can be set up in parliament for the
cases allowed by the Constitution and rules of parliament. At least one-fifth of
legislators can call for an investigative or special commission. As always investigative
commissions have special powers for compulsory attendance for oral information and
request of physical information.
There is a Parliamentary Bureau made up of the Chairperson, deputy chairpersons and
the chairpersons of parliamentary committees and factions, this Bureau is used for
the organisation of parliamentary work.
Parliamentary factions are groups of established legislators who together have special
powers under parliamentary rules and increased influence, any legislator can join a
faction and factions require at least 6 legislators to be formed.
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10. The Electoral System
Photo in Public Domain.
Presidential elections happen every 5-years and uses a two-round absolute majority
system where a candidate requires an absolute majority of votes to win outright in the
first round of voting otherwise there is a 2 round held between the top two candidates
which is won by simple majority. One person can serve a maximum of two consecutive
terms.
NOTE: The above system is soon to be replaced with an Electoral College system, this is
said to be happening by 2024.
To be nominated as a candidate for President one must be a Georgian citizen who is
eligible to vote and who is at least 35-years-old and has lived in Georgia for at least 5-
years and has lived there for three-years prior to the election.
Parliamentary elections happen every 4-years to elect the 150 members of the
Parliament of Georgia. 77 of the members are elected by a system of proportional
representation from multi-seat constituencies which is where the number of seats
obtained matches the percentage of the vote as closely as possible, just as long as the
party in question reaches a required quota of the vote. The remaining 73 members are
elected from single-seat constituencies using a first-past-the-post system. It is planned
for all members to eventually be elected from multi-seat constituencies using a
proportional representation system.
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11. To be nominated as a candidate for the parliament one must be a Georgian citizen who
is at least 21-years-old.
The largest party or coalition after parliamentary elections determines where the Prime
Minister will be appointed from by the President.
The procedure to appoint the Prime Minister is as follows: the President nominates the
Prime Minister from the best performing party/coalition on who the President believes
will have the confidence of the Parliament of Georgia. The nominated Prime Minister
will then nominate Ministers for Government and propose the composition of
Government and Programme of Government to the Parliament of Georgia for a vote of
confidence. Confidence is gained by a majority of the full list of legislators.
If confidence is not gained then there will be a vote on an initial compsotion or new
composition of Government within 30-days. If within the timeframe a Prime Minister is
not proposed or a new Government composition has not gained confidence then the
President will nominate a candidate for Prime Minister that is proposed by at least two-
fifths of the full list of legislators.
The procedure then repeats with the composition of Government proposed trying to get
confidence, if confidence still fails to be attained in the timeframe then the President
will dissolve parliament and call fresh parliamentary election.
The above procedure also takes place if the Government ceases to have authority. The
confidence vote on composition also takes place again if Government members are
renewed by one-third but not less than 5.
To vote one must be a citizen of Georgia who is at least 18-years-old. The constitution
says that citizens can be found legally incapable by a court or who have been deprived
of their liberty by a court decision cannot vote.
Sources
The source for this post comes from Georgia’s 1995 constitution with amendments
through to 2013 and so should be as up to date as possible but keep in mind I may have
misinterpreted some things and missed out other things and the constitution can also
be amended and so this post may become outdated and so it is important to do cross-
research if using this in a serious capacity.
The constitution can be amended via a draft law that is supported by at least an absolute
majority of the members of the Parliament of Georgia or by petition of at least 200,000
voters. Passage for amendment requires support of at least three-fourths of the
members of the Parliament of Georgia in two successive sessions that are three-months
apart and then signed and promulgated by the President.
Next up will be the government system of Germany!
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