This is the informative presentation made by me. This slide is basically related to cell chapter of class 9.

1. DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL,
SANGRUR
THE CELL
NAME – BHAVYA
CLASS – IX

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher Ms. Ashima, who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “
The Fundamental Unit of Life” which also help me in
doing a lot of research and I come to know about so
many new things.

3. INDEX
Certificate
Experiment
Observation
Conclusion
Definition
Discovery of Cell
Cell Theory
Overview of cell
Types of cell
Parts of Cell
• Cell wall
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
Cell Organelles
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosome
• Mitochondria
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Chloroplast
• Vacuole
Difference between Plant cell and Animal
cell
Bibliography

4. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that I Bhavya Goyal of class IX
has successfully completed the project on the
topic “ The Fundamental Unit of Life” during
academic session 2023-24.
I have prepared the presentation under the
guidance of my teacher and as per the norms by
the CBSE Board.

5. EXPERIMENT
To check the Onion peel cells by
taking a piece of transparent onion
peel (epidermis) from the leaf and
colour it with safranin solution. Then
observe the slide of onion peel under
a microscope.

6. OBSERVATION
Onion epidermal peel is
made up of rectangular
shaped cells. A nucleus, a
central vacuole, a thin
layer of cytoplasm and a
cell wall make up each cell.

7. CONCLUSION
As Cell walls and large
vacuoles are clearly
observed in the cells, the
cells placed for
observation are plant
cells.

8. THE CELL
Cell is basic,
fundamental,
structural and
functional unit of
life.

9. DICOVERY OF THE CELL
Robert Hooke
Discovered Cell
Cork Cell
discovered by
Hooke
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
First observed and describe
a live cell

10. CELL THEORY
Malthias Schleiden (1838)
observed that plants are
composed of cells.
Theodore Schwann (1839) reported
that cells had a thin outer layer
(plasma membrane). He also found
that Plant cells have cell wall.
He proposed a hypothesis that
animals and plants are composed of
cells and product of cells.

11. CELL THEORY
Rudolf Virchow
Rudolf Virchow (1855) explained that
cells divided and new cells are formed
from pre-existing cells. (Omnis cellula-e
cellula).
He modified the Cell Theory.
Statements of Cell Theory :
All Living organisms are composed of
cells and products of cells.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

12. AN OVERVIEW OF CELL
• Smallest cell : Mycoplasma (0.3 µm in
length).
• Largest isolated single cell: Egg of ostrich.
• Longest cell : Nerve cell.
• Size of Bacterial cell: 3-5 µm.
• Human RBCs :7.0µm in diameter.

13. TYPES OF CELL
 PROKARYOTIC CELL : Single celled
microorganisms known to be earliest on
earth.
• Genetic material is in the form of
nucleoid.
• Nuclear membrane is absent.
• Membrane bound organelles absent.
• Circular DNA is present.
• Ribosomes are 70s type.
 EUKARYOTIC CELL: Multicellular
generally larger in size.
• Genetic material is in the form of
nucleus.
• Nuclear membrane is present.
• Membrane bound organelles are
present.
• Linear DNA is present.
• Ribosomes are of 80s type. (70s in
Plastids and Mitochondria)

14. CELL WALL
It is a non-living rigid structure
found outer to the plasma
membrane of Fungi and Plants.
Absent in Animal Cell.
It gives shape to the cell.
It protects the cell from mechanical
damage & infection.
It helps in cell to cell interaction.
It acts as barrier to undesirable
macromolecules.

15. CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membrane is present in both
plants and animal cells.
Cell membrane composed of
lipid bilayer, protein &
carbohydrate.
Also known as Plasma
Membrane
It is selectively permeable to
some molecules present on
either side of it.

16. CYTOPLASM
 Jelly like fluid between cell membrane and the nucleus is called as Cytoplasm.
 Several cell organelles are present in the cytoplasm.

17. NUCLEUS
 Nucleus was first described by Robert
Brown (1831).
 Normally a cell has only one nucleus.
Some cells have more than one. Some
mature cells lack nucleus. E.g.
Mammalian RBC and sieve tube cells of
vascular plants.
 Consists of Nuclear envelope,
Nucleoplasm, Nucleolus, Chromatin
material.
 Chromatin material condense to form
Chromosome that contains DNA , the
Hereditary material.

18. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 These are a network of tiny tubular structures
scattered in the cytoplasm.
 ER of 2 types : Rough and Smooth
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) : bear
Ribosomes on their surface. RER is frequently
observed in the cells. Actively involved in
protein synthesis and secretion. They are
extensive and continuous with the outer
membrane of nucleus.
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) :
Ribosomes are absent. It is the major site for
synthesis of lipid.

19. RIBOSOME
George Palade first observed
ribosome in 1953.
These are the non-membranous
granular structures composed of
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and
proteins.
Eukaryotic ribosome has 80S
Ribosome.
Prokaryotic ribosome has 70S
Ribosome.

20. MITOCHONDRIA
 A Mitochondria is a double membrane-
bound structure with outer membrane
and inner membrane.
 Inner membrane forms a number of
infoldings (Cristae) towards the matrix.
They increase the surface area.
 They consists of their own DNA, RNA
molecules, Ribosomes.
 Mitochondria divides by fission.
 Mitochondria are the sites of Aerobic
respiration. They produce energy in the
form of ATP. So they are called as
“POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL”.

21. GOLGI APPARATUS
First observed by Camillo Golgi
(1898).
They consist of flat, disc shaped
sacs (cisternae) which are
stacked parallel to each other.
Proteins synthesized by
ribosomes on the ER are
modified in the cisternae of
Golgi apparatus.
Packaging of material.

22. LYSOSOMES
Membrane-bound
vesicular structures
formed by the process
of Packaging in the
Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes are also
called as Suicidal bags.

23. CHLOROPLAST
Chloroplasts contains Chlorophyll and
carotenoid pigments. They trap light
energy for Photosynthesis.
These are double membrane bound
organelles mainly found in the
mesophyll cells of the leaves.
Chloroplast Thylakoids and stroma.
Chlorophyll pigments are present in the
Thylakoids.

24. VACUOLE
Vacuole are the membrane bound
space found in cytoplasm.
It contains water, sap, excretory
product and other materials not
useful for the cell.
Vacuoles are bound by a single
membrane called Tonoplast.
In plant cells, the vacuoles can
occupy up to90% of the volume of
the cell.

25. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
• Cell Wall Present.
• Plastids are Present.
• A Large vacuoles.
• Centrioles are Absent.
ANIMAL CELL
• Cell Wall Absent.
• Plastids are absent.
• Many small vacuoles.
• Centrioles are Present.

26. BIBLIOGRAPHY
NCERT BOOK
MY TEACHER
INTERNET

27. Thank you !