Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of manmade chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. PCBs are very stable mixtures that are resistant to extreme temperature and pressure. PCBs were used widely in electrical equipment like capacitors and transformers. They are toxic. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of manmade chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. PCBs are very stable mixtures that are resistant to extreme temperature and pressure. PCBs were used widely in electrical equipment like capacitors and transformers.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made compounds that were widely used in the past, mainly in electrical equipment, but which were banned at the end of the 1970s in many countries because of environmental concerns.
Because these compounds are generally very stable, they remain present in the environment today.
What are the health risks associated with PCBs?
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of manmade chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. PCBs are very stable mixtures that are resistant to extreme temperature and pressure. PCBs were used widely in electrical equipment like capacitors and transformers. They are toxic. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of manmade chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. PCBs are very stable mixtures that are resistant to extreme temperature and pressure. PCBs were used widely in electrical equipment like capacitors and transformers.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made compounds that were widely used in the past, mainly in electrical equipment, but which were banned at the end of the 1970s in many countries because of environmental concerns.
Because these compounds are generally very stable, they remain present in the environment today.
What are the health risks associated with PCBs?
This review article is for researcher and was also written for public readers to give attention to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds which are persistent organic pollutants generated by human activity and have left a string of disasters in the wake of their accidental release. It induce toxicity in both animal and human leading to cancer, immune deficiency, reproductive and developmental abnormalities, central and peripheral nervous system pathology, endocrine disruption, including diabetes and thyroid disorders , decreased pulmonary functions and bronchitis, altered serum testosterone level, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, skin rashes, including, rarely, chloracne or acne caused by chlorine-containing organic chemicals, hypertrichosis, liver damage, elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides leading to cardiac diseases.
So it is important to know about Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Monitoring of these compounds is of great concern by using high-resolution gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) which is very expensive and time consuming. So we found that new reseaches tend to use and develpe new techniques as immunoassays by elisa and Q-PCR by detecting the increase in CYP1A1 mRNA levels gene, the TEQ of dioxins is deduced, compared with a TCDD standard, those methods may satisfy the growing demand for rapid and low cost analysis and to provide safe food for human consumption
Amelioration the toxic effects of cadmium exposure in nileTilapia (Oreochromi...sherein abdelgayed
Hussein A. Kaoud, Manal M. Zaki, Ahmed R. El-Dahshan,
Sherein Saeid, and Hesham Y. El Zorba (2011): Amelioration the Toxic Effects of Cadmium-Exposure in NileTilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L. Life Science Journal, Volume 8,Issue 1, 185-195, 2011.
Exposure to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenite (SeO3−2) consider the main heavy metals that threat human health. These heavy metals can interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Soil heavy metal contamination represents risks to humans and the ecosystem through drinking of contaminated groundwater, direct ingestion or the food chain, and reduction in food quality. Bioremediation means cleanup of polluted environment via transformation of toxic heavy metals into less toxic form by microbes or its enzymes. Otherwise, bioremediation by microbes has limitations like production of toxic metabolites. The efflux of metal ions outside the cell, biosorption to the cell walls and entrapment in extracellular capsules, precipitation, and reduction of the heavy metal ions to a less toxic state are mechanisms to metals’ resistance.
This review article is for researcher and was also written for public readers to give attention to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds which are persistent organic pollutants generated by human activity and have left a string of disasters in the wake of their accidental release. It induce toxicity in both animal and human leading to cancer, immune deficiency, reproductive and developmental abnormalities, central and peripheral nervous system pathology, endocrine disruption, including diabetes and thyroid disorders , decreased pulmonary functions and bronchitis, altered serum testosterone level, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, skin rashes, including, rarely, chloracne or acne caused by chlorine-containing organic chemicals, hypertrichosis, liver damage, elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides leading to cardiac diseases.
So it is important to know about Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Monitoring of these compounds is of great concern by using high-resolution gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) which is very expensive and time consuming. So we found that new reseaches tend to use and develpe new techniques as immunoassays by elisa and Q-PCR by detecting the increase in CYP1A1 mRNA levels gene, the TEQ of dioxins is deduced, compared with a TCDD standard, those methods may satisfy the growing demand for rapid and low cost analysis and to provide safe food for human consumption
Amelioration the toxic effects of cadmium exposure in nileTilapia (Oreochromi...sherein abdelgayed
Hussein A. Kaoud, Manal M. Zaki, Ahmed R. El-Dahshan,
Sherein Saeid, and Hesham Y. El Zorba (2011): Amelioration the Toxic Effects of Cadmium-Exposure in NileTilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L. Life Science Journal, Volume 8,Issue 1, 185-195, 2011.
Exposure to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenite (SeO3−2) consider the main heavy metals that threat human health. These heavy metals can interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Soil heavy metal contamination represents risks to humans and the ecosystem through drinking of contaminated groundwater, direct ingestion or the food chain, and reduction in food quality. Bioremediation means cleanup of polluted environment via transformation of toxic heavy metals into less toxic form by microbes or its enzymes. Otherwise, bioremediation by microbes has limitations like production of toxic metabolites. The efflux of metal ions outside the cell, biosorption to the cell walls and entrapment in extracellular capsules, precipitation, and reduction of the heavy metal ions to a less toxic state are mechanisms to metals’ resistance.
Lingering health impacts decades after the Bhopal disasterLouise Miller Frost
several decades on, the Bhopal disaster has been all but forgotten by most of the world. This assignment was completed for a Public health topic on environmental health
Climate change is caused by carbon dioxide, but it is also linked to toxic chemicals. If we don't deal with the priority toxic chemicals, the reduction of carbon dioxide will have no impact
STOCKHOLM Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.pdfPrajwal Gowda M.A
Stockholm Convention (also known as Stockholm Declaration) on Persistent Organic Pollutants is an international environmental treaty, signed on 22 May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden and effective from 17 May 2004, that aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
Anniston ONGOING OUTREACH TO INDIVIDUALS LISTED IN REGISTRY_02-04-2015Rob Wilson
XAMINATIONS.—Upon the request of a veteran who was stationed at Fort McClellan, Alabama, at any time during the period beginning January 1, 1935, and ending on May 20, 1999, the Secretary shall provide the veteran with a health examination (including any appropriate diagnostic tests) and consultation and counseling with respect to the results of the examination and the tests.
(e) OUTREACH.—
(1) ONGOING OUTREACH TO INDIVIDUALS LISTED IN REGISTRY.—The Secretary shall, from time to time, notify individuals listed in the Registry of significant developments in research on the health consequences of potential exposure to a toxic substance or environmental hazard related to service at Fort McClellan.
(2) EXAMINATION OUTREACH.—The Secretary shall carry out appropriate outreach activities with respect to the provision of any health examinations (including any diagnostic tests) and consultation and counseling services under subsection (d).
(f) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall consult with the Secretary of Defense to acquire information maintained by the Secretary of Defense that the Secretary of Veterans Affairs considers necessary to establish and maintain the Registry.
2. Introduction Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of chemicals consisting of 209 congeners Recalcitrant to persistent in the environment Toxic to humans and the environment B2 EPA classification 2A IARC classification
3. Chemical properties Classified and named by the number of chlorine substitutions Also commonly referred to by the brand name Aroclor All variations of properties and toxicity are due to the position and number of chlorine substitutions (para/meta vs. ortho) Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 <50% chlorine by weight , mobile oil >50% chlorine by weight, viscous oil >60% chlorine by weight, sticky resin
4. Physical-chemical properties All congeners are more dense than water Extremely low to no solubility in water High Kow(log Kow = 4.7 to 6.8) High Koc (log Koc = 3.4 to 6.2) High BCF for most animals Values of these parameters generally tend to increase as the number of chlorine substitutions increase. Toxicity also tends to increase with increasing numbers of chlorine substitutions. Understanding of these properties is important to determine toxicity, fate and transport for development of elimination and remediation.
5. Regulation standards OSHA 100o µg/m3 - 3 Cl 50o µg/m3 - 5 Cl NIOSH 10hr TWA = 1 µg/m3 Risk assessment OSF = 1 per mg/kg day-1 Aroclor 1016 OSF = 7E-5 mg/kg day-1 Aroclor 1254 OSF = 2E-5 mg/kg day-1 Drinking water MCLG = zero MCL = 0.0005 ppm, 0.5 ppb Food 0.2 – 3.0 ppm for all foods 2.0 ppm for fish 10 ppm for plastic food packaging
6. Brief History Discovered in 1865 as byproduct of coal tar, and synthesized in 1881 Commercial manufacture began in 1927 at plant in Anniston, AL 1933 – the first evidence of symptoms from PCB poisoning in employees Three plant workers at Halowax Corporation die after working with a mixture of PCBs and other organic chemicals Harvard researcher , Cecil Drinker, asked by Halowax to investigate the properties of PCBs “There is one thing that I want to bring up […] That is, the necessity of not creating mob hysteria on the part of the workmen in the plants […]” - Sanford Brown, Halowax President, 1937
7.
8. Japan and Taiwan poisonings Japan 1968 Rice oil contaminated Estimated that at least 1300, up to 15000 people were affected Children born to affected mothers 920 ppm PCBs 5 ppm polychlorinated dibenzofurans 886 ppm polychlorinated quaterphenyls Taiwan 1979 Rice oil contamination Between 1300 and 3000 people affected Children born to affected mothers Up to 173 ppm
9. PCB regulation and ban US started to notice the mal effects EPA banned production, sales and distribution in 1977 and enacted in 1979 Use in production of materials continued until 1984 when use in materials was also banned Other countries also created bans
10. Current remediation techniques Ex situ remediation Removing contaminated material from site and transferring to landfill Concealing PCB contaminated building materials to prevent transfer to the environment
11. Future PCB remediation technologies: In situ Bioremediation Phyto-, bacterial and fungal use for breakdown Surfactant washing of soils Thermal blanketing Nanotechnology – dechlorination with Fe0
12. Conclusion PCBs have become ubiquitous in the environment and in living organisms Remediation of superfund sites is necessary to stop the spread and continued damage to human health and the environment Beyond removal and storage What issues might newly developed chemicals cause?
13. ATSDR. June 1990, Revised September 2000. Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Toxicity. ATSDR. 2000. Toxicological Profile for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). <http://www. atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp17.pdf> CWAC (Clean Water Action Council). Fox River Watch: The History of PCBs. <http:// www.foxriverwatch.com/monsanto2a_pcb_pcbs.html>. Accessed online 3 Dec 2009. Hsu, S.-T., C.-I. Ma, S.K.-H. Hsu, S.-S. Wu, N.H.-M. Hsu, C.-C. Yeh, S.-B. Wu. 1985. Discovery and Epidemiology of PCB Poisoning in Taiwan: A Four-Year Followup. Environmental Health Perspectives 59:5-10. EEA (European Environmental Agency). 2001. Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896-2000. Environmental issue report. LaGrega, M.D., P.L. Buckingham, J.C. Evans. 2001. Hazardous Waste Management, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA, USA. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., Ma, K.-C., Lee, S.C. 2006. Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.Masuda, Y. 2005. Behavior and toxic effects of PCBs and PCDFs in Yusho patients for 35 years. Journal of Dermatological Science Supplement 1:S11-S20. McFarland, V.A. and J.U. Clarke. 1989. Environmental Occurrence, Abundance, and Potential Toxicity of Poylchlorinated Biphenyl Congeners: Considerations for a Congener-Specific Analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives 81:225-239. MEOW (Ministry of Environment and Water of the Republic of Bulgaria). October 2004, updated June 2006. Inventory of PCBs in Equipment in the Republic of Bulgaria. <http:// www.chemicals.moew.government.bg/pops/main/en/files/POPs%20inventory/Bulgarian%20NIP_PCBs_Inv%20in%20Equip_ENG_Updated_August%202006.pdf>. Accessed online 6 Dec 2009. Miller, R.W. 1985. Congenital PCB Poisoning: A Reevaluation. Environmental Health Perspectives 60:211-214 Monsanto Chemical Company. 1995. Material Safety Data: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). National Archives and Records Administration. 2009. Code of Federal Regulations Title 40—Protection of the Environment. Chapter I—Environmental Protection Agency (Continued). Part 761—Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution in Commerce, and Use Prohibition. <http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/ 40cfr761_07.html>. Accessed online 4 Dec 2009.
14. Peakall, D.B. and J.L. Lincer. 1970. Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Another Long-Life Widespread Chemical in the Environment. Bioscience 20(17)958-964. Shifrin, N.S. and A.P. Toole. 1998. Historical Perspecitve on PCBs. Environmental Engineering Scinence 15(3):247-257. Sigma-Aldrich. Aroclors. 2009. <http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/analytical-chromatography/analytical-products.html?TablePage=17779818>. Accessed online3 Dec 2009. Umeda, G. 1972. PCB Poisoning in Japan. Ambio 1(4):132-134. United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. 150 F3d 806 Taylor v Monsanto Co. Argued 5 Dec 1997. Decided 5 Aug 1998. <http://openjurist.org/150/f3d/806/taylor-v-monsanto-co>. Accessed online 4 Dec 2009. USEPA. IRIS. Aroclor 1016 (CASRN 12674-11-2) <http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/subst/ 0462.htm>. Accessed online 3 Dec 2009. USEPA. IRIS. Aroclor 1248 (CASRN 12672-29-6) <http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/ subst/0649.htm>. Accessed online 3 Dec 2009. USEPA. IRIS. Aroclor 1254 (CASRN 11097-69-1) <http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/ subst/0389.htm>. Accessed online 3 Dec 2009. USEPA. EPA press release: EPA Bans PCB Manufacture; Phases Out Uses. 19 Apr 1979. Updated 12 Aug 2009. <http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/pcbs/01.htm>. Accessed online 5 Dec 2009. USEPA. IRIS. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (CASRN 1336-36-6) <http://www.epa.gov/ ncea/iris/subst/0294.htm>. Accessed online 3 Dec 2009. USEPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. 30 Jan 1997. Management of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the United States. <http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/indxhtms/pcbtoc.html>. Accessed online 3 Dec 2009.
