PPT EXPLAINS THE CONCEPT OF ECOTOXICOLOGY
SCOPE OF ECOTOXICOLOGY
PRINCIPLE OF ECOTOXICOLOGY
TYPES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
BIO-CHEMICAL BASIC TOXICITY
RECEPTOR MEDIATED TOXICITY
TYPES OF TOXICITY
SIGMOID RELATIONSHIP CURVE
COROLLARY OF TOXICOLOGY
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING TOXICITY
THANK YOU
PPT EXPLAINS THE CONCEPT OF ECOTOXICOLOGY
SCOPE OF ECOTOXICOLOGY
PRINCIPLE OF ECOTOXICOLOGY
TYPES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
BIO-CHEMICAL BASIC TOXICITY
RECEPTOR MEDIATED TOXICITY
TYPES OF TOXICITY
SIGMOID RELATIONSHIP CURVE
COROLLARY OF TOXICOLOGY
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING TOXICITY
THANK YOU
Ecotoxicology is the science devoted to the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on ecosystems structure, functions, and biodiversity. It is a modern discipline, just developed during the last four decades, directly associated to the need to identify, predict, control, and minimize the negative environmental consequences of the recent human industrial development. Ecotoxicology has always been connected to toxicology, and is in part an extension of human/veterinary toxicology to the investigation of effects on wildlife. In parallel, it also linked ecotoxicology to ecology, from both conceptual and methodological viewpoints.
Commonly used Insecticides and Pesticides KULDEEP VYAS
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Review of Climate Change and Its effect on Nigeria EcosystemAI Publications
This paper examines the issue of climate change and its impact on the environment. The effects of man's activities as well as those of natural phenomena on global warming, climate change and the environment are presented and discussed. The options that are available as response to global warming: mitigation, adaptation and possible human suffering as consequences of what cannot be avoided by mitigation and adaptation are presented. An overview of the Nigerian environment, preparedness for the impact of global warming and related problems are also presented. The status of environmental data and the need for environmental baseline survey and the creation of a comprehensive database for the country driven by geographical information system are presented and discussed. The paper then underscores the need for governments at all levels to adequately fund geo information production and cultivate the culture of its usage for adequate and proactive response to global warming, sustainable environmental management and national development.
Ecotoxicology is the science devoted to the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on ecosystems structure, functions, and biodiversity. It is a modern discipline, just developed during the last four decades, directly associated to the need to identify, predict, control, and minimize the negative environmental consequences of the recent human industrial development. Ecotoxicology has always been connected to toxicology, and is in part an extension of human/veterinary toxicology to the investigation of effects on wildlife. In parallel, it also linked ecotoxicology to ecology, from both conceptual and methodological viewpoints.
Commonly used Insecticides and Pesticides KULDEEP VYAS
Pesticides include insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. There are several thousand different types in use and almost all of them are possible causes of water pollution. For example, DDT, malathion, parathion, delthametrine and others have been sprayed in the environment for long periods of time for the control of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, and to control the growth of weeds and other pests.
Review of Climate Change and Its effect on Nigeria EcosystemAI Publications
This paper examines the issue of climate change and its impact on the environment. The effects of man's activities as well as those of natural phenomena on global warming, climate change and the environment are presented and discussed. The options that are available as response to global warming: mitigation, adaptation and possible human suffering as consequences of what cannot be avoided by mitigation and adaptation are presented. An overview of the Nigerian environment, preparedness for the impact of global warming and related problems are also presented. The status of environmental data and the need for environmental baseline survey and the creation of a comprehensive database for the country driven by geographical information system are presented and discussed. The paper then underscores the need for governments at all levels to adequately fund geo information production and cultivate the culture of its usage for adequate and proactive response to global warming, sustainable environmental management and national development.
This brief PowerPoint presentation looks at one environmental pollutants DDT how it is banned mostly in the US and other countries, but is still widely use around the world.
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for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
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2. Overview
• History
• Public Perception
• Science: Risks and Uncertainty
• Governmental, Intergovernmental, and
Non-governmental Organizations
• Policy
3. DDT: History
• First discovered in •Apparently benign to
1873 humans
• Rediscovered in 1939
as an insecticide
• Used during WWII to
combat typhus and
Malaria
• Used post-war for
agricultural insecticide
Source: http://markc1.typepad.com/relentlesslyoptimistic/images/ddt2.jpeg
4. DDT is Good for Me!
Source: http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/DDT-Household-
Pests-USDA-Mar47.htm
5. Silent Spring: 1962
• Single most influential
published piece about DDT
Because it caught the
public’s attention
• Compiled an enormous
amount of anecdotal
evidence about the toxicity of
pesticides Source:
http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Rachel-
Carson-Silent-Spring.htm
6. Ubiquity and Persistence
• Every creature on earth
contains detectable levels
of DDT in their body
• DDT and its metabolites
persist for decades Courtesy of US Fish and Wildlife Service.
7. Evidence for toxicity: non-humans
• Fish Kills
• Reproduction inhibited in birds and other
animals
• Feminization and other reproductive
dysfunctions
The number of juvenile alligators per kilometer
of shore line fell drastically in Lake Apopka
(purple) when it was contaminated by DDT
Source: Guillete et al. (200?)
Source: www.darp.noaa.gov/southwest/
amtrader/photo.html
8. Evidence of toxicity: humans
• Long term DDT exposure is potentially linked to:
-Cancer
-Genetic Mutations
-Preterm birth
-Underweight at birth
-Reduced lactation period
-Spontaneous abortion/miscarriage
-Increased rate of hermaphrodites
• Studies lack controls and reproducibility
9. DDT: Banned by Developed
Nations
First banned in 1969: Denmark, Sweden, Hungary,
and the state of Michigan
1972: United States bans the use of DDT, but not
the export of it
“DDT posed unacceptable risks to the environment and
potential harm to human health.”
-EPA Press Release, 12/31/1972
10. Pressure on Developing Nations
• Reduction of aid for countries using DDT
programs
• No importation of goods with DDT
residues into developed countries
• Reduction in suppliers for malaria
programs
11. International Malaria Epidemic
Image removed for copyright reasons.
Please see: Hay, Simon, Carlos Guerra, Andrew Tatem, Abdisalan Noor, and Robert Snow. “The global
distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present and future.” The Lancet: Infectious Diseases
V4 (June 2004): 327-36.
12. Effectiveness against Malaria
Source: Roberts et al. (1997)
Reduction in DDT
directly correlated to
increase in Malaria
Source: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/
vol3no3/roberts.htm
Annual Parasite Indexes (Y-axis one) and House
Spraying Rates (Y-axis two) in American countries
plotted against time show an inverse relationship
between DDT use and parasite exposure
13. Alternative Malaria Control Options
• Insecticide treated bed nets
• House spraying with alternative pesticides
• Land use modification
• Vaccines, fast diagnosis and treatment
• General health care improvements and
education
14. Indoor Residue Spraying
Image removed for copyright reasons.
Please see: Figure 1 in Walker, K. “Cost Comparison of DDT and alternative insecticides for malaria control.”
Medical and Veterinary Entomology 14 (2000): 345-354.
15. Scientific Conclusion:
• Wide spread use of DDT is harmful to the
environment
• No clear evidence of human health risk
• DDT is the single most effective
prevention method for malaria
• DDT is the most cost effective method of
preventing malaria
16. Public Policy & DDT
1. Public perception of DDT: misinformed
2. Stockholm Convention: balancing perception
3. National organizations: USAID & bed nets
4. WHO abandons DDT in favor of bed nets
Action controlled by public perception
17. Public Perception of DDT
Environment v Humans
Developed Nations Developing Nations
“Unite against malaria” www.unicef.org
www.habitat.org.uk
•3000 children / day, dead
• Eradicating bird and fish
•300-600 million / yr, sick
species
•Lost growth in economy
• Cancer and endocrine
disruption in humans
18. Real Risks
DDT Use: 1 unit of agriculture vs. 1 unit of house spraying
All houses in Guyana (800 thousand people) = 4 km^2 cotton field
19. Eradication to Reduction:
Past funding failures
Necessary for Malaria eradication:
• Reducing malaria prevalence below critical
level → requires DDT
• Stop DDT use for agriculture
• Funding from developed nations
20. Comparison of Methods
Malaria Eradication Program Roll Back Malaria Program
• Attack: house spraying • 60% use of bednets
and treatment • 60% preventative
treatment of pregnant
• Consolidation: increased
women
treatment, limited spraying
• Maximum 2 weeks to
• Maintainence: vigil against
outbreak detection
return
Goal: Halve the malaria
Goal: Global elimination
burden
21. Repeating the Past:
The Stockholm Convention, 2001
Countries that have signed in green and those
that have ratified in red
22. USAID Says…
“USAID and others have not seen DDT as a
high priority component of malaria
programs for practical reasons…
It has been judged more cost-effective and
appropriate to put US government funds
into preventing malaria through
insecticide-treated nets.”
23. Case Study: USAID & Funding
10%
5%
Consultants
Promotion of
Bed Nets
85% Other
Driessen, Paul. “USAID could stop this epidemic.” The Hill. November 2, 2005
$80 million spent by USAID
24. Case Study: USAID & Policy
• DDT as weapon of last resort
• Capitalist approach: private sale of bednets
• Lack of infrastructure inhibiting
25. World Health Organization
• Staunch supporter of DDT
• Stockholm Convention provides
an opportunity to eliminate
agricultural use
• Developed countries withhold
WHO
funding
creates Roll
• Situation in developing
Back Malaria
countries worsens
program
26. Conclusions:
Public perception, not science, dictates the
action of malaria control
DDT should remain an integral part of malaria
control programs