a complete ppt about the legal system of tanzania including the topics like; sources of law and government structure (executive,legisature and judiciary)
The document provides information about Tanzania's legal and court system. It notes that Tanzania has a unitary presidential republic government and its legal system is based on common law inherited from British rule, but also incorporates Islamic and customary laws. The court system includes the Court of Appeal, High Courts, Magistrate Courts (including District and Primary Courts), and specialized tribunals. The document also describes the similar but separate legal system for Zanzibar, including Islamic courts.
Ecuador has a presidential republic system of government with a president as both head of state and head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. Citizens can participate directly in governance through initiatives to propose legislation or constitutional amendments requiring a percentage of voter signatures. They can also recall elected officials through a referendum.
a complete ppt about the legal system of tanzania including the topics like; sources of law and government structure (executive,legisature and judiciary)
The document provides information about Tanzania's legal and court system. It notes that Tanzania has a unitary presidential republic government and its legal system is based on common law inherited from British rule, but also incorporates Islamic and customary laws. The court system includes the Court of Appeal, High Courts, Magistrate Courts (including District and Primary Courts), and specialized tribunals. The document also describes the similar but separate legal system for Zanzibar, including Islamic courts.
Ecuador has a presidential republic system of government with a president as both head of state and head of government. The unicameral National Assembly is the legislative body. Citizens can participate directly in governance through initiatives to propose legislation or constitutional amendments requiring a percentage of voter signatures. They can also recall elected officials through a referendum.
Topics of Speaking skill VII. Mongolia's political systemaagiidluv
The document summarizes Mongolia's political system. It adopted a new constitution in 1992 that created a unicameral parliamentary legislature. The Parliament, or State Great Khural, is the highest organ of state power with 76 members elected to four-year terms. The President is head of state and commander-in-chief, nominated by parties with parliamentary seats and elected to up to two four-year terms. The Prime Minister is head of the executive branch, nominated by the ruling party and confirmed by Parliament along with Cabinet members for four-year terms.
Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and has a long history, transitioning between rule by various kingdoms and empires. It was eventually colonized by Italy in the late 19th century. After World War II, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia but Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962, leading to a 30-year war for independence. Eritrea gained independence in 1993 after a UN-monitored referendum but is now a one-party totalitarian dictatorship under an authoritarian president and ruling party, with no active democracy or civil liberties.
The document summarizes the government system of El Salvador. It describes El Salvador as a presidential representative republic with an executive branch led by a president and legislative branch consisting of a unicameral Legislative Assembly. Key points include that the president acts as both head of state and head of government, appoints ministers, commands the armed forces, and can declare states of emergency. The Legislative Assembly passes laws, approves the budget and international treaties, and elects certain officials. Elections take place every 3-5 years via proportional representation.
Parliamentary government has two main parts: the executive and the legislature. The executive, usually headed by a prime minister, is accountable to the legislature. Cabinet members are selected from the legislature and work as a team, with the prime minister defining policies and preparing the government agenda. This system aims to ensure coordination between political parties and accountability of the government to the public through the legislature. However, some drawbacks can include instability of coalition governments and a focus on party politics over merit-based decisions.
The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers and exercises executive authority in India. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and is generally the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha. As the head of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister's powers include forming the Council of Ministers, directing policy, and overseeing important appointments, though these are made by the President. The Council of Ministers aids the Prime Minister in developing and implementing policy and administering government departments and programs.
The document discusses the roles and composition of the Cabinet of Ministers (COME) and the Prime Minister in India's parliamentary system of democracy. It notes that the COME is headed by the PM and is the most powerful institution in the executive branch. The COME aids and advises the President, who must act in accordance with the COME's advice. The COME consists of Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers. Major policies and national issues are decided by the Cabinet, which is a small group of senior ministers within the COME. The Cabinet frames legislation, administers policies, manages finances, handles diplomacy and appointments, and coordinates different ministries.
This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
The executive body of a country consists of the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, the Civil Service, and the Governor General. The Cabinet is comprised of the Prime Minister and selected ministers who meet weekly to discuss policies, laws, budgets, and other matters. Individual Cabinet members oversee responsibilities in their portfolio or ministry. The Prime Minister determines the Cabinet's composition and size, chooses members, and assigns responsibilities. The Civil Service serves as permanent government employees who implement the elected government's policies and serve citizens.
The document discusses the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers at the state level in India. It defines the Chief Minister as the head of the state government, though formally appointed by the Governor. The Chief Minister is typically the leader of the party with a majority in the state assembly. They appoint the Council of Ministers and head this body. The Council of Ministers aids and advises the Governor and collectively takes responsibility before the state legislature. Key roles of the Chief Minister include recommending ministers, designating portfolios, and advising the Governor on various appointments.
Prime minister and the council of ministerskarthikgangula
icse class 10 chapter prime minister and the council of ministers
topics included are under the further reduced syllabus
Appointment, the formation of Council of ministers, tenure;
Position and powers of the Prime Minister.
Collective and individual responsibility of the members of the Cabinet.
The distinction between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet.
The document discusses the role and powers of state governors in India. It notes that governors are appointed by the president and serve as nominal heads of state governments. Key powers of governors include: appointing the chief minister and council of ministers; reserving bills for presidential approval; nominating members to the legislative council; and exercising discretionary powers in certain constitutional and situational matters without ministerial advice, such as recommending president's rule in a state.
Topics of Speaking skill VII. Mongolia's political systemaagiidluv
The document summarizes Mongolia's political system. It adopted a new constitution in 1992 that created a unicameral parliamentary legislature. The Parliament, or State Great Khural, is the highest organ of state power with 76 members elected to four-year terms. The President is head of state and commander-in-chief, nominated by parties with parliamentary seats and elected to up to two four-year terms. The Prime Minister is head of the executive branch, nominated by the ruling party and confirmed by Parliament along with Cabinet members for four-year terms.
Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa and has a long history, transitioning between rule by various kingdoms and empires. It was eventually colonized by Italy in the late 19th century. After World War II, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia but Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962, leading to a 30-year war for independence. Eritrea gained independence in 1993 after a UN-monitored referendum but is now a one-party totalitarian dictatorship under an authoritarian president and ruling party, with no active democracy or civil liberties.
The document summarizes the government system of El Salvador. It describes El Salvador as a presidential representative republic with an executive branch led by a president and legislative branch consisting of a unicameral Legislative Assembly. Key points include that the president acts as both head of state and head of government, appoints ministers, commands the armed forces, and can declare states of emergency. The Legislative Assembly passes laws, approves the budget and international treaties, and elects certain officials. Elections take place every 3-5 years via proportional representation.
Parliamentary government has two main parts: the executive and the legislature. The executive, usually headed by a prime minister, is accountable to the legislature. Cabinet members are selected from the legislature and work as a team, with the prime minister defining policies and preparing the government agenda. This system aims to ensure coordination between political parties and accountability of the government to the public through the legislature. However, some drawbacks can include instability of coalition governments and a focus on party politics over merit-based decisions.
The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers and exercises executive authority in India. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and is generally the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha. As the head of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister's powers include forming the Council of Ministers, directing policy, and overseeing important appointments, though these are made by the President. The Council of Ministers aids the Prime Minister in developing and implementing policy and administering government departments and programs.
The document discusses the roles and composition of the Cabinet of Ministers (COME) and the Prime Minister in India's parliamentary system of democracy. It notes that the COME is headed by the PM and is the most powerful institution in the executive branch. The COME aids and advises the President, who must act in accordance with the COME's advice. The COME consists of Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy Ministers. Major policies and national issues are decided by the Cabinet, which is a small group of senior ministers within the COME. The Cabinet frames legislation, administers policies, manages finances, handles diplomacy and appointments, and coordinates different ministries.
This document provides an overview of Chile's government system. It describes Chile as a representative democratic republic with an elected president and bicameral legislature. The president acts as both head of state and head of government, appointing ministers. The legislature consists of a lower Chamber of Deputies and upper Senate. Elections for president and deputies use proportional representation systems. The judiciary and constitutional framework are also summarized.
The executive body of a country consists of the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, the Civil Service, and the Governor General. The Cabinet is comprised of the Prime Minister and selected ministers who meet weekly to discuss policies, laws, budgets, and other matters. Individual Cabinet members oversee responsibilities in their portfolio or ministry. The Prime Minister determines the Cabinet's composition and size, chooses members, and assigns responsibilities. The Civil Service serves as permanent government employees who implement the elected government's policies and serve citizens.
The document discusses the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers at the state level in India. It defines the Chief Minister as the head of the state government, though formally appointed by the Governor. The Chief Minister is typically the leader of the party with a majority in the state assembly. They appoint the Council of Ministers and head this body. The Council of Ministers aids and advises the Governor and collectively takes responsibility before the state legislature. Key roles of the Chief Minister include recommending ministers, designating portfolios, and advising the Governor on various appointments.
Prime minister and the council of ministerskarthikgangula
icse class 10 chapter prime minister and the council of ministers
topics included are under the further reduced syllabus
Appointment, the formation of Council of ministers, tenure;
Position and powers of the Prime Minister.
Collective and individual responsibility of the members of the Cabinet.
The distinction between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet.
The document discusses the role and powers of state governors in India. It notes that governors are appointed by the president and serve as nominal heads of state governments. Key powers of governors include: appointing the chief minister and council of ministers; reserving bills for presidential approval; nominating members to the legislative council; and exercising discretionary powers in certain constitutional and situational matters without ministerial advice, such as recommending president's rule in a state.
I talk about the government system of Ethiopia from executive to legislative and how elections work in a country that was once run by a great African monarchy.
I talk about the government system of Bhutan including its monarchy, executive and legislative systems and how they all work as well as how elections work.
The document summarizes the government system of Burundi. It is a presidential democratic republic with a bicameral parliament. The president is both head of state and head of government, serving a 7-year term. The legislative branch is made up of the 100-member National Assembly and at least 43-member Senate. Elections are held every 5 years for the National Assembly and indirectly for the Senate. The country has faced ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi groups.
I talk about the government system of Equatorial Guinea, a small country found in Africa. I go over its system from executive to legislative and how the electoral system operates.
lONG QUESTION ANSWER PAKISTAN STUDIES10.docxon friday.docxlodhisaajjda
The Assembly passed the bill on 10th April, 1973 and at last the constitution came into force on 14th August 1973. The present constitution (1973) provides for the protection and preservation of Islamic Concept of life. It also attempts to propagate and implement the basic teachings of Islamhe Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئینِ پاکستان ; ISO: Āīn-ē-Pākistān), also known as the 1973 Constitution, is the supreme law of Pakistan. The document guides Pakistan's law, political culture, and system. It sets out the state's outline, the fundamental rights of the population, the state's law and orders, and also the structure and establishment of the institutions and the armed forces.[2] Drafted by the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, with additional assistance from the country's opposition parties, it was unanimously approved by the 5th Parliament on 10 April and ratified on 14 August 1973.[3][4] The first three chapters establish the rules, mandate, and separate powers of the three branches of the government: a bicameral legislature; an executive branch governed by the Prime Minister as chief executive; and an apex federal judiciary headed by Supreme Court.[4] The Constitution designates the President of Pakistan as a ceremonial Head of State who is to represent the unity of the state.[5] The first six articles of the constitution outline the political system as federal parliamentary republic system; as well as Islam as its state religion.[6] The Constitution also encapsulates provisions stipulating the legal system's compliance with Islamic injunctions contained in the Quran and Sunnah.[7]
The Parliament cannot make any laws which may be repugnant or contrary to the Constitution; however, the Constitution itself may be amended by a two-thirds majority in both the houses of the bicameral Parliament, unlike the previous legal documents of 1956 and 1962.[8] It has been amended over time, and most recent impulses for political upgrades and reforms has been amended. Although enforced in 1973, Pakistan, however, celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 23 March—when the first set was promulgated in 1956 each and every year as Republic Day.[9] Technically there are 26 amendments but 23 amendments were made in constitution and three were not passed by the parliament as the three amendments collapsed.
Currently the promulgated Constitution of Pakistan, in its amended form, stands as the 7th lengthiest constitution of the world with a word count of 56,240 Words.
Origins and historical background
I go over the government system of Belarus from executive to legislative and how the electoral system works in the country with the leader dubbed as Europe's last dictator.
The document summarizes the executive structure at the state level in India. It discusses the roles of the Governor, Chief Minister, and Council of Ministers. The Governor is appointed by the President and acts as the nominal executive head of the state. The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor and heads the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers aids and advises the Governor. Key powers of the Governor include executive, legislative, financial, judicial, and emergency powers, which are exercised based on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
The document discusses the principles of parliamentary government. It defines parliamentary government as a system where the real executive (the cabinet or ministry) is legally responsible to the legislature for its legislative and administrative acts. It also discusses the origins and growth of parliamentary government from England and how it spread to other parts of Europe and the world. Some key features of parliamentary government discussed include the union of the executive and legislative branches, cabinets being responsible to the legislature, and cabinets needing the legislature's confidence to remain in power. The document also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of the parliamentary system.
- Canada has a parliamentary democracy with three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch includes the Queen, Senate, and House of Commons. The executive branch implements laws and includes the Queen, Prime Minister, and Cabinet. The judicial branch applies laws independently.
- The federal government has three levels - the Queen as head of state, the Prime Minister as head of government, and Parliament which passes laws. Provincial governments have similar structures without the Senate. The Supreme Court is the highest court.
“In a broad and collective sense the executive organ embraces the aggregate or totality of all the functionaries which are concerned with the execution of the will of the State as that will has been formulated and expressed in terms of law”.
– Dr. Garner
The Problem with School Uniforms and the Possible FixesCharlie
I talk about how school uniforms can be disruptive for autistic people and people with learning disabilities and look into what can be done to improve the situation.
The Possible Implications of Sky AdvertisingCharlie
1. A Candy Crush advertisement displayed in the sky over New York City using drones sparked discussion about the potential implications of sky advertising.
2. Regulations currently focus on drone safety and security, but sky advertising is new and unregulated. Advertisers may be interested in using colorful, moving light shows at night to reach massive audiences.
3. Regulations could be needed to limit when and where sky ads occur to prevent overcommercialization of the night sky and impacts on wildlife, while also addressing citizen concerns about losing clear night skies.
The document summarizes Montenegro's complex governmental system and history. Montenegro is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic with a directly elected president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The country has experienced various rulers throughout its history, including being part of the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Montenegro declared independence in 2006 and now has a multi-party parliamentary system within a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic.
1. The document discusses 7 simple things the author learned about JavaScript, including that JavaScript engines like V8 and SpiderMonkey power different browsers, languages can transpile to JavaScript, the ECMA-262 specification defines JavaScript, Firefox and Chrome have the best developer tools, the <script> tag inserts JavaScript into HTML, semicolons end statements but can be omitted, and strict mode was introduced to handle changes to the language.
Looking into COBOL and Being Serious About itCharlie
I talk about the OG COBOL programming language and explain how its still more prevalent than you probably realise. I go over its history, things it was used for, and how it continues in the modern world.
I go over some useful and fun browser website tools that can be used to do things like get videos, video conversion to other formats, search, and a website full of OSINT tools.
I talk about how getting lower grades in school does not mean you have to settle for less. School is not for everyone and we can create our own pathways.
Tim Berners-Lee Inventor of the World Wide WebCharlie
A blog post adapted from my presentation about Tim Berners-Lee who invented the world wide web. Goes over the history and some other information on Tim Berners-Lee.
British Virgin Islands Enquiry Asks for Direct Rule from BritainCharlie
I talk about the prospect of direct rule for the British Virgin Islands following a corruption enquiry and arrest of their Premier. I also look into what happened with the Turks and Caicos Islands when they were under direct rule.
I give an overview of the 2022 local elections that are happening later this week. This includes all of the council/local authority elections, mayoral elections, and the assembly election in Northern Ireland.
Britains 5 Original National Free-to-Air Television ChannelsCharlie
I look into the five national british television channels, BBC One and Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Includes their founding, history, setup, structure and how each managed to be successful.
Unemployment Among People with Autism is a Systemic Problem not an Individual...Charlie
I talk about how the unemployment issue among people with Autism is clearly a systemic issue and not an individual's issue alone. I highlight many of the common issues and barriers people with Autism face with employment and as a result many give up or try a more unconventional path.
How I Once Ran a Successful Facebook Page The Rise and FallCharlie
I talk about how I once ran a successful community-focused social media page that includes what I think I did right and wrong. I also talk about how and why it eventually came to an end.
The Weekly Update 1 TV Channel Blog Post Short Blogs and MoreCharlie
The first in the regular Weekly Update series for The Weekly Rambler blog. Goes over misc topics and gives information on what is happening with the blog and its content on a weekly basis.
A Look at Dark Items 4 The Binding of Isaac A Lump of Coal and KrampusCharlie
I look into the darkness and origins behind the Alpine folkloric being that is Krampus and I also look into the origins of why coal for Christmas is now a negative thing.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
The Government System of Fiji
1. Post author By Charlie August 20, 2020
The Government System of Fiji
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-fiji/
Fiji is a nation made up of over 300
islands found in the South Pacific in
the Melanesia subregion of Oceania,
other nearby island nations and
overseas territories include New
Caledonia, Vanuatu, Wallis and
Futuna, the Samoas and Tonga
among others. The country’s capital
city Suva is found on the coast of the
nation’s largest island, Viti Levu.
Humans have lived on the islands
that are now Fiji since at least the
2 Millenium BC with the first
known peoples being the
Austronesians and then later
Melanesians with these peoples also
influenced by Polynesians. By the
19 Century a native ruler called Seru Epenisa Cakobau consolidated control of the
islands and created a short-lived independent monarchy, this same King later
voluntarily ceded the islands to the British Empire and it became a Crown Colony called
the Colony of Fiji in 1874.
From 1970 the colony was given independence within the Commonwealth Realm
meaning it conducted its own government affairs but the British Monarch was still the
ceremonial Head of State represented by an appointed Governor-General and Fiji
became the Dominion of Fiji. A series of coups then took place in Fiji in 1987
overthrowing a number of leaders until eventually a military government took power
and declared the islands a Republic meaning they were no longer apart of the
Commonwealth Realm and the British Monarch was no longer Head of State.
Another coup in 2006 put Frank Baninimarama as Prime Minister and saw the
continuation of military government until it was ruled unlawful in 2009 leading to the
President Ratu Josefa Iloilo who had been kept in power by the military, to abrogate the
1997 constitution and then later be succeeded by a new President the same year. It
wasn’t until years later in 2014 due to a number of delays and after the country adopted
a new constitution in the previous year where democratic elections were finally held
with Frank Baninimarama managing to win the election and remaining Prime Minister
so far to this day.
nd
th
1/11
2. The country’s official languages are Fijian, English and Fiji Hindi and
another recognised language is Rotuman which is an Austronesian language. The
largest religion is Christianity with the largest denomination being Methodist but there
is also a significant minority of Hindu’s. The country’s currency is the Fijian dollar and
the country’s population is closing in on 900,000.
Government Type
Fiji Coat of Arms. Simi Tukidia from Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0.Source.
The nation is a parliamentary representative democratic republic with a President who
is Head of State but mostly ceremonial with limited powers and a Prime Minister who is
Head of Government. There is also a unicameral parliament that runs the legislative
government. Multiple parties are allowed.
The Executive Government
2/11
3. Government House in Suva, official residence of the President. Photo by Qiliho from
Wikimedia. CC BY 3.0. Source.
As mentioned, the President is Head of State, which is mostly a ceremonial role with
limited powers. The President though does have some powers, most of which are only
actionable on advice of the Prime Minister or designated Minister or member of
Cabinet.
Presidential Absence or Vacancy
If the President becomes absent for any reason or if the seat of President becomes
vacant then the country’s Chief Justice will become the acting or interim President for
such period of time until either the President returns or a new President is appointed by
Parliament.
Duties
The President on advice of the Prime Minister can proclaim Parliament prorogued
which discontinues the session of parliament without actually fully dissolving the
parliament, it just prevents it from functioning for the time period, mostly the power is
simply just used to end a session of parliament early or before the parliament is
dissolved for election, but other times it can be used in an attempt to resolve stalemate.
On advice of the Prime Minister the President can also dissolve parliament early for
fresh elections, but this can only happen after a lapse of 3 years and 6 months since the
date of its first meeting after a general election. Parliament can also be dissolved early
3/11
4. by consent of two-thirds of parliament, such a motion can be moved by government if it
lacks confidence in parliament or by the Leader of the Opposition or if parliament has
first rejection of motion of no confidence in the Prime Minister.
A motion to dissolve early cannot be moved 18 months immediately following the start
of the parliamentary term or 6 months before its end.
The President dissolves parliament if the motion is passed and summons parliament
after a general election. Sessions of Parliament are summoned by the President on
advice of the Prime Minister or by the petition of one-third of parliamentary members
related to an urgent public matter, outside of that normal sessions are determined by
parliaments own internal rules agreed upon by members.
The President shall also summon parliament if 2 months has elapsed since the previous
sitting. Finally, the President will open parliament annually with an address that
outlines policies and programmes of the Government.
There are ceremonial functions and responsibilities for the President as Commander-in-
Chief of the country’s armed forces.
The President helps to guarantor independence of the judiciary, including appointing
the Chief Justice who is the President of the Supreme Court on advice of the Prime
Minister who has consulted with the main Opposition Leader. Supreme Court Judges,
President of the Court of Appeal, justices of the Court of Appeal, and High Court judges
appointed by the President on recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission
after consultation with the competent cabinet Minister and parliamentary committee.
Members of the Judicial Service Commission are the Chief Justice as its chairperson;
the President of the Court of Appeal; the Permanent Secretary responsible for justice; a
legal practitioner appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice
and Attorney-General; and a person who is not a legal practitioner appointed by the
President on advice of the Chief Justice following the Chief Justice’s consultation with
the Attorney-General.
Director of Public Prosecutions is appointed by the President on recommendation of the
Judicial Service Commission after consultation with the Attorney-General.
The President is also responsible for appointing a number of other independent
commissions and public offices such as but not limited to rights of citizens,
appointment of public offices, appointment and discipline or organization of authorities
and military positions/posts through various structured processes similar to the above.
Another I shall give clear presentation to is the Constitutional Offices Commission
which includes the Prime Minister as chairperson; the main Leader of the Opposition;
the Attorney-General; two people appointed by the President on advice of the Prime
Minister and another person appointed by the President on advice of the main
Opposition Leader.
4/11
5. There are also various processes for removal of members from the above commissions
and public offices and from judicial positions that usually involve the President’s
intervention and the setting up of a tribunal or board to make the decisions.
Note that the above is true in many, many government systems I have done previously
just that I have often not gone this much into detail on it.
Removal from Office
The President can be removed from office due to inability to perform functions or down
to misbehavior. If the Prime Minister considers the question to remove the President
important then the Prime Minister will ask the Chief Justice to set up a tribunal or
board to that effect. If it is to do with misbehavior then the Chief Justice will be asked to
set up a tribunal to investigate that consists of a chairperson and two people who are
eligible to be a judge.
If it is down to inability to perform functions then the Prime Minister will ask the Chief
Justice to set up a medical board to investigate including a Chairperson and two people
qualified to be a health practitioner.
The Medical Board or tribunal is appointed through the Judicial Service Commision.
The President is also notified of such requests, from this point the President is barred
from performing functions up until a final decision is made in which either the President
is removed from office or if they are retained and therefore powers are restored.
The tribunal or medical board shall come up with a written report on its investigation
and its recommendation on whether the President should be removed from office, this
report is received by the Chief Justice who hands it to the Prime Minister who shall then
table it to Parliament who will vote on whether to remove the President or not.
Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet
The Prime Minister is Head of Government and chairperson of the Cabinet. The
Cabinet shall have as many Ministers as is determined by the Prime Minister. The
Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively responsible to Parliament and
must keep their confidence to remain in power. The Prime Minister keeps the President
generally informed about issues relating to governance of Fiji.
The Prime Minister appoints and dismisses Ministers. The Prime Minister can assign
themselves or a Minister responsibility for a specified part of the business of
government, such as general direction or control over a branch or branches of the
public service or over a disciplined force and responsibility for implementation and
administration of each Act, a notice of this action will be published in the Gazette.
Ministers and the Prime Minister must be a member of parliament.
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6. The Prime Minister can appoint any Minister as Acting Prime Minister for a period or
periods when the Prime Minister is absent from Fiji or for any reason is unable to
perform duties, this again must be published in the Gazette. The same can also be done
for Minister positions with the Prime Minister appointing another Minister as an Acting
Minister for a Minister who is absent.
Ministers can be called before parliament or parliamentary committees to answer
questions on matters under their competence, they must attend such calls to parliament
or a parliamentary committee. It is also the duty of Cabinet members to provide regular
reports of their activities to parliament.
The Prime Minister also appoints the Attorney-General to Cabinet, who is the
Governments principal legal advisor, the person appointed must be a legal practitioner
in Fiji with no less than 15-years post-admission practice either in Fiji or abroad. They
also cannot have been found guilty of any wrongdoing as a legal practitioner either in
Fiji or abroad. The position can either be appointed from a member of parliament or
someone outside of parliament.
It is as always, the job of Cabinet to organize governing policy and enact legislation
passed by parliament through the relevant ministries that are under the competence of
said Ministers. Cabinet and the Prime Minister also conduct foreign affairs. Cabinet can
also draw up legislation and present it to parliament.
Motion of No-Confidence
A motion of no confidence can remove the Prime Minister collectively with the entire
Cabinet from power, it requires the support of a majority of parliament and must
propose a Prime Minister to succeed the previous if successful, the proposed person
automatically becomes Prime Minister. If it fails it cannot be introduced again for
another 6-months.
State of Emergency
Like many systems, the constitution provides for emergency provisions to deal with
serious and unprecedented crises that may involve the temporary suspension or
reduction of certain rights of citizens and certain processes to help more effectively
bring the crisis under control.
The Prime Minister, on recommendation from the Commissioner of Police and the
Commander of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces can declare a state of emergency in
some or all of Fiji. Parliament must give consent for a State of Emergency which if they
do will be in effect for 1 month which then requires consent by parliament to extend for
one month at a time.
The Legislative Government
6/11
7. The Government Buildings in Suva is the meeting place of the Fiji Parliament. The buildings
also include the country’s High Court, offices of the Prime Minister and also several
Government ministries. Photo by Matthias Süßen from Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source.
Duties
There is an elected unicameral parliament that makes up the legislative government and
of which its main job is to have legislation introduced to it and to debate on it, amend
and/or pass or reject such legislation, passed legislation goes on to the President of the
country to be signed into law.
Both members of parliament and government can introduce bills to the Parliament of
Fiji but only the minister responsible for finance or another minister designated by the
by the Cabinet may introduce money bills, money bills include any bill to do with taxes,
public funds, public money, loans, or the receipt, custody, audit, investment or issue of
money or deals with anything incidental to those matters.
The President has passed bills presented to them by the Speaker of the Parliament and
the President will have 7-days to give assent to the legislation, if the President takes no
action within the time period then the legislation will automatically go into law.
All international treaties and conventions must be consented to by the parliament
before having any effect.
Composition of Parliament and Rules
Parliament currently has a set 51 members but this can change based on population
ratio to parliament ratio (with the ratio calculated using the first sitting of parliament to
population ratio), this job is performed by the Electoral Commission, members of the
Electoral Commission are appointed by the President on advice of the Constitutional
Offices Commission, those who cannot be appointed are members of parliament,
parliamentary candidates, public office holders excluding Judges, or members of a local
authority.
7/11
8. Supervisor of Elections is also appointed by the President on advice of the
Constitutional Offices Commission who have consulted with the Electoral Commision.
This office is directed by the Electoral Commision and its purpose is to administer
registration of voters and organise elections.
At the start of term members will elect a Speaker who is not a member of the parliament
and will then elect a Deputy Speaker who is a member of parliament but not a minister.
It is the job of the Speaker to conduct and execute parliamentary agenda, confer with
the executive as voice of the parliament, regulate an orderly parliamentary debate and
enforce parliamentary bylaws and standing orders.
A vote of two-thirds of parliament can remove the Speaker or Deputy Speaker.
A Secretary-General to parliament is appointed by the President on advice of the
Constitutional Offices Commission. The position is responsible to the Speaker and
advises the Speaker and members of parliament and can appoint, remove and
discipline all parliamentary staff.
Parliament must establish committees under its rules and orders for the purposes of
scrutinizing the government’s administration and to examine bills and such other
legislation and functions as are specified in the rules and orders of parliament.
Committees and also parliament have the power to summon people by the force of law
for evidence and providing of information.
Parliament members may make standing orders, which are rules that govern
parliaments internal functioning such as committees and how the powers, privileges
and immunities of parliament are upheld. Note that pretty much every parliament does
this in the world, just most the time I haven’t mentioned it, not each parliament refers
to it as “standing orders” though, which its origin is from the British parliament and as
such “standing orders” is used by many parliaments of nations that were once under
British rule or apart of the Commonwealth.
The Electoral System
8/11
9. Photo by Golbez from Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0.Source.
The appointment of President happens every 3-years and is done via parliament. Both
the Prime Minister and main Opposition Leader can either nominate candidates of
their own or agree upon a single nomination, if the nomination is agreed upon then the
Speaker will declare the nominee President without a vote of parliament, if the
nominations a separate then a vote of parliament happens and the President is elected
by a simple majority, if both get the same number of votes then the voting will be held
again for up to 3 rounds, if on the 3rd round both nominees still get the same number of
votes then the Prime Minister’s chosen nominee wins and becomes President by
default.
The President can only be re-appointed for one more term before stepping aside.
Those eligible for nomination as President must have had a distinguished career in any
aspect of national or international life either in the public or private sector, must hold
only Fijian citizenship, must not be a member or hold any office in a political party, not
be a candidate for election to any other state office and not have been convicted of any
offense in the previous 6-years.
Parliamentary elections happen every 4-years and all members are elected from a single
nationwide multi-seat constituency using a proportional representation system where
parties or independent candidates who reach 5% or more of the vote are guaranteed
seats, seats achieved by parties are relative as close as possible to the total percentage of
votes they achieved.
9/11
10. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President from the largest party/coalition while
the official Opposition Leader is elected by the members of Parliament after the
parliamentary elections.
If no party has more than 50% of seats then the parliament will nominate a Prime
Minister, if only one is nominated they shall be automatically become Prime Minister
appointed by the President, if though more than one nominee is chosen then
parliament must elect one by absolute majority vote, if within three rounds a nominee
still has not elected a Prime Minister then fresh elections are called by the President, if a
nominee does get an absolute majority they are appointed Prime Minister by the
President.
The same process will take place above if the Prime Minister position becomes vacant.
To be candidate for parliament one must be a citizen of Fiji and not be holding any
other citizenship, be a registered voter, be a resident in Fiji for at least 2-years before
nomination, does not have an undischarged bankruptcy, to not be a member of the
Electoral Commission and to not have been a member on it for 4-years leading up to
being nominated, not subject to a sentence of imprisonment, for the previous 8-years to
not have been convicted of an offense that has given at least 12-months or more prison
sentence, and not found guilty of any electoral offense.
Candidates must leave any public office they may be holding.
To vote one must be a Fijian citizen and be at least 18-years-old. Those serving a
sentence in prison longer than 12 months imposed by the nation or by another country,
those declared of unsound mind or those disqualified for committing electoral offenses
may not be able to vote.
Sources
The Sources for this post come from Fiji’s Constitution of 2013 (Constituteproject.org)
and of which should be as accurate as possible but of course there is always the chance I
have misinterpreted something or missed out something important and of course the
constitution can be amended and so eventually this post may become outdated and as
such it is recommended for those using this seriously to also do cross-research.
A bill to amend the constitution is introduced to parliament and is read three times, on
the second and third readings it requires the support of at least three-quarters of
parliaments members, if passed by parliament then a referendum will be organised to
adopt the amendment and requires the support of at least three-quarters of registered
voters and then after that the President gives assent to the amendment.
Next up will be the government system of Finland!
10/11
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11/11