The document discusses the fundamental unit of life - the cell. It defines cells and some key cell organelles, focusing on mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria are described as rod-shaped structures surrounded by a double membrane that contain enzymes for cellular respiration, making them the powerhouse of the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes that encloses a fluid-filled lumen, and comes in two types - rough ER with ribosomes for protein synthesis, and smooth ER involved in lipid secretion.

1. KLE SOCIETY’S COLLEGE OF EDUCATION,
VIDYANAGAR, HUBBALLI.
Topic: The Fundamental Unit Of Life.
Subject: Biology (ICT based)
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Bhagyalaxmi G Nayak Smt.Rekha A Kittur
Roll.No.: 88

2. THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF
LIFE
 Cells are the smallest form of life. Cell
is the structural and functional unit of all
living organsims.
 The term cell was first coined by
Robert Hooke.
 Cell consists of cell membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus, cell organelles etc.

3.  Cell organelles are the tiny or small
organs present in the cytoplasm of the cell.
 The Organelle means “little organ”.
 Some of the organelles present in cells
are mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,
ribosomes, plastids, golgi complex etc.
 Today we shall study in detail about
Mitochondria and Endoplasmic
reticulum.

4. Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles found
in plant and animal cells.
• Each mitochondria is a rod shaped structure
surrounded by a double membrane.
• The outer membrane is smooth and inner
surface is folded into finger like structures
called Cristae.
• Cristae increase the surface the surface area of
the inner membrane, providing more area for
metabolic reactions to take place.

6. • Mitochondria contain enzymes for catalyzing
biochemical reactions involved in respiration.
• Mitochondria are centres of cellular respiration
and result in the formation of an energy rich
molecule, ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). So it
is called as “Power house of the cell”
• The cells use this energy to perform cellular
functions like synthesis of new chemical
compounds, their transport and mechanical
work.

7. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• ER is a network of double-walled membranes
enclosing a fluid-filled lumen.
• Nuclear membrane joins with the membranes of
ER.
• There are two types of ER:
*Rough ER
*Smooth ER
• Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface.
• Rough ER is the site for protien synthesis.

9. • Smooth ER is named so because it lacks a
ribosome on its surface.
• Smooth ER takes part in secretion of lipids.
• Proteins and lipids synthesizes in ER help in
producing a new cell membrane in cell
membrane.