This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and has a long history, transitioning between rule by various kingdoms and empires. It was eventually colonized by Italy in the late 19th century. After World War II, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia but Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962, leading to a 30-year war for independence. Eritrea gained independence in 1993 after a UN-monitored referendum but is now a one-party totalitarian dictatorship under an authoritarian president and ruling party, with no active democracy or civil liberties.
I talk about the government system of Ethiopia from executive to legislative and how elections work in a country that was once run by a great African monarchy.
The document summarizes Guinea's government system. It has a semi-presidential republic system with a president as head of state and prime minister as head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. The president has significant powers but must work with the prime minister and assembly. There are also judicial and local government structures described. The country has faced political instability and transitions of power since independence.
The document outlines the principles of the Philippine constitution. It establishes that the Philippines is a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people. It discusses the country's adherence to democratic principles like separation of powers and free elections. It also covers foreign policy principles like renouncing war and adhering to international law. The constitution aims to protect civil liberties and promote social justice.
This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and has a long history, transitioning between rule by various kingdoms and empires. It was eventually colonized by Italy in the late 19th century. After World War II, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia but Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962, leading to a 30-year war for independence. Eritrea gained independence in 1993 after a UN-monitored referendum but is now a one-party totalitarian dictatorship under an authoritarian president and ruling party, with no active democracy or civil liberties.
I talk about the government system of Ethiopia from executive to legislative and how elections work in a country that was once run by a great African monarchy.
The document summarizes Guinea's government system. It has a semi-presidential republic system with a president as head of state and prime minister as head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. The president has significant powers but must work with the prime minister and assembly. There are also judicial and local government structures described. The country has faced political instability and transitions of power since independence.
The document outlines the principles of the Philippine constitution. It establishes that the Philippines is a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people. It discusses the country's adherence to democratic principles like separation of powers and free elections. It also covers foreign policy principles like renouncing war and adhering to international law. The constitution aims to protect civil liberties and promote social justice.
This document summarizes key sections from Article 1 and 2 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution related to national territory, sovereignty, and principles of governance. The main points are:
1) The Philippines is defined as an archipelago based on its geography of many islands. Its territory comprises the entire Philippine Archipelago and waters in between islands.
2) Sovereignty resides with the Filipino people. While exercised indirectly through elected representatives, it can also be directly exercised through suffrage and participation in systems like initiatives and referendums.
3) The constitution establishes the Philippines as a democratic and republican state with separation of powers and adherence to principles of international law, peace, equality and justice with all nations.
1. The document discusses concepts related to states and governments including definitions of a state, key elements of states, and theories of state origin.
2. It also covers the concept of constitutions, the preamble of constitutions, and types of governments and constitutions.
3. The summary specifically defines key Philippine constitutional concepts - the national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago and waters, seabed, insular shelves and other areas over which it has sovereignty. It also defines related maritime zones.
I talk about the government system of Equatorial Guinea, a small country found in Africa. I go over its system from executive to legislative and how the electoral system operates.
Article ii of the 1987 philippine state policies and principlesrheabeth razon
The document outlines the key policies and principles enshrined in Article II of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It discusses how these provisions establish guidelines for the three branches of government and are generally not self-executing, requiring legislation. Some of the major policies covered include democracy, social justice, human rights, separation of church and state, foreign policy, and the roles of youth and women.
The document discusses questions and answers related to the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It begins by defining a constitution as a set of rules that govern how a country exercises its sovereignty. It then outlines the key concerns addressed in the Philippine Constitution such as territory, principles/policies, bill of rights, citizenship, suffrage, the legislative, executive and judicial branches, and methods for amendment. The document provides examples of individual rights, state policies on education, and distinguishes between laws and statutes. It summarizes the qualifications for Philippine citizenship and voting rights.
Philippine government with 1987 constitutionJason Pacaway
The document defines key concepts related to states and governments. It discusses that a state consists of people, territory, government, and sovereignty. It also outlines different modes of acquiring territory, the powers of a state including taxation and eminent domain, forms of government, functions of government, and the pre-Spanish, Spanish, and revolutionary Philippine governments.
The document summarizes key events and issues during the creation of the US Constitution between 1787-1791. It describes the secret Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia where delegates sought to create a new stronger national government rather than fix the Articles of Confederation. It outlines debates around representation in Congress and the role of slavery. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans emerged as alternatives, leading to compromises to balance power between large and small states. The Constitution was then drafted and ratified by nine of the thirteen states, with Federalists supporting it and Anti-Federalists opposing due to concerns about centralized power. The Bill of Rights was later added in 1791.
This document summarizes the process by which the 1987 Philippine Constitution was drafted and ratified after the 1986 People Power Revolution. It describes how President Corazon Aquino issued a temporary constitution called the "Freedom Constitution" and then established a constitutional commission to draft a new constitution. The commission finished its work in October 1986 and the draft was submitted to and ratified by a public referendum in February 1987, with over 76% of voters approving. The new constitution enshrined key principles like sovereignty residing in the people, civilian authority over the military, and separation of powers among the three branches of government.
The 1987 Constitution was drafted by the 1986 Constitutional Commission established by President Corazon Aquino to replace the 1973 Constitution implemented under Ferdinand Marcos. The Commission was composed of 48 representatives from different sectors who engaged in debates over issues in the draft. They finished in 111 days and the draft was ratified in a February 1987 plebiscite where over 76% voted affirmative. The new Constitution has 18 Articles covering topics like the bill of rights, separation of powers, and social justice.
This summarizes the key elements of the Philippine Constitution:
1) It establishes the Philippines as a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people.
2) It outlines the national territory and declares principles like promoting social justice, protecting human rights and the family, and pursuing an independent foreign policy.
3) It establishes a Bill of Rights that protects civil liberties like freedom of speech, religion, press, and due process, and prohibits torture.
The document discusses key aspects of a constitution including that it establishes the framework of government, assigns powers and duties, and protects citizen rights. A good constitution is brief, broad, and definite. It should contain provisions on the structure of government, fundamental rights, and the amendment process. Constitutional amendments allow modifications to respond to changing needs but require rigorous processes like legislative approval or public ratification.
The preamble establishes the authority of the Filipino people in ordaining and promulgating the constitution with God's aid. It aims to build a just and humane society through a government that promotes the common good while securing independence, democracy, and peace under the rule of law. Key changes in the 1987 constitution included inserting phrases about building a just society, emphasizing the rule of law, and including love as a governing principle to unite Filipinos.
The document discusses the history and development of international human rights law from the 19th century onwards. It covers early developments around abolishing slavery and the slave trade. It then discusses the Geneva Conventions establishing international humanitarian law. It also covers the League of Nations and protections for minorities after World War 1. Later sections discuss the UN Charter, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and rights protected in the Covenant.
This document outlines 28 sections of the Declaration of Principles and State Policies in the Philippines constitution. Sections 1-6 discuss state principles such as the Philippines being a democratic republic where sovereignty resides with the people. Sections 7-28 outline state policies including an independent foreign policy, promotion of social justice, protection of human rights, and ensuring honesty and integrity in public service. The constitution establishes the framework of the Philippine government and principles it aims to uphold.
The document discusses key concepts related to constitutions and constitutional law. It defines a constitution as the rules that establish a government and the supreme law that other laws must conform to. The purpose of a constitution is to establish the permanent framework, assign powers and duties to departments of government, and set out basic founding principles. Constitutional law refers to both the law embodied in the constitution as well as principles developed through legal interpretation. The document also outlines essential parts and qualities of a good written constitution, including being broad, brief, and definite. It provides a brief overview of important constitutions in Philippine history.
The 1973 Constitution of the Philippines established a parliamentary system of government, vesting legislative power in the National Assembly. A Prime Minister was elected as head of government and commander-in-chief, while a President served as head of state. The judicial power was vested in the Supreme Court. The Constitution also established independent bodies like the Civil Service Commission and Commission on Audit. It was drafted by a constitutional convention and ratified by citizen assemblies, going into effect in January 1973.
This document summarizes key sections from Article 1 and 2 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution related to national territory, sovereignty, and principles of governance. The main points are:
1) The Philippines is defined as an archipelago based on its geography of many islands. Its territory comprises the entire Philippine Archipelago and waters in between islands.
2) Sovereignty resides with the Filipino people. While exercised indirectly through elected representatives, it can also be directly exercised through suffrage and participation in systems like initiatives and referendums.
3) The constitution establishes the Philippines as a democratic and republican state with separation of powers and adherence to principles of international law, peace, equality and justice with all nations.
1. The document discusses concepts related to states and governments including definitions of a state, key elements of states, and theories of state origin.
2. It also covers the concept of constitutions, the preamble of constitutions, and types of governments and constitutions.
3. The summary specifically defines key Philippine constitutional concepts - the national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago and waters, seabed, insular shelves and other areas over which it has sovereignty. It also defines related maritime zones.
I talk about the government system of Equatorial Guinea, a small country found in Africa. I go over its system from executive to legislative and how the electoral system operates.
Article ii of the 1987 philippine state policies and principlesrheabeth razon
The document outlines the key policies and principles enshrined in Article II of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It discusses how these provisions establish guidelines for the three branches of government and are generally not self-executing, requiring legislation. Some of the major policies covered include democracy, social justice, human rights, separation of church and state, foreign policy, and the roles of youth and women.
The document discusses questions and answers related to the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It begins by defining a constitution as a set of rules that govern how a country exercises its sovereignty. It then outlines the key concerns addressed in the Philippine Constitution such as territory, principles/policies, bill of rights, citizenship, suffrage, the legislative, executive and judicial branches, and methods for amendment. The document provides examples of individual rights, state policies on education, and distinguishes between laws and statutes. It summarizes the qualifications for Philippine citizenship and voting rights.
Philippine government with 1987 constitutionJason Pacaway
The document defines key concepts related to states and governments. It discusses that a state consists of people, territory, government, and sovereignty. It also outlines different modes of acquiring territory, the powers of a state including taxation and eminent domain, forms of government, functions of government, and the pre-Spanish, Spanish, and revolutionary Philippine governments.
The document summarizes key events and issues during the creation of the US Constitution between 1787-1791. It describes the secret Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia where delegates sought to create a new stronger national government rather than fix the Articles of Confederation. It outlines debates around representation in Congress and the role of slavery. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans emerged as alternatives, leading to compromises to balance power between large and small states. The Constitution was then drafted and ratified by nine of the thirteen states, with Federalists supporting it and Anti-Federalists opposing due to concerns about centralized power. The Bill of Rights was later added in 1791.
This document summarizes the process by which the 1987 Philippine Constitution was drafted and ratified after the 1986 People Power Revolution. It describes how President Corazon Aquino issued a temporary constitution called the "Freedom Constitution" and then established a constitutional commission to draft a new constitution. The commission finished its work in October 1986 and the draft was submitted to and ratified by a public referendum in February 1987, with over 76% of voters approving. The new constitution enshrined key principles like sovereignty residing in the people, civilian authority over the military, and separation of powers among the three branches of government.
The 1987 Constitution was drafted by the 1986 Constitutional Commission established by President Corazon Aquino to replace the 1973 Constitution implemented under Ferdinand Marcos. The Commission was composed of 48 representatives from different sectors who engaged in debates over issues in the draft. They finished in 111 days and the draft was ratified in a February 1987 plebiscite where over 76% voted affirmative. The new Constitution has 18 Articles covering topics like the bill of rights, separation of powers, and social justice.
This summarizes the key elements of the Philippine Constitution:
1) It establishes the Philippines as a democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides with the people.
2) It outlines the national territory and declares principles like promoting social justice, protecting human rights and the family, and pursuing an independent foreign policy.
3) It establishes a Bill of Rights that protects civil liberties like freedom of speech, religion, press, and due process, and prohibits torture.
The document discusses key aspects of a constitution including that it establishes the framework of government, assigns powers and duties, and protects citizen rights. A good constitution is brief, broad, and definite. It should contain provisions on the structure of government, fundamental rights, and the amendment process. Constitutional amendments allow modifications to respond to changing needs but require rigorous processes like legislative approval or public ratification.
The preamble establishes the authority of the Filipino people in ordaining and promulgating the constitution with God's aid. It aims to build a just and humane society through a government that promotes the common good while securing independence, democracy, and peace under the rule of law. Key changes in the 1987 constitution included inserting phrases about building a just society, emphasizing the rule of law, and including love as a governing principle to unite Filipinos.
The document discusses the history and development of international human rights law from the 19th century onwards. It covers early developments around abolishing slavery and the slave trade. It then discusses the Geneva Conventions establishing international humanitarian law. It also covers the League of Nations and protections for minorities after World War 1. Later sections discuss the UN Charter, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and rights protected in the Covenant.
This document outlines 28 sections of the Declaration of Principles and State Policies in the Philippines constitution. Sections 1-6 discuss state principles such as the Philippines being a democratic republic where sovereignty resides with the people. Sections 7-28 outline state policies including an independent foreign policy, promotion of social justice, protection of human rights, and ensuring honesty and integrity in public service. The constitution establishes the framework of the Philippine government and principles it aims to uphold.
The document discusses key concepts related to constitutions and constitutional law. It defines a constitution as the rules that establish a government and the supreme law that other laws must conform to. The purpose of a constitution is to establish the permanent framework, assign powers and duties to departments of government, and set out basic founding principles. Constitutional law refers to both the law embodied in the constitution as well as principles developed through legal interpretation. The document also outlines essential parts and qualities of a good written constitution, including being broad, brief, and definite. It provides a brief overview of important constitutions in Philippine history.
The 1973 Constitution of the Philippines established a parliamentary system of government, vesting legislative power in the National Assembly. A Prime Minister was elected as head of government and commander-in-chief, while a President served as head of state. The judicial power was vested in the Supreme Court. The Constitution also established independent bodies like the Civil Service Commission and Commission on Audit. It was drafted by a constitutional convention and ratified by citizen assemblies, going into effect in January 1973.
Ecuador has a presidential republic system of government with a president as both head of state and head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. Citizens can participate directly in governance through initiatives to propose legislation or constitutional amendments requiring a percentage of voter signatures. They can also recall elected officials through a referendum.
Cuba has a one-party communist system led by the Communist Party of Cuba. The President is the head of state and chief diplomat but holds less power than the First Secretary of the Communist Party. The National Assembly is the unicameral legislature, whose members are elected through a multi-round system by local committees dominated by the Communist Party. The Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, acts as the executive branch and is responsible for implementing policies set by the National Assembly. Elections occur every five years for the National Assembly and top leadership positions.
The document summarizes the government system of El Salvador. It describes El Salvador as a presidential representative republic with an executive branch led by a president and legislative branch consisting of a unicameral Legislative Assembly. Key points include that the president acts as both head of state and head of government, appoints ministers, commands the armed forces, and can declare states of emergency. The Legislative Assembly passes laws, approves the budget and international treaties, and elects certain officials. Elections take place every 3-5 years via proportional representation.
I talk about Brazil's system of government from executive to legislative and how elections work. I also talk about how it is a federation which means states and even districts within them get autonomy rights.
A constitution establishes the rules and laws governing a country, including defining the rights of citizens and delineating the powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. Slavery was abolished at different times in various countries between the late 18th and early 19th centuries. A constitutional reform modifies existing rules in a constitution to address issues that hinder development or harm society. A state of siege grants special powers to a government during serious situations like natural disasters or civil unrest.
The Problem with School Uniforms and the Possible FixesCharlie
I talk about how school uniforms can be disruptive for autistic people and people with learning disabilities and look into what can be done to improve the situation.
The Possible Implications of Sky AdvertisingCharlie
1. A Candy Crush advertisement displayed in the sky over New York City using drones sparked discussion about the potential implications of sky advertising.
2. Regulations currently focus on drone safety and security, but sky advertising is new and unregulated. Advertisers may be interested in using colorful, moving light shows at night to reach massive audiences.
3. Regulations could be needed to limit when and where sky ads occur to prevent overcommercialization of the night sky and impacts on wildlife, while also addressing citizen concerns about losing clear night skies.
The document summarizes Montenegro's complex governmental system and history. Montenegro is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic with a directly elected president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The country has experienced various rulers throughout its history, including being part of the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Montenegro declared independence in 2006 and now has a multi-party parliamentary system within a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic.
1. The document discusses 7 simple things the author learned about JavaScript, including that JavaScript engines like V8 and SpiderMonkey power different browsers, languages can transpile to JavaScript, the ECMA-262 specification defines JavaScript, Firefox and Chrome have the best developer tools, the <script> tag inserts JavaScript into HTML, semicolons end statements but can be omitted, and strict mode was introduced to handle changes to the language.
Looking into COBOL and Being Serious About itCharlie
I talk about the OG COBOL programming language and explain how its still more prevalent than you probably realise. I go over its history, things it was used for, and how it continues in the modern world.
I go over some useful and fun browser website tools that can be used to do things like get videos, video conversion to other formats, search, and a website full of OSINT tools.
I talk about how getting lower grades in school does not mean you have to settle for less. School is not for everyone and we can create our own pathways.
Tim Berners-Lee Inventor of the World Wide WebCharlie
A blog post adapted from my presentation about Tim Berners-Lee who invented the world wide web. Goes over the history and some other information on Tim Berners-Lee.
British Virgin Islands Enquiry Asks for Direct Rule from BritainCharlie
I talk about the prospect of direct rule for the British Virgin Islands following a corruption enquiry and arrest of their Premier. I also look into what happened with the Turks and Caicos Islands when they were under direct rule.
I give an overview of the 2022 local elections that are happening later this week. This includes all of the council/local authority elections, mayoral elections, and the assembly election in Northern Ireland.
Britains 5 Original National Free-to-Air Television ChannelsCharlie
I look into the five national british television channels, BBC One and Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Includes their founding, history, setup, structure and how each managed to be successful.
Unemployment Among People with Autism is a Systemic Problem not an Individual...Charlie
I talk about how the unemployment issue among people with Autism is clearly a systemic issue and not an individual's issue alone. I highlight many of the common issues and barriers people with Autism face with employment and as a result many give up or try a more unconventional path.
How I Once Ran a Successful Facebook Page The Rise and FallCharlie
I talk about how I once ran a successful community-focused social media page that includes what I think I did right and wrong. I also talk about how and why it eventually came to an end.
The Weekly Update 1 TV Channel Blog Post Short Blogs and MoreCharlie
The first in the regular Weekly Update series for The Weekly Rambler blog. Goes over misc topics and gives information on what is happening with the blog and its content on a weekly basis.
A Look at Dark Items 4 The Binding of Isaac A Lump of Coal and KrampusCharlie
I look into the darkness and origins behind the Alpine folkloric being that is Krampus and I also look into the origins of why coal for Christmas is now a negative thing.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
The Government System of Haiti
1. 1/11
Post author By Charlie January 7, 2021
The Government System of Haiti
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-haiti/
Haiti is a country located in the
Caribbean and is bordered with the
country of the Dominican Republic in
the east of the island of Hispaniola,
with Haiti taking up in the West part of
the island, the island is a part of the
Greater Antilles archipelago. The rest of
the country is surrounded by the
Caribbean Sea, and has a number of
smaller islands, the largest being
Gonave Island. The capital city of Port-
au-Prince is located on the mainland
coast behind Gonave Island, accessed
either via the Canal de Saint-Marc or
the Canal de La Gonave. Haiti also
claims Navassa Island, which is
disputed by the United States.
The original inhabitants of the island were the Taino peoples who had migrated from the
South American continent. The first Europeans arrived on the island in 1492 from
Christopher Columbus’ First Voyage, he believed originally, he had found India or China.
Columbus founded the first European settlement in the Americas there, called La
Navidad, located in the portion of modern-day Haiti. The whole island was claimed by the
Spanish Empire who named it La Espanola. Competing claims came about in the early
17 Century, due to French settlement in the West of the island, leading to the Spanish
Empire ceding that area to France in 1697, which they named Saint-Domingue.
This French colony became one of the richest in the world due to colonists starting
sugarcane plantations, which was worked by large numbers of slaves brought over from
Africa. The chaos of the French Revolution from 1789 led to slaves and free people
of colour in Haiti to launch the Haitian Revolution from 1791, led by a former slave and
first black general of the French Army, Toussaint Louverture, the revolution lasted for 12-
years until 1804, where Louverture’s successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines defeated
Napoleon Bonaparte’s forces and declared Haiti’s sovereignty, making it the first
independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean, the first country to abolish
slavery and the only state in history that was established via a successful slave revolt. At
first Dessalines was declared “Emperor for life” by his troops and was known as Emperor
Jacques I, leading the First Empire of Haiti, he originally ordered the protection of the
white population, but later ordered their massacre, ending with the genocide of 3-5k,
certain white groups were spared.
th
2. 2/11
Dessalines was later assassinated by rivals leading to Haiti splitting into two, the Kingdom
of Haiti in the North and the Republic of Haiti in the South. Jean Pierre Boyer eventually
reunited Haiti and then attempted to unite the whole of the island under Haitian rule by
invading the east, modern-day Dominican Republic, in a series of wars that eventually led
to Haiti accepting their independence in the 1870s, there was also a period where France
attempted to reconquer Haiti, but the country maintained its independence by paying-off
the French monarchy. From this point Haiti experienced much economic and political
turmoil, such led to the United State occupying Haiti from 1915 when unrest broke out,
over fears of foreign influence in the country that went against US interests,
this occupation ended in 1934.
After some short-lived presidencies a period of autocratic rule overtook Haiti from 1956,
this included state-sanctioned violence against opposition and civilians, corruption and
economic stagnation. From 1986 the country has been attempting to implement a more
democratic system. Recent problems in the country have included the 2004 Haitian coup,
in which United Nations forces intervened, and the 2010 Haitian earthquake that killed
over 250k people.
The largest ethnic group are the Afro-Haitians and the official languages are French and
Haitian Creole. The largest religion is Christianity and the country’s currency is the
Haitian gourde. The country’s population is over 11,468,000, making it the most populous
country in the Caribbean.
Government Type
3. 3/11
Haiti Coat of Arms.
Haiti is a semi-presidential unitary republic with a President who is Head of State and a
Prime Minister who is Head of Government. The Haitian Parliament is a bicameral one,
including the Chamber of Deputies as the lower house and the Senate as the upper house,
making up the legislative government. Multiple parties are allowed, political parties must
respect the principles of national and democratic sovereignty, they must also meet the
quota of including at least 30% female members, this quota also is enforced on all levels of
national life, notably public services.
There is an interdepartmental Council that acts as a liaison between the Executive
Government and Departmental Assemblies, working on studying and planning projects
for decentralization and development of the country from the social, economic,
commercial, agricultural, and industrial standpoint, including access of members to the
Council of Ministers with the right to have a vote on it on the mentioned matters. Each
Departmental Assembly will choose one representative to sit on the Interdepartmental
Council.
The Executive Government
4. 4/11
The Presidential Palace in Haiti before it was severely damaged by the 2010 earthquake.
There have been plans to rebuild it since 2017. Photo by MichelleWalz on Flickr. CC BY 2.0.
Source.
The Executive Government includes the President who is Chief of State and the Prime
Minister who is the Head of Government, leading the Executive Government.
Presidential Absence and Vacancy
If the President is temporarily unable to discharge powers of his/her office then such
Executive Authority is vested in the Council of Ministers under the Presidency of the
Prime Minister until the President is able to discharge duties and powers again.
If the President’s office becomes permanently vacant for whatever reason then the
Council of Ministers through the Presidency of the Prime Minister will act in place until
the election of a new President, elections take place within 60-days.
Although if the vacancy takes place on the 4 year or later of the presidential term then
instead the National Assembly (joint-sitting of Parliament) will meet within 60-days to
elect a Provisional President to finish the remainder of the term.
During times of Presidential Absence and Vacancy there can be no interpellation of the
Government and any that were ongoing are temporarily suspended.
President and Duties
It is the job of the President to see to the enforcement of the country’s constitution and
the stability of institutions. It is also his/her job to see to the regular operation of
public authorities and the continuity of the State.
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5. 5/11
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President after parliamentary elections from the
party which has an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, if there is no party that
has such a majority then the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic
after consultation with the Presidents of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. It is also
the job of the President of the Republic to terminate the jobs of the Prime Minister after
they or the Government resigns.
The President negotiates and signs all international treaties, agreements and conventions
and then submits them to a joint-sitting of parliament (National Assembly) for consent. It
is the job of the President to accredit ambassadors and envoys to foreign powers, and
receive letters of accreditation of foreign ambassadors and envoys.
The President declares war and signs peace treaties with the consent of the National
Assembly (joint-sitting of Parliament).
After deliberation in the Council of Ministers (the top decision-making body of the
Executive Government), and following Senate confirmation (upper chamber of
Parliament) the President appoints the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the
Commander-in-Chief of the National Police, the Ambassadors and Consuls General and
the councils of administration of the autonomous organs.
The constitution says that the President of the Republic is the nominal head of the
country’s armed forces, but has no powers to command them.
After decree of the Council of Ministers, the President appoints the directors general of
the civil service, and delegates and vice-delegates of Departments and Arrondissements.
With Senate approval, the President also appoints Administrative Councils of
Autonomous Agencies.
The President promulgates legislation passed by the Haitian Parliament and has powers
to object to legislation, further explained below in the Legislative Government section.
The President, pursuant to the constitution, sees to the enforcement of judicial decisions.
The President has the power to pardon and commute sentences, except for sentences
handed down by the High Court of Justice. The President can grant amnesty but only for
political matters as stipulated by law.
The President presides over the Council of Ministers.
Prime Minister & Government
The Executive Government includes the Prime Minister who is Head of Government and
also the Ministers and Secretaries of State. It is the job of the Government to conduct the
policy of the Nation and the Government is responsible to the Haitian Parliament, it and
the Prime Minister must keep confidence with Parliament to remain in power.
6. 6/11
For one to be the Prime Minister they must meet the same requirements as the President
as seen under the Electoral System section, a part from the age difference, which is 30-
years or older instead of 35-years or older.
The Prime Minister chooses his/her Ministers of Cabinet, of which there must be at least
ten, and these are approved by the President of the Republic. If the Prime Minister sees it
as necessary he/she may appoint Secretaries of State to Ministers. The Prime Minister
puts forth a declaration of General Policy to both chambers of Parliament which acts as a
vote of confidence, the Prime Minister requires an absolute majority from both
chambers.
Ministers appoint certain categories of Government employees by delegation of the Prime
Minister, according to conditions set by the law on Government operations.
Ministers will have to be recalled and removed if a vote of Censure is passed on them by
Parliament via an absolute majority.
It is the job of the Prime Minister to execute laws via regulatory powers. The Prime
Minister is in charge of the national defence in concert with the President.
The Prime Minister directly or by delegation appoints and dismisses Government
officials, in accordance with the Constitution and the law on the general regulations for
Government operations.
The Prime Minister, Ministers and other members of Government cannot also be
members of the Haitian Parliament but they can appear before the two chambers to
support bills and the objections of the President and to reply to interpellation.
The Acts of the Prime Minister, are countersigned by the appropriate Minister if needed
for them to have effect, the Prime Minister and the Ministers are collectively responsible
for the acts of the President of the Republic and of their ministers that they countersign.
Such are also responsible for enforcement of the laws in areas of their competence.
If the Prime Minister becomes permanently absent, the Government itself remains in
place until a successor is chosen. If the Prime Minister becomes permanently
incapacitated then the President will choose an interim Prime Minister from among
members of the ministerial cabinet while attending to the formation of a new Government
within 30-days.
Charging and Removal of the President and other Important Officials
By a vote of at least two-thirds the Chamber of Deputies can indict the President of the
Republic for the crime of High Treason or any other crime or offense committed in the
discharge of their duties; the Prime Minister, Ministers, and Secretaries of State for
crimes of high treason and embezzlement or abuse of power or any other crime or
offenses committed in discharge of their duties; members of the Permanent Electoral
Council, Superior Court of Auditors, and the Court of Administrative Disputes for serious
offenses committed in discharge of their duties; Supreme Court justices or the officer of
the Public Prosecutor’s Office for abuse of authority; and the Protector of Citizens.
7. 7/11
Such of the above puts them before the High Court of Justice which is constituted by the
Senate. This court makes a verdict on those put forth towards it, its decision is made by a
two-thirds majority agreement. It can dismiss, disqualify or deprive those it convicts of
holding office for 5-15 years.
The Legislative Government
The Haitian Parliament is located in the capital Port-au-Prince. Photo by Clément Larrivé
from Flickr. CC BY-SA 2.0. Source.
The Legislative Government is made up of a bicameral parliament called the Haitian
Parliament which includes the House of Deputies as the lower but primary chamber and
the Senate as the upper chamber. It is the primary job of the parliament to have legislative
bills introduced to it, and for them to be debated, possibly amended and either passed or
rejected. Another integral job of the parliament, especially the Chamber of Deputies, is
oversight of the executive government, with both chambers having the power to
investigate matters brought before them. All members of both chambers have the right to
question and interpellate a member of Government or the entire Government on events
and acts of the Administration. Interpellation requests must be supported by at least five
other members, if passed by a majority it becomes a vote of confidence or censure. Such
vote of confidence can lead to the removal of the Prime Minister, in which case a new one
is appointed by the President of the Republic.
Legislative bills can be introduced either by the Government in either chamber or by a
chamber’s own members, but members cannot introduce budget bills or any other money
bills, only the Government can and these bills must always first originate in the Chamber
8. 8/11
of Deputies (lower chamber). Legislative bills must successfully pass through both
chambers without disagreement for the bill to then go on to be promulgated in the
Executive. If a bill is amended by a chamber that it did not originate in, then that bill must
be sent back to the chamber of origin for agreement before being sent for promulgation.
If there is disagreement over a budgetary or money bill between the two chambers then
both chambers will appoint equal members to a parliamentary committee to make a final
decision.
If there is disagreement over any other kind of legislative bill between the two chambers
then that bill will be postponed to the next session. If at the next session, even in the case
of replacement of the Chambers, there is still no agreement, then both chambers will
again appoint equal members to a parliamentary committee to come up with a final text
to be submitted to the chambers to agree to, if there is still disagreement then the
legislative bill is withdrawn.
Bills fully passed by the Haitian Parliament go to the President of the Republic for
promulgation. The President does have the power to object to a passed bill in part or all,
in this the President will send the bill back to Parliament with his/her objections, both
chambers must agree to the objections and subsequent amendment, if both chambers
vote against objections then the bill is sent back to the President who must promulgate it,
whether objections have been accepted (and in turn amended) or not.
Each chamber can impose disciplinary actions on members for reprehensible conduct, via
a two-thirds majority vote, but this cannot go as far as expelling them, members can
though become ineligible to run for a future term, for example if they have been
condemned for a crime that is afflictive and infamous by a court in Haiti.
Chamber of Deputies
The Chamber of Deputies are directly elected by the people and currently has 119
members, this number can be changed but cannot go below 70 members.
The Chamber of Deputies has exclusive power to put forth the Chief of State, Prime
Minister, Ministers and Secretaries of State before the High Court for things such as high
treason or contempt of office, possibly leading to their removal, putting these individuals
before the High Court requires a special majority vote of at least two-thirds of members.
The Senate
The Senate currently has 30 members, as each Department of the country (of which there
are currently ten) is set to having three members represent them in the Senate, directly
elected by the people within the Departments.
Unlike the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate is permanently in session, although it can be
adjourned where it will then have a permanent committee representing it, but this
committee has no power apart from to call a session of the Senate. In times
of emergency and if the Senate is adjourned the Executive government can end the
adjournment itself and call the Senate into session.
9. 9/11
The Senate also has exclusive powers and functions such as proposing a list of proposals
for Justices of the Supreme Court to the Executive Government and to constitute itself as
a High Court of Justice to judge individuals put before them such as the President, Prime
Minister, Government members etc.
The Senate also has other powers of approving appointments for various areas, which
have been highlighted in the Executive Government section above.
National Assembly – Joint-Sitting
A joint sitting of both houses (Chamber of Deputies and Senate) is called the National
Assembly. The reasons and jobs of the National Assembly include receiving the
President’s constitutional oath; ratifying declarations of war; approve or reject
international treaties or conventions; amendment of constitution; ratify a decision to
change the seat of Government; decide on state of urgency and state of siege, including
ordering with the Executive Government the constitutional guarantees to be suspended
and decide on any demand to renew/extend this measure; participates in the formation of
the Permanent Electoral Council; participate in the appointment of a provisional
President; participates in the formation of the Constitutional Council; and receives the
report/assessment of Government activities at the opening of each session.
The President of the Senate presides over the National Assembly with the President of the
Chamber of Deputies being Vice-President of the National Assembly.
During emergencies, when the legislature is not in session, the Executive government can
call for the National Assembly to convene.
The National Assembly cannot meet, take decisions or pass resolutions without
a majority of both chambers being present.
Constitutional Council and Permanent Electoral Council
The country’s Constitutional Council includes nine members, three designated by the
Executive Power, three by the National Assembly, and three by the Superior Council of
the Judicial Power. Three are magistrates, three are Jurists and three are Notable Persons
as stipulated by the Constitution. These members elect a President of the Constitutional
Council from among themselves for a term of 3-years. Members serve 9-year non-
renewable terms and the council is renewed in thirds every 3-years.
This council handles disputes and decisions over constitutionality of actions of the
legislative and executive Government as well as other areas.
The Permanent Electoral Council also has nine members, three by the Executive Power,
three by the Superior Council of the Judicial Power and three by the National Assembly,
serving 9-year non-renewable terms. Members elect the President of the Permanent
Electoral Council from among themselves for a three-year-term. One-third of members
are renewed every 3-years.
This council handles disputes and decisions over electoral outcomes, elections, electoral
rules and electoral legislation.
10. 10/11
The Electoral System
Image by TUBS from Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source.
Presidential elections happen every 5-years, elected using a two-round absolute majority
system where a candidate requires an absolute majority to win outright in the first round
otherwise a 2 round is held between the top two candidates which is decided by simple
majority. A President cannot be consecutively elected for a 2 time but may wait 5-years
to run for a 2 term, but cannot run for a third term under any conditions.
Presidential candidates must follow the same requirements as those in the Chamber of
Deputies and Senate below apart from two differences, needing to be at least 35-years or
older and needing to have resided in Haiti for at least 5-years prior to the election.
Parliamentary elections for the Chamber of Deputies (lower house of parliament) takes
place every 4-years and members are elected from single seat electoral districts using a
two-round absolute majority system where a candidate must get a specified majority to
win outright otherwise a 2 round is held between the top two candidates and is won by
simple majority.
Members of the Chamber of Deputies must be of Haitian origin, never having renounced
their nationality and holding no other nationality; be 25-years or older; enjoy their civil
and political rights and to never have been condemned to a afflictive and infamous
penalty for a crime of common law; having to have resided at least 2-years in the electoral
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district they run for; be an owner of assets in the electoral district or to exercise a
profession or industry there; and having been discharged as the manager of any public
funds.
Elections for the Senate (upper chamber) happen every 2-years, although to elect one-
third of its members via rotation, with members serving 6-year terms. Members are
elected from multi-seat constituencies, of which there are ten with three each,
representing each of the 10 administrative Departments. Members are elected via the
absolute majority two round system, as is explained above.
Members of the Senate must meet the same requirements as those in the Chamber of
Deputies apart from instead having to be 30-years or older and having to live in the
Department they have run to represent for at least 3-years prior to running.
To vote one must be a citizen of Haiti who is at least 18-years-old. Voting is not
mandatory.
Sources
The source for this post comes from Haiti’s 1987 constitution with amendments through
to 2012 (constituteproject.org) and so should be as accurate as possible but of course
there is always the chance that I have missed something or misinterpreted parts and also
the constitution can be amended and this post eventually may become outdated and as
such it is recommended to cross-research if using this in a serious capacity.
Amendments to the constitution are proposed by the Executive Branch or either the
Chamber of Deputies or Senate, consideration of amendments requires a two-third
majority in both chambers, passage requires two-thirds majority in the National Assembly
(joint-sitting of both chambers) with at least two-thirds of members present and having
voted. Amendments that have passed are officially put into force after installation of the
next President of the Republic. Articles on the democratic and republican forms of
Government cannot be amended.
Next up will be the Government system of Honduras.
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