XAMINATIONS.—Upon the request of a veteran who was stationed at Fort McClellan, Alabama, at any time during the period beginning January 1, 1935, and ending on May 20, 1999, the Secretary shall provide the veteran with a health examination (including any appropriate diagnostic tests) and consultation and counseling with respect to the results of the examination and the tests.
(e) OUTREACH.—
(1) ONGOING OUTREACH TO INDIVIDUALS LISTED IN REGISTRY.—The Secretary shall, from time to time, notify individuals listed in the Registry of significant developments in research on the health consequences of potential exposure to a toxic substance or environmental hazard related to service at Fort McClellan.
(2) EXAMINATION OUTREACH.—The Secretary shall carry out appropriate outreach activities with respect to the provision of any health examinations (including any diagnostic tests) and consultation and counseling services under subsection (d).
(f) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall consult with the Secretary of Defense to acquire information maintained by the Secretary of Defense that the Secretary of Veterans Affairs considers necessary to establish and maintain the Registry.
The apprenticeship model's benefits for American employers include:
⦁ A learning methodology that attracts and retains high quality workers at lower cost
⦁ A defined career path for mission critical skills
⦁ Access to a verified transcript of an applicant academic, on-the-job training and certification records
⦁ Diagnostic reports regarding the qualification of their own company workforce compared to industry and regional benchmarks
Benefits to IT workers include:
⦁ A structured approach to career development based on current IT industry standards, certifications and contextual learning
⦁ A portable career transcript that presents all aspects of job performance to current and prospective employers
The apprenticeship model's benefits for American employers include:
⦁ A learning methodology that attracts and retains high quality workers at lower cost
⦁ A defined career path for mission critical skills
⦁ Access to a verified transcript of an applicant academic, on-the-job training and certification records
⦁ Diagnostic reports regarding the qualification of their own company workforce compared to industry and regional benchmarks
Benefits to IT workers include:
⦁ A structured approach to career development based on current IT industry standards, certifications and contextual learning
⦁ A portable career transcript that presents all aspects of job performance to current and prospective employers
Microsoft Intune y Gestión de Identidad Corporativa Plain Concepts
Gestiona todos tus dispositivos corporativos Windows 10 desde Microsoft Intune. Entornos híbridos de autenticación, autenticación multi factor y acceso seguro a aplicaciones SaaS. Por Jose María Genzor
The Emerging Cobalt Challenge - RCS briefing paperRCS Global
The next few years will see worldwide consumption of cobalt rise signifcantly as nascent demand from the electric vehicle market comes on line. For both electric vehicle and tech manufacturers, cobalt forms an essential ingredient of the ubiquitous lithium-ion battery in cars, mobiles and computers.
But there is a catch. While demand is rising, the worldwide supply and future reserves of cobalt are increasingly concentrated into one major market: the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
This market produces 60% of the world’s cobalt supply, but suffers from crumbling infrastructure and signifcant human rights challenges. These challenges are increasingly putting companies in the cobalt supply chain under scrutiny from
campaigners, regulators and the media. It is within this context that companies must now secure their supply chains of cobalt-based, lithiumion batteries. Simply put, the battery technology
which is central to the imminent large-scale commercialisation of the electric vehicle industry and the revolution in consumer technology is dependent on Congolese supply to meet demand.
This briefing paper, derived from RCS Global’s own recent research on Congolese cobalt supply chains, aims to:
• Provide insight on the risks associated with
DRC production that represents approximately
60% of global cobalt output and half the world’s
known reserves;
• Unpack the associated regulatory challenges
linked to DRC cobalt;
• Provide a road map for companies seeking to
mitigate their risk exposure.
Composition and Toxicity of Biogas Produced from DifferentFe.docxmccormicknadine86
Composition and Toxicity of Biogas Produced from Different
Feedstocks in California
Yin Li,† Christopher P. Alaimo,† Minji Kim,† Norman Y. Kado,§ Joshua Peppers,‡ Jian Xue,†
Chao Wan,† Peter G. Green,† Ruihong Zhang,‡ Bryan M. Jenkins,‡ Christoph F. A. Vogel,§
Stefan Wuertz,∥ Thomas M. Young,† and Michael J. Kleeman*,†
†Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and §Department of
Environmental Toxicology and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California − Davis, Davis, California 95616,
United States
∥Singapore Center for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore 637551
*S Supporting Information
ABSTRACT: Biogas is a renewable energy source composed
of methane, carbon dioxide, and other trace compounds
produced from anaerobic digestion of organic matter. A
variety of feedstocks can be combined with different digestion
techniques that each yields biogas with different trace
compositions. California is expanding biogas production
systems to help meet greenhouse gas reduction goals. Here,
we report the composition of six California biogas streams
from three different feedstocks (dairy manure, food waste, and
municipal solid waste). The chemical and biological
composition of raw biogas is reported, and the toxicity of
combusted biogas is tested under fresh and photochemically
aged conditions. Results show that municipal waste biogas
contained elevated levels of chemicals associated with volatile chemical products such as aromatic hydrocarbons, siloxanes, and
certain halogenated hydrocarbons. Food waste biogas contained elevated levels of sulfur-containing compounds including
hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and sulfur dioxide. Biogas produced from dairy manure generally had lower concentrations of
trace chemicals, but the combustion products had slightly higher toxicity response compared to the other feedstocks.
Atmospheric aging performed in a photochemical smog chamber did not strongly change the toxicity (oxidative capacity or
mutagenicity) of biogas combustion exhaust.
1. INTRODUCTION
Biogas is a renewable fuel produced from the anaerobic
digestion of organic feedstocks including municipal waste, farm
waste, food waste, and energy crops. Raw biogas typically
consists of methane (50−75%), carbon dioxide (25−50%),
and smaller amounts of nitrogen (2−8%). Trace levels of
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hydrogen, and various volatile
organic compounds are also present in biogas depending on
the feedstock.1 Life cycle assessment studies have shown that
deploying biogas technologies can effectively reduce green-
house gas (GHG) emissions and, therefore, reduce the climate
impact of energy consumption.2−4 Biogas production and
utilization practices also help diversify energy systems while
simultaneously promoting sustainable waste management
practices.1,5 California is promoting biogas utilization by
mandating the low carbon fuels, ...
ENCH 4300 – Chemical System DesignUniversity of Tennessee - Ch.docxchristinemaritza
ENCH 4300 – Chemical System Design
University of Tennessee - Chattanooga
‹#›
‹#›
.
1
Outline
Introduction
EPA and State Roles
Pollution “Categories”
“Right to Know”
Process Safety Management (PSM)
2
Introduction
Environmental pollution – not a new problem
Natural vs. man-made
Strategies to reduce pollution
Prevention – unlikely
Remediation – your job
“Outside factors”
Once in the air, forget it
Piccadilly Circus in Pea-Soup Fog, 1952, unknown photographer
Environmental Law/Regulation in the U.S.
Sources of Environmental Directives
Federal statutes
State statutes
Executive orders
Judicial decisions
Implementation
Federal and state regulations
Hierarchy of Authority in Federal System
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
EPA and State Roles
Conduct research
Perform risk assessments
Set national standards
Monitor compliance
Enforce national standards
Develop state-level standards
Monitor compliance
Enforce state and national standards
Issue permits
EPA
States
Pollution “Categories”
Air
Water
Hazardous Waste
Toxics & Pesticides
Air Pollution Control - History
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
CAA & CAAA – Key Provisions
Clean Air Act (CAA) – 1970
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Emissions standards for vehicles and fuels
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) – 1990
Air toxics
Stratospheric ozone layer
Acid rain
Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (CRARM)
NAAQS and HAPs
NAAQS for criteria air pollutants
Pb, CO, PM, SO2, NOx, O3
Emissions standards based on human health and ecological risks
Standards reviewed every 5 years
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
187 toxic air pollutants (e.g., benzene, asbestos)
Technology-based standards (MACT)
Potential to Emit (PTE)
Potential to emit – “maximum capacity”
Major source
PTE 100 ton/yr of criteria pollutants, 10 ton/yr of HAP or 25 ton/yr total HAPs
Very involved permitting requirements (public comments, MACT)
Minor source – everyone else
Synthetic minor source
Clean Air Act - Example
Your process generates 100 ton/yr dust -> this is your “Potential to Emit”
You are therefore a major source
You have a baghouse that is 99.9% efficient
Your actual emissions (pollution) are 0.1 ton/yr
You can apply to be a “Synthetic Minor Source”
Process
Pollution Control Device
Uncontrolled Emissions
Pollution
Water Pollution Control - History
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
CWA – Key Provisions
Establish effluent limitations
States and tribes set water quality standards based on EPA’s ambient water quality criteria
Create control technology standards for new industrial point sources
Publish list of toxic substances and associated effluent limitations
Establish the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Clean Water Rule (CWR)
Clean Water Act
Overall concept: all discharges into nation’s water are unlawful unless authorized by permit
Point source pollution: discrete sources (e.g, pipes/spillways, culverts, raw sewage discharges)
Non-poi.
The report looks at federal, state and local activities to help control air pollution from oil and gas--both drilling and pipelines. Without taking sides, this report provides information on the natural gas industry and the types and sources of air pollutants caused by the industry. The report examines the role of the federal government in regulating these emissions, including provisions in the Clean Air Act and EPA's onerous regulatory activities.
LIVING WITH THE EARTHCHAPTER 13ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & COMP.docxcroysierkathey
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 13
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
& COMPLIANCE
Page
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Discuss how a law is made and describe the system of environmental laws.
2. List and describe the major components of the major federal environmental laws including: RCRA, CERCLA, EPCRA,SARA Title III, Pollution Prevention Act, CAA, CWA, SDWA, stormwater regulations, pesticide regulations, and underground storage tank regulations.
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
3. Describe and discuss the major components of environmental compliance.
The Making of a Law
Bill is first introduced into house and senate;
Referred to subcommittee for review and support;
90% fail at this level
Recommended bills are brought forward for hearings and comment;
Committee meets to mark up (discuss) bill and vote on it;
If still found favorable, bill is sent to full chamber;
The Making of a Law (cont.)
The bill is then sent to the Rules committee of House where a time limit is set for debate and other rules are set.
The bill is also sent to the Senate where unrelated riders may be attached to a popular bill.
House and Senate usually make changes in the bill before passing, and the different versions are sent to a conference committee for resolution.
BILL
SENATE
HOUSE
Rules committee
BILL
BILL
Senate version
House version
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
The Making of a Law (cont.)
If a resolution is accepted and the same version is approved by both House and Senate, the bill moves forward to the President who may sign or veto it.
Congress can override a veto by 2/3rds majority, but this is difficult to do.
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
BILL
SENATE
HOUSE
If both Chambers approve final version, the bill is sent forward to the president
Veto?
Sign?
PRESIDENT
Page
Common Themes Among Environmental Laws
EIGHT GENERIC COMPLIANCE OBLIGATIONS
1. Notification requirements
2. Discharge or waste controls
3. Process controls and pollution prevention
4. Product controls
5. Regulation of activities
6. Safe transportation requirements
7. Response and remediation requirements
8. Compensation requirements
Environmental Laws are Part of a System
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ENCOMPASSES ALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION THAT COMES FROM:
U.S. CONSTITUTION AND STATE CONSTITUTIONS
FEDERAL AND STATE STATUTES AND LOCAL ORDINANCES
REGULATIONS PUBLISHED BY FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
COURT DECISIONS INTERPRETING THESE LAWS
THE COMMON LAW
Executive Orders
These are orders issued by the president and require federal facilities to comply and provide leadership in protecting the environment. More than 18 executive orders have been issued since 1970.
Common Law
A body of rules and principles that pertain to the government and the security of persons and property.
Basic rules originally developed in England and t ...
Health Effects- Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Production (“FRACK...Tiffany Blackden
Ann Bristow shared this science based presentation on fracking in Maryland at the Garrett County Commissioner's Meeting on March 17, 2015. Fracking in Garrett County is restricted until October, 2017, when the moratorium is lifted, and the state will permit fracking. Now is the time to get involved and alert law makers to the fact that the risks are immense, and we are NOT willing to be collateral damage.
Microsoft Intune y Gestión de Identidad Corporativa Plain Concepts
Gestiona todos tus dispositivos corporativos Windows 10 desde Microsoft Intune. Entornos híbridos de autenticación, autenticación multi factor y acceso seguro a aplicaciones SaaS. Por Jose María Genzor
The Emerging Cobalt Challenge - RCS briefing paperRCS Global
The next few years will see worldwide consumption of cobalt rise signifcantly as nascent demand from the electric vehicle market comes on line. For both electric vehicle and tech manufacturers, cobalt forms an essential ingredient of the ubiquitous lithium-ion battery in cars, mobiles and computers.
But there is a catch. While demand is rising, the worldwide supply and future reserves of cobalt are increasingly concentrated into one major market: the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
This market produces 60% of the world’s cobalt supply, but suffers from crumbling infrastructure and signifcant human rights challenges. These challenges are increasingly putting companies in the cobalt supply chain under scrutiny from
campaigners, regulators and the media. It is within this context that companies must now secure their supply chains of cobalt-based, lithiumion batteries. Simply put, the battery technology
which is central to the imminent large-scale commercialisation of the electric vehicle industry and the revolution in consumer technology is dependent on Congolese supply to meet demand.
This briefing paper, derived from RCS Global’s own recent research on Congolese cobalt supply chains, aims to:
• Provide insight on the risks associated with
DRC production that represents approximately
60% of global cobalt output and half the world’s
known reserves;
• Unpack the associated regulatory challenges
linked to DRC cobalt;
• Provide a road map for companies seeking to
mitigate their risk exposure.
Composition and Toxicity of Biogas Produced from DifferentFe.docxmccormicknadine86
Composition and Toxicity of Biogas Produced from Different
Feedstocks in California
Yin Li,† Christopher P. Alaimo,† Minji Kim,† Norman Y. Kado,§ Joshua Peppers,‡ Jian Xue,†
Chao Wan,† Peter G. Green,† Ruihong Zhang,‡ Bryan M. Jenkins,‡ Christoph F. A. Vogel,§
Stefan Wuertz,∥ Thomas M. Young,† and Michael J. Kleeman*,†
†Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, and §Department of
Environmental Toxicology and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California − Davis, Davis, California 95616,
United States
∥Singapore Center for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore 637551
*S Supporting Information
ABSTRACT: Biogas is a renewable energy source composed
of methane, carbon dioxide, and other trace compounds
produced from anaerobic digestion of organic matter. A
variety of feedstocks can be combined with different digestion
techniques that each yields biogas with different trace
compositions. California is expanding biogas production
systems to help meet greenhouse gas reduction goals. Here,
we report the composition of six California biogas streams
from three different feedstocks (dairy manure, food waste, and
municipal solid waste). The chemical and biological
composition of raw biogas is reported, and the toxicity of
combusted biogas is tested under fresh and photochemically
aged conditions. Results show that municipal waste biogas
contained elevated levels of chemicals associated with volatile chemical products such as aromatic hydrocarbons, siloxanes, and
certain halogenated hydrocarbons. Food waste biogas contained elevated levels of sulfur-containing compounds including
hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and sulfur dioxide. Biogas produced from dairy manure generally had lower concentrations of
trace chemicals, but the combustion products had slightly higher toxicity response compared to the other feedstocks.
Atmospheric aging performed in a photochemical smog chamber did not strongly change the toxicity (oxidative capacity or
mutagenicity) of biogas combustion exhaust.
1. INTRODUCTION
Biogas is a renewable fuel produced from the anaerobic
digestion of organic feedstocks including municipal waste, farm
waste, food waste, and energy crops. Raw biogas typically
consists of methane (50−75%), carbon dioxide (25−50%),
and smaller amounts of nitrogen (2−8%). Trace levels of
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hydrogen, and various volatile
organic compounds are also present in biogas depending on
the feedstock.1 Life cycle assessment studies have shown that
deploying biogas technologies can effectively reduce green-
house gas (GHG) emissions and, therefore, reduce the climate
impact of energy consumption.2−4 Biogas production and
utilization practices also help diversify energy systems while
simultaneously promoting sustainable waste management
practices.1,5 California is promoting biogas utilization by
mandating the low carbon fuels, ...
ENCH 4300 – Chemical System DesignUniversity of Tennessee - Ch.docxchristinemaritza
ENCH 4300 – Chemical System Design
University of Tennessee - Chattanooga
‹#›
‹#›
.
1
Outline
Introduction
EPA and State Roles
Pollution “Categories”
“Right to Know”
Process Safety Management (PSM)
2
Introduction
Environmental pollution – not a new problem
Natural vs. man-made
Strategies to reduce pollution
Prevention – unlikely
Remediation – your job
“Outside factors”
Once in the air, forget it
Piccadilly Circus in Pea-Soup Fog, 1952, unknown photographer
Environmental Law/Regulation in the U.S.
Sources of Environmental Directives
Federal statutes
State statutes
Executive orders
Judicial decisions
Implementation
Federal and state regulations
Hierarchy of Authority in Federal System
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
EPA and State Roles
Conduct research
Perform risk assessments
Set national standards
Monitor compliance
Enforce national standards
Develop state-level standards
Monitor compliance
Enforce state and national standards
Issue permits
EPA
States
Pollution “Categories”
Air
Water
Hazardous Waste
Toxics & Pesticides
Air Pollution Control - History
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
CAA & CAAA – Key Provisions
Clean Air Act (CAA) – 1970
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Emissions standards for vehicles and fuels
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) – 1990
Air toxics
Stratospheric ozone layer
Acid rain
Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (CRARM)
NAAQS and HAPs
NAAQS for criteria air pollutants
Pb, CO, PM, SO2, NOx, O3
Emissions standards based on human health and ecological risks
Standards reviewed every 5 years
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
187 toxic air pollutants (e.g., benzene, asbestos)
Technology-based standards (MACT)
Potential to Emit (PTE)
Potential to emit – “maximum capacity”
Major source
PTE 100 ton/yr of criteria pollutants, 10 ton/yr of HAP or 25 ton/yr total HAPs
Very involved permitting requirements (public comments, MACT)
Minor source – everyone else
Synthetic minor source
Clean Air Act - Example
Your process generates 100 ton/yr dust -> this is your “Potential to Emit”
You are therefore a major source
You have a baghouse that is 99.9% efficient
Your actual emissions (pollution) are 0.1 ton/yr
You can apply to be a “Synthetic Minor Source”
Process
Pollution Control Device
Uncontrolled Emissions
Pollution
Water Pollution Control - History
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
CWA – Key Provisions
Establish effluent limitations
States and tribes set water quality standards based on EPA’s ambient water quality criteria
Create control technology standards for new industrial point sources
Publish list of toxic substances and associated effluent limitations
Establish the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Clean Water Rule (CWR)
Clean Water Act
Overall concept: all discharges into nation’s water are unlawful unless authorized by permit
Point source pollution: discrete sources (e.g, pipes/spillways, culverts, raw sewage discharges)
Non-poi.
The report looks at federal, state and local activities to help control air pollution from oil and gas--both drilling and pipelines. Without taking sides, this report provides information on the natural gas industry and the types and sources of air pollutants caused by the industry. The report examines the role of the federal government in regulating these emissions, including provisions in the Clean Air Act and EPA's onerous regulatory activities.
LIVING WITH THE EARTHCHAPTER 13ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & COMP.docxcroysierkathey
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 13
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
& COMPLIANCE
Page
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Discuss how a law is made and describe the system of environmental laws.
2. List and describe the major components of the major federal environmental laws including: RCRA, CERCLA, EPCRA,SARA Title III, Pollution Prevention Act, CAA, CWA, SDWA, stormwater regulations, pesticide regulations, and underground storage tank regulations.
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
3. Describe and discuss the major components of environmental compliance.
The Making of a Law
Bill is first introduced into house and senate;
Referred to subcommittee for review and support;
90% fail at this level
Recommended bills are brought forward for hearings and comment;
Committee meets to mark up (discuss) bill and vote on it;
If still found favorable, bill is sent to full chamber;
The Making of a Law (cont.)
The bill is then sent to the Rules committee of House where a time limit is set for debate and other rules are set.
The bill is also sent to the Senate where unrelated riders may be attached to a popular bill.
House and Senate usually make changes in the bill before passing, and the different versions are sent to a conference committee for resolution.
BILL
SENATE
HOUSE
Rules committee
BILL
BILL
Senate version
House version
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
The Making of a Law (cont.)
If a resolution is accepted and the same version is approved by both House and Senate, the bill moves forward to the President who may sign or veto it.
Congress can override a veto by 2/3rds majority, but this is difficult to do.
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
BILL
SENATE
HOUSE
If both Chambers approve final version, the bill is sent forward to the president
Veto?
Sign?
PRESIDENT
Page
Common Themes Among Environmental Laws
EIGHT GENERIC COMPLIANCE OBLIGATIONS
1. Notification requirements
2. Discharge or waste controls
3. Process controls and pollution prevention
4. Product controls
5. Regulation of activities
6. Safe transportation requirements
7. Response and remediation requirements
8. Compensation requirements
Environmental Laws are Part of a System
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ENCOMPASSES ALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION THAT COMES FROM:
U.S. CONSTITUTION AND STATE CONSTITUTIONS
FEDERAL AND STATE STATUTES AND LOCAL ORDINANCES
REGULATIONS PUBLISHED BY FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
COURT DECISIONS INTERPRETING THESE LAWS
THE COMMON LAW
Executive Orders
These are orders issued by the president and require federal facilities to comply and provide leadership in protecting the environment. More than 18 executive orders have been issued since 1970.
Common Law
A body of rules and principles that pertain to the government and the security of persons and property.
Basic rules originally developed in England and t ...
Health Effects- Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Production (“FRACK...Tiffany Blackden
Ann Bristow shared this science based presentation on fracking in Maryland at the Garrett County Commissioner's Meeting on March 17, 2015. Fracking in Garrett County is restricted until October, 2017, when the moratorium is lifted, and the state will permit fracking. Now is the time to get involved and alert law makers to the fact that the risks are immense, and we are NOT willing to be collateral damage.
“Registered Apprenticeship has tremendous opportunity to help millions of individuals—and women in particular—to get the training and supports they need to enter and be successful in the burgeoning health and long-term care workforce. Jobs in this sector are growing exponentially and Registered Apprenticeship programs can help communities to meet this demand while simultaneously providing economic opportunities for individuals.”
~Robyn Stone, Executive Director, Institute for the Future of Aging Services, American Association for Homes and Services for the Aging
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Anniston ONGOING OUTREACH TO INDIVIDUALS LISTED IN REGISTRY_02-04-2015
1. Health Consultation
Anniston PCB Air Sampling
ANNISTON PCB SITE
ANNISTON, CALHOUN COUNTY, ALABAMA
EPA FACILITY ID: ALD000400123
FEBRUARY 4, 2015
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Community Health Investigations
Atlanta, Georgia 30333
2. Health Consultation: A Note of Explanation
A health consultation is a verbal or written response from ATSDR or ATSDR’s
Cooperative Agreement Partners to a specific request for information about health risks
related to a specific site, a chemical release, or the presence of hazardous material. In
order to prevent or mitigate exposures, a consultation may lead to specific actions, such
as restricting use of or replacing water supplies; intensifying environmental sampling;
restricting site access; or removing the contaminated material.
In addition, consultations may recommend additional public health actions, such as
conducting health surveillance activities to evaluate exposure or trends in adverse health
outcomes; conducting biological indicators of exposure studies to assess exposure; and
providing health education for health care providers and community members. This
concludes the health consultation process for this site, unless additional information is
obtained by ATSDR or ATSDR’s Cooperative Agreement Partner which, in the
Agency’s opinion, indicates a need to revise or append the conclusions previously issued.
You May Contact ATSDR Toll Free at
1-800-CDC-INFO
or
Visit our Home Page at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov
3. HEALTH CONSULTATION
Anniston PCB Air Sampling
ANNISTON PCB SITE
ANNISTON, CALHOUN COUNTY, ALABAMA
EPA FACILITY ID: ALD000400123
Prepared By:
Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Division of Community Health Investigations
Central Branch
4. Contents
Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... iv
Summary......................................................................................................................................... v
Statement of Issues ......................................................................................................................... 1
Background..................................................................................................................................... 1
Description of Sampling and Analysis ........................................................................................... 2
Meteorological Data........................................................................................................................ 2
Sample Results and Screening........................................................................................................ 3
Discussion....................................................................................................................................... 5
Public Health Implications.......................................................................................................... 6
Child Health Considerations ....................................................................................................... 7
Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................................... 8
References....................................................................................................................................... 9
Prepared by ................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 1. Locations of PCB Air Sampling Stations and Meteorological Station. .......................... 3
Table 1. Results of June 25-27, 2013, Anniston PCB Air Sampling (in ng/m3
) ............................ 4
Table 2. Comparison of June 2013 PCB Sampling to Other PCB Sampling Results. ................... 7
iii
5. Acronyms
ATSDR = Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
CREG = Cancer Risk Evaluation Guide
CV = Comparison Value
EPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency
ng/m3
= nanograms per cubic meter of air
PCB = Polychlorinated Biphenyl
µg/cu.m = micrograms per cubic meter
iv
6. Summary
The Public Health Issues
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IV requested that the Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) evaluate air data collected at the perimeter
of a former polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) manufacturing facility in Anniston, Alabama on
June 25-27, 2013. This health consultation evaluates the ambient air PCB data collected by the
EPA on those days. In the past, Anniston-area community members have posed questions and
voiced concerns regarding PCB levels in their air (ATSDR, 2003).
Conclusion
On the basis of the data reviewed and if the sampling on June 25-27, 2013 is representative of
typical conditions, ATSDR concludes that concentrations of PCBs in air at the F, I, and J
sampling stations were low and are not expected to result in an increased cancer risk or other
harmful health effects in people living in the neighborhoods outside the perimeter of the former
PCB manufacturing facility.
Basis of Conclusion
The estimated cancer risk, based upon the maximum total PCBs detected in air on June 25-27,
-6 -6 -4
2013 is 1.9 x 10 . This estimated risk is within EPA’s target risk range of 1 x 10 to 1 x 10 .
Overall, the June 2013 PCB sample results represent an estimated insignificant to slight increase
in cancer risk.
Limitations
The data set is limited to two 24-hour samples taken at each of the three sampling locations (plus
one duplicate). While of high quality, these are not enough data to make a statistically-relevant
conclusion about the site unless they are taken together with previous datasets.
Recommendations
ATSDR recommends that periodic seasonal air sampling is conducted for PCBs in residential
areas surrounding the Solutia Inc. facility to better determine community exposures.
For More Information
If you have concerns about your health, you should contact your health care provider. For
questions or comments related to this Public Health Consultation please call ATSDR at 1-800
CDC-INFO
v
7. Statement of Issues
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IV requested that the Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) evaluate environmental data collected June
25-27, 2013, in Anniston, Alabama. This health consultation discusses the ambient air
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) data collected by the EPA on those days. In the past, Anniston
area community members posed questions and voiced concerns regarding PCB levels in their air
(ATSDR, 2003).
Background
Between the early 1930s and the early 1970s polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were
manufactured in Anniston, AL (ATSDR, 2006). The term PCB refers to any of the 209
configurations of organochlorides with one to ten chlorine atoms attached to a molecule
composed of two benzene rings (“biphenyl”). PCBs were widely used as coolant fluids in
transformers, capacitors, and electric motors. The Solutia facility in Anniston, Alabama, is one
of two facilities in the United States that manufactured PCBs (US EPA, 2013a). The
manufacturing process included on-site burial of PCB-waste materials and consequent releases
of PCBs to the environment (ATSDR, 2006). The Solutia Anniston plant (also called the
Anniston Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Site), is located about one mile west of downtown
Anniston and occupies 70 acres of land. The site is bounded to the east and west by residential
properties, to the south by U.S. Highway 202, and north by the Norfolk Southern and Erie
railroads. Manufacture of PCBs ceased in 1971 in Anniston (US EPA, 2013a). The site has been
investigated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Alabama Department of
Public Health (ADPH), and the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM)
(US EPA, 2013a). The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) also
completed several assessments of site-related contamination in Anniston, Alabama.1
Because PCBs are often discussed in different ways, three definitions of PCBs are provided here:
Aroclor, congener number, and congener class (or homolog). A PCB Aroclor is a name given to
formerly commercial PCB products. Aroclors were named according to the different percentages
of chlorine, by weight that the PCB mixture contained. For example, Aroclor 1242 contained
approximately 42 percent chlorine, by weight. A PCB congener number refers to the specific
location(s) of the chlorine(s) on the biphenyl molecule. From one to ten chlorines can be found
on a biphenyl structure. For example, PCB congener number 28 is a trichlorinated biphenyl, with
chlorines attached at the 2, 4, and 4' locations on the biphenyl carbons. There are a total of 209
possible congener numbers. Finally, PCB congener numbers can be grouped into congener
classes (mono-through deca-) by number of chlorines and these are known as homologs. For
1
ATSDR’s previous work in Anniston, Alabama is available at:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/PHA/HCPHA.asp?State=AL
1
8. example, PCBs with congener numbers 4 through 15 each have two chlorine atoms; these 12
congeners make up the dichlorobiphenyl congener or homolog class. It should be noted that
individual Aroclors were made up of varying amounts of PCBs by congener class. For example,
Aroclor 1242 contained varying amounts of mono-through hexa-PCB congener classes (ATSDR,
2000).
Description of Sampling and Analysis
EPA Region IV collected 24-hour air samples on two days in June 2013 at three locations
(Stations F2
, I, and J) on the Solutia Inc. property boundaries. Figure 1 displays the locations of
both the EPA air sampling stations and the meteorological station (see section below). Sampling
Station F is located north east of the site. Station I is located southwest of the Solutia Inc. site
and Station J is located north of the site. Station F is located near a school, Station I is located
near private residences, and Station J is located on Solutia-owned property (US EPA, 2013b). It
should be noted that these are the same station locations EPA used for sampling in October, 2012
(ATSDR, 2013)
The EPA collected 24-hour samples in accordance with EPA Method TO-4A, and a contract
laboratory analyzed the samples using a gas chromatograph (GC) with an electron capture
detector (ECD), as described in EPA Method TO-4A (US EPA, 2013b). Eight samples were
collected, including those samples needed for quality assurance and quality control purposes.
Duplicate samples were taken at Sampling Station J, and a field blank was collected on the first
day. Samples were analyzed for PCB congener numbers 1 through 209 and for PCBs by
congener class mono- through deca-PCBs.
Meteorological Data
The EPA set up a temporary station to collect meteorological data for the two sampling periods
(see Figure 1). The first meteorological sampling period was from June 25, 2013, 9:10 a.m. until
June 26, 2013, 11:00 a.m. The second meteorological sampling period was from June 26, 2013,
9:22 a.m. until 11:11 a.m. on June 27, 2013. It did not rain during the sampling period. Wind
speed varied from 0.4 to 5.7 miles per hour with occasional gusts up to 13 miles per hour during
the first sampling period and from 3.5 to 8.1 miles per hour with occasional gusts up to 22 miles
per hour during the second sampling period. During the first sampling period the wind direction
was variable and during the second sampling period the wind was primarily out of the southeast
(US EPA, 2013b). It is worth noting the wind direction during the June 2013 sampling period
was different from the wind directions reported during previous sampling periods. During
EPA’s October 2012 sampling for PCBs in Anniston air, the wind direction was from the east
and northeast while EPA’s June 2000 sampling for PCBs in Anniston air, the wind direction was
2
Sample Station F was also used in the EPA’s June 2000 sampling of PCB’s in Anniston air. The other two stations
were not.
2
9. primarily from the southwest (ATSDR, 2003). Similarly, Hermanson et al. notes the wind in
Anniston typically comes from the south southwest (Hermanson et al., 2003). Therefore, the
wind directions on June 25-27, 2013 may not be typical of the Anniston area.
Figure 1. Locations of PCB Air Sampling Stations and Meteorological Station.
Anniston, Alabama; June 25-27, 2013
Met Site = Location of temporary meteorological station.
Source: US EPA, 2013b
Sample Results and Screening
The sample results are presented in Table 1 by total PCBs and PCB class. Table 1 also shows
ATSDR’s comparison value for PCBs in air.
Comparison Values (CVs) are chemical and media-specific concentrations in air, soil, and
drinking water that are used by ATSDR health assessors and others to identify environmental
contaminants at hazardous waste sites that require further evaluation. CVs are conservative and
non-site specific. CVs are based on health guidelines with uncertainty factors applied to ensure
that they are adequately protective of public health.
3
10. Table 1. Results of June 25-27, 2013, Anniston PCB Air Sampling (in ng/m3
)
Analyte
Field Blank
ng/m3
Station F
ng/m3
Station I
ng/m3
Station J
ng/m3
Station J
Duplicate
ng/m3
Station F
ng/m3
Station I
ng/m3
Station J
ng/m3
Station J
Duplicate
ng/m3
CV
ng/m3
Sample Date 6/25/2013 6/25/2013 6/25/2013 6/25/2013 6/25/2013 6/26/2013 6/26/2013 6/26/2013 6/26/2013 (CREG)
Monochlorobiphenyl
(Total)
<0.00025U 0.16 0.23 1.3 1.4 0.19 0.022 1.8 1.9
Dichlorobiphenyl
(Total)
0.026 0.73 2.5 3.6 3.7 1.3 0.34 5.4 5.5
Trichlorobiphenyl
(Total)
0.017 0.97 3.6 4.6 4.6 1.7 0.47 6.9 7.1
Tetrachlorobiphenyl
(Total)
0.017 0.71 1.3 2.7 2.4 0.97 0.38 3.6 3.0
Pentachlorobiphenyl
(Total)
0.01 0.3 0.2 0.64 0.64 0.35 0.066 0.86 0.8
Hexachlorobiphenyl
(Total)
0.012 0.12 0.066 0.22 0.22 0.14 0.035 0.032 0.3
Heptachlorobiphenyl
(Total)
0.0012 0.031 0.013 0.059 0.058 0.033 0.0085 0.079 0.077
Octachlorobiphenyl
(Total)
<0.00025 U 0.0062 0.0035 0.0077 0.0077 0.0069 0.0038 0.015 0.014
Nonachlorobiphenyl
(Total)
<0.00025 U 0.0014 <0.0012 U 0.0032 0.0033 0.0018 0.0013 0.003 0.0031
Total PCBs 0.084 3.0 8 13 13 4.7 1.3 19 19 10
ng/m3 = nanograms per cubic meter
CV = Comparison Value
CREG = Cancer Risk Evaluation Guide
U = The analyte was not detected at or above the reporting limit.
Source: US EPA 2013b
4
11. The comparison of environmental data with ATSDR CVs is one of the first steps in the public
health assessment process. The results of this screening step give health assessors an
understanding of the priority contaminants at a site. When a contaminant is detected at a
concentration less than its respective CVs, exposure is not expected to result in health effects,
and it is not considered further as part of the public health assessment process. It should be noted
that contaminants detected at concentrations that exceed their respective CVs do not necessarily
represent a health threat. Instead, the results of the CV screening identify those contaminants that
warrant a more detailed, site-specific evaluation to determine whether health effects may occur.
CVs are not intended to be used as environmental clean-up levels.
CVs can be based on either carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic effects, but no ATSDR or EPA
CVs exist for the non-carcinogenic effects of PCBs in air. Therefore, Table 1 shows the Cancer
Risk Evaluation Guide (CREG) developed by ATSDR for PCBs in air. Cancer Risk Evaluation
Guides (CREGs) are media-specific comparison values that are used to identify concentrations of
cancer-causing substances that are unlikely to result in a significant increase of cancer rates in an
exposed population. ATSDR develops CREGs using EPA’s cancer slope factor or inhalation unit
risk, a target risk level (10-6
), and default exposure assumptions. The inhalation unit risk is the
quantitative estimate in terms of risk per µg/cu.m air breathed. Furthermore, CREGs account for
a lifetime exposure (70 years). Only Station J on June 25-27, 2013 had a total PCB concentration
above the CREG.
At Station J, there was good agreement between the sampling duplicates each day and between
the sampling days (See Table 1). Station F had the lowest average concentration of PCBs of the
three sampling stations which could be because it was not downwind of the site on either
sampling day. Station F could also be located in an area of low PCB concentrations as it had the
lowest concentrations in 2012 as well. Station I had the most variation between the sampling
days (see Table 1) but this could be explained by the variable wind direction on June 25 and the
wind direction out of the southeast on June 26. The average concentrations for Station I on both
days, however, were below the comparison value for PCBs in air.
Low levels of PCBs were detected in the field blanks, but the EPA considers this “typical for air
samples analyzed by this methodology” (US EPA, 2013b). Moreover, the levels detected in the
field blanks are at least an order of magnitude below the levels detected in the samples.
Discussion
In general, airborne PCB levels in the US appear to be decreasing over time, with higher levels
being detected in urban areas than in rural locations (ATSDR, 2000). For example, in June 1996,
atmospheric concentrations of total PCBs measured in urban and rural locations in Baltimore,
Maryland, were 0.4-3.4 and 0.02-0.3 ng/m3
, respectively (ATSDR, 2000; Offenberg and Baker,
1999). Additionally, several studies have indicated that indoor air concentrations of PCBs are
generally greater than outdoor concentrations (ATSDR, 2000).
5
12. Public Health Implications
PCBs have been associated with several adverse noncancerous health effects in humans and
animals, including liver, thyroid, dermal and ocular changes, immunological alterations,
neurodevelopmental changes, reduced birth weight, and reproductive effects. Studies attempting
to show the same health effects in humans that have been observed in animals have generally
been inconclusive (ATSDR, 2000, 2003). Additionally, most studies documenting the
noncancerous health effects of PCBs consider exposure to PCBs by ingestion rather than
inhalation. Many studies also considered the noncancerous health effects from exposure to
commercially available mixtures of PCBs which typically are not the same as mixtures of PCBs
in the environment. ATSDR has not derived a CV for noncancerous health effects for PCBs in
air due to lack of adequate data in humans and animals. However, it is worth noting the animal
studies available involve concentrations of PCBs in air of 9,000-8,600,000 ng/m3
, levels far
above the concentrations shown in Table 1 (ATSDR, 2000). Studies of workers exposed to PCBs
also typically involved concentrations much higher than those in Anniston (ATSDR, 2000), and
the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health’s Recommended Exposure Limit3
for
workers is 1,000 ng/m3
(NIOSH, 2007). The results from the June 2013 sampling are orders of
magnitude below this recommended limit for workers.
As seen in Table 1, ATSDR’s CREG for PCBs in air was exceeded on June 25 and June 26,
2013 at Station J. Therefore, ATSDR calculated an estimated cancer risk from breathing PCBs at
this location. Estimated cancer risks are calculated by multiplying the concentration of a
substance in air by that substance’s inhalation unit risk (ATSDR, 2005). EPA’s inhalation unit
-4 -7
risk for PCBs is 1 x 10 per microgram per cubic meter or 1 x 10 per nanogram per cubic
meter, based on liver tumors in rats exposed to PCBs (US EPA, 1997). Therefore, the estimated
-6 -7 3
cancer risk for Station J based upon the June 25, 2013 sample result is 1.3 x 10 (1 x 10 ng/m
x 13 ng/m3
= 1.3 x 10-6
). The estimated cancer risk for Station J based upon the June 26, 2013
-6 -7 3 3 -6
sample result is 1.9 x 10 (1 x 10 ng/m x 19 ng/m = 1.9 x 10 ).
It should be noted that sampling results taken over a longer period of time would better represent
long-term cancer risk exposure. Short-term exposure to carcinogens is an area of considerable
debate and research; however, it is generally believed that any exposure factors that are less than
what was used for the calculations will significantly decrease the calculated risk (e.g., exposed
for a shorter time period; exposed to lower concentrations; exposed less frequently during the
time period, etc.). Nevertheless, the estimated cancer risk, based upon the maximum total PCB
-6 -4
concentration, falls within EPA’s target range of 1 x 10 to 1 x 10 .
A key limitation of the data reviewed for this consultation is that it only involved two days of
sampling in June 2013, and two of the sampling stations (Stations F and I) would not have been
downwind of the site on either day. ATSDR’s previous health consultation of PCBs in Anniston
air noted the general trend of PCB concentrations as being higher in the spring and summer
3
The Recommended Exposure Limit is for a 10 hour time weighted average exposure.
6
13. months than in the winter and fall months (ATSDR, 2003). However, this trend is not seen at all
Anniston locations (ATSDR, 2003; Hermanson et al., 2003). PCB concentrations in October,
2012 were lower than PCB concentrations in June, 2013 for Stations F and J but not for Station I
(ATSDR, 2013, US EPA 2013b). Additionally, the results of the June 2013 sampling can be
compared to earlier results of PCB air sampling in Anniston as well as the results of PCB air
sampling in other areas of the country. Table 2 shows these comparisons.
Table 2. Comparison of June 2013 PCB Sampling to Other PCB Sampling Results.
Sample Location, Date Range of Total PCB Concentrations,
(ng/m3
)
Anniston AL, EPA samples, Station F, June 2013 3.0-4.7
Anniston AL, EPA samples, Station I, June 2013 1.3-8.0
Anniston AL, EPA samples, Station J, June 2013 13-19
Anniston, AL, EPA samples, Station F, Oct. 2012 1.7-1.8
Anniston, AL, EPA samples, Station I, Oct. 2012 8.8-25
Anniston, AL, EPA samples, Station J, Oct. 2012 7.3-8.2
Anniston, AL, EPA samples, June 2000 0.2* -16.2
Anniston, AL, Mars Hill Station, 1997-1998 8.7-82
Anniston, AL, Carter Street Station, 1997-1998 1.1-39
Hudson Falls and Fort Edward, NY, 2000-2002 0.10-4.0
Glen Falls, NY, 2000-2002 0.08-2.4
Baltimore, MD, urban area, 1996 0.4-3.4
Baltimore, MD, rural area, 1996 0.02-0.3
New Brunswick, NJ, urban area, 1997 0.1-3.2
*half of analytical quantitation limit
ng/m3
= nanograms per cubic meter
Sources: ATSDR, 2000, 2003; Brunciak et al., 1999; Hermanson et al., 2003; Palmer et al., 2008; Offenberg and
Baker, 1999; US EPA, 2013a, 2013b.
As shown in Table 2, the results of the June 2013 PCB sampling are consistent with the PCB
levels previously seen in Anniston. The sampling results from Station F for both days and Station
I on day 2 (see Table 1) are similar to other urban areas in the country. The sample results from
Stations I (on day 1) and J on both days are higher than other urban areas, but not higher than
some of the previous sample results from the Anniston area.
Child Health Considerations
In communities faced with air, water, or food contamination, the many physical differences
between children and adults demand special emphasis. Children could be at greater risk than
adults from certain kinds of exposure to hazardous substances. Children play outdoors and
sometimes engage in hand-to-mouth behaviors that increase their exposure potential. Children
are shorter than adults; this means they breathe dust, soil, and vapors closer to the ground. A
child’s lower body weight and higher intake rate results in a greater dose of hazardous substance
per unit of body weight. If toxic exposure levels are high enough during critical growth stages,
the developing body systems of children can sustain permanent damage. Finally, children are
dependent on adults for access to housing, for access to medical care, and for risk identification.
7
14. Thus adults need as much information as possible to make informed decisions regarding their
children’s health.
Several studies have reported that low-level PCB exposure during fetal or neonatal development
can affect the infant's neurobehavioral development (Jacobson et. al., 1990; Rogan and Gladden,
1996). However, several limitations of these studies have been noted: (1) possible exposure to
other neurotoxic chemicals besides PCBs (e.g., dioxins, mercury, lead, or organochlorine
pesticides) that may have contributed to the effects; (2) inadequate control for confounding
socioeconomic variables such as maternal smoking, alcohol, and other drug use; and (3)
inadequate control for maternal birth weight and nonspontaneous deliveries (Schantz, 1997;
Segal, 1996). In addition to these methodological limitations, different studies have measured
different neurobehavioral endpoints, thus impeding comparisons between studies.
Therefore, these studies suggest, but do not conclusively prove, an association between prenatal
or neonatal exposures to PCBs and neurobehavioral and developmental effects in young
children. Furthermore, these studies involved exposures to PCBs primarily through ingestion
rather than inhalation. It also should be noted that ATSDR CREGs (Cancer Risk Evaluation
Guides) apply to lifetime exposures so no childhood-specific CREGs exist.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions
On the basis of the data reviewed and if the sampling on June 25 and June 26, 2013 were
representative of typical conditions, ATSDR concludes that concentrations of PCBs in air at the
F, I, and J sampling stations were low and are not expected to result in an increased cancer risk
or other harmful health effects in people living in the neighborhoods outside the perimeter of the
former PCB manufacturing facility.
Recommendations
ATSDR recommends that periodic seasonal air sampling is conducted for PCBs in residential
areas surrounding the Solutia Inc. facility to better determine community exposures.
Public Health Action Plan
ATSDR will continue to evaluate PCB ambient air data from Anniston, Alabama as needed.
8
15. References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2000. Toxicological profile for
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; Nov.
Available online at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=142&tid=26
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2003. Anniston PCB Air
Sampling, Anniston PCB Site (Monsanto Company), Anniston, Calhoun County, Alabama, EPA
Facility ID: ALD000400123. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services;
December. Available online at
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/AnnistonPCBSite/AnnistonPCBSiteHC12182003.pdf
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2005. Public health assessment
guidance manual. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services. Available online at:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/PHAManual/toc.html
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2006. Updated Assessment of
PCB Exposures in Anniston,AL; Anniston PCB Site; Anniston, Calhoun County, Alabama, EPA
Facility ID: ALD00409048. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; October.
Available online at:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/AnnistonPCBSiteHC101606/AnnistonPCBSiteHC101606.p
df
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2013. Anniston PCB Air
Sampling, Anniston PCB Site (Monsanto Company), Anniston, Calhoun County, Alabama, EPA
Facility ID: ALD000400123. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services;
September. Available online at:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/AnnistonPCBSiteAirSampling/AnnistonPCBSiteAirSamplin
gHC09302013_508.pdf
Brunciak PA, Lavorgna CL, Nelson ED, et al. 1999. Trends and dynamics of persistent organic
pollutants in the coastal atmosphere of the mid-Atlantic states. Prepr Ext Abst Div Environ
Chem Am Chem Soc 39(1):64-67.
Hermanson M.H., Scholten C.A., Compher K. 2003. Variable Air Temperature Response of Gas-
Phase Atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls near a Former Manufacturing Facility.
Environmental Science and Technology, 37(18): 4038-4042.
Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Humphrey HEB.1990. Effects of in utero exposure to
polychlorinated biphenyls and related contaminants on cognitive function in young children.
Journal of Pediatrics. 116:38-45.
9
16. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2007. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical Hazards. US Department of Health and Human Services. Publication No. 2005-149.
September. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-149/pdfs/2005-149.pdf.
Offenberg JH, Baker JE. 1999. Influence of Baltimore's urban atmosphere on organic
contaminants over the northern Chesapeake Bay. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 49:959-965.
Palmer PM, Belanger EE, Wilson LR, Hwang SA, Narang RS, Gomez MI, et al. 2008. Outdoor
Air PCB Concentrations in Three Communities Along the Upper Hudson River, New York.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 54:363-371.
Rogan WJ, Gladen BC. 1996. Study of human lactation for effects of environmental
contaminants: the North Carolina breast milk and formula project and some other ideas.
Environmental Health Perspectives. 60: 215-221.
Schantz SL. 1997. Developmental neurotoxicity of PCBs in humans: What do we know and
where do we go from here? Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 18: 339-362.
Segal RF. 1996. Epidemiological and laboratory evidence of PCB-induced neurotoxicity. Critical
Reviews in Toxicology. 26: 709-737.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 1997. Toxicological Review of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) (CASRN 1336-36-3) in support of summary information on
the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Washington, DC.
http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0294.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 2013a. Anniston PCB Air Study, Anniston,
Calhoun County, Alabama, October 23-25, 2012. EPA Region 4 Science and Ecosystem Support
Division.Report Date March 2013.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 2013b. Anniston PCB Air Study, Anniston,
Calhoun County, Alabama, June 25-27, 2013. EPA Region 4 Science and Ecosystem Support
Division. Report Date October 2013
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17. Prepared by
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Timothy R. Pettifor
Environmental Health Scientist
Central Branch
Division of Community Health Investigations
Deborah Burgin, PhD
Toxicologist
Office of the Director
Division of Community Health Investigations
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