This document discusses the process of distilling essential oils through steam distillation. It describes the stages of distillation, including initial heating, saturation, and vaporization of constituents. The document also outlines different types of distillation like water distillation. Key aspects covered include the role of steam properties, pressure, plant material properties, and distillation stages in efficiently extracting essential oils.
Different methods of extraction of essential oilChetanChauhan123
all about the different methods of oil extraction classical and modern extraction method on the basis of review and research paper by chetan kumar chauhan
Essential oil extraction methods of aromatic cropsAnkush Singh
This document discusses essential oil extraction methods from aromatic crops. It describes six main methods: steam distillation, water distillation, expression, solvent extraction, maceration, and enfluerage. Steam distillation involves using steam to open oil pockets in plant material and collecting the oils through condensation. Solvent extraction uses solvents like ethanol or n-hexane to extract oils at room temperature from seeds. Maceration gently heats plant material in melted fat to absorb and extract volatile oils.
extraction of essential oil from aromatic plantsUrvishaJaviya
This document provides an overview of essential oil extraction from aromatic plants. It discusses various extraction methods including hydrodistillation, expression, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enfleurage, and maceration. Hydrodistillation is the most common method and can be done via water distillation, water and steam distillation, or direct steam distillation. The document also reviews factors that influence extraction method selection and provides an example of the economics of vetiver cultivation and essential oil extraction.
- Bioflavonoids have a 15 carbon skeleton structure consisting of two phenyl rings (A&B) and a heterocyclic ring (C). They are found in citrus fruits like lemon peel and bitter orange peel.
- Lemon peel comes from the outer part of lemon fruits. It contains at least 2% volatile oil including limonene and citral. Lemon peel is used as a carminative, stimulant, and in perfumes and flavors.
- Bitter orange peel comes from bitter orange fruits. It contains at least 2.5% volatile oil including limonene, citral and citronellal. It is used as a stomachic, aromatic, carmin
Neem and its cultivation and active constituents or phyto chemicals.ChetanChauhan123
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is a tree that is native to India and widely cultivated in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Neem has many uses in agriculture, cosmetics, and medicine. It is an important tree in Ayurvedic medicine and is known as "Sarva Roga Nivarini", meaning it is a cure for all types of ailments. Neem contains several active chemical compounds that give it insect repellent, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory properties. All parts of the neem tree, including the bark, leaves, seeds, and oil, are used for both external
Extraction of Essential oil from Scented GeraniumRavi Pujari
Scented geranium is a small, aromatic herb native to South Africa that is cultivated for its essential oil. The plant is harvested when it begins flowering and its leaves release a rosy odor when pressed. Through steam distillation, geranium oil is extracted from the harvested herb. Geranium oil is composed primarily of geraniol and citronellol and is used extensively in perfumery and cosmetic industries due to its stability. On average, steam distillation yields 18-20 kg of geranium oil per hectare.
Cardamom is the world's third most expensive spice. It is native to southern India where it grows in evergreen forests receiving 1500-3000 mm of rainfall annually at temperatures of 10-35°C. There are two main varieties: Elettaria cardamomum var. major which is wild and indigenous to Sri Lanka, and Elettaria cardamomum var. minor which includes the cultivated types Malabar, Mysore, and Vazhukka. Cardamom is used widely as a spice in Indian cooking and has several medicinal properties, including as a treatment for digestive issues, bad breath, and cancer.
Different methods of extraction of essential oilChetanChauhan123
all about the different methods of oil extraction classical and modern extraction method on the basis of review and research paper by chetan kumar chauhan
Essential oil extraction methods of aromatic cropsAnkush Singh
This document discusses essential oil extraction methods from aromatic crops. It describes six main methods: steam distillation, water distillation, expression, solvent extraction, maceration, and enfluerage. Steam distillation involves using steam to open oil pockets in plant material and collecting the oils through condensation. Solvent extraction uses solvents like ethanol or n-hexane to extract oils at room temperature from seeds. Maceration gently heats plant material in melted fat to absorb and extract volatile oils.
extraction of essential oil from aromatic plantsUrvishaJaviya
This document provides an overview of essential oil extraction from aromatic plants. It discusses various extraction methods including hydrodistillation, expression, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enfleurage, and maceration. Hydrodistillation is the most common method and can be done via water distillation, water and steam distillation, or direct steam distillation. The document also reviews factors that influence extraction method selection and provides an example of the economics of vetiver cultivation and essential oil extraction.
- Bioflavonoids have a 15 carbon skeleton structure consisting of two phenyl rings (A&B) and a heterocyclic ring (C). They are found in citrus fruits like lemon peel and bitter orange peel.
- Lemon peel comes from the outer part of lemon fruits. It contains at least 2% volatile oil including limonene and citral. Lemon peel is used as a carminative, stimulant, and in perfumes and flavors.
- Bitter orange peel comes from bitter orange fruits. It contains at least 2.5% volatile oil including limonene, citral and citronellal. It is used as a stomachic, aromatic, carmin
Neem and its cultivation and active constituents or phyto chemicals.ChetanChauhan123
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is a tree that is native to India and widely cultivated in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Neem has many uses in agriculture, cosmetics, and medicine. It is an important tree in Ayurvedic medicine and is known as "Sarva Roga Nivarini", meaning it is a cure for all types of ailments. Neem contains several active chemical compounds that give it insect repellent, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory properties. All parts of the neem tree, including the bark, leaves, seeds, and oil, are used for both external
Extraction of Essential oil from Scented GeraniumRavi Pujari
Scented geranium is a small, aromatic herb native to South Africa that is cultivated for its essential oil. The plant is harvested when it begins flowering and its leaves release a rosy odor when pressed. Through steam distillation, geranium oil is extracted from the harvested herb. Geranium oil is composed primarily of geraniol and citronellol and is used extensively in perfumery and cosmetic industries due to its stability. On average, steam distillation yields 18-20 kg of geranium oil per hectare.
Cardamom is the world's third most expensive spice. It is native to southern India where it grows in evergreen forests receiving 1500-3000 mm of rainfall annually at temperatures of 10-35°C. There are two main varieties: Elettaria cardamomum var. major which is wild and indigenous to Sri Lanka, and Elettaria cardamomum var. minor which includes the cultivated types Malabar, Mysore, and Vazhukka. Cardamom is used widely as a spice in Indian cooking and has several medicinal properties, including as a treatment for digestive issues, bad breath, and cancer.
This document provides information on various mint species cultivated in India including Japanese mint, peppermint, spearmint, and bergamot mint. It discusses the botanical characteristics, chemical constituents, varieties, cultivation requirements, production, and market for each species. India is a leading global producer of mint oils, especially Japanese mint oil which contains high levels of menthol. The document outlines opportunities to increase value from mint cultivation through developing additional high-value products from constituents of mint oil.
The document discusses the history and uses of essential oils. Essential oils have been used for thousands of years by ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and the Arabian empire in medicine, religious ceremonies, and embalming. Essential oils are extracted from plants through steam distillation or expression and used in perfumes, cosmetics, cleaning products, and medicine due to their antiseptic and aromatic properties. Some key essential oils and their uses mentioned include peppermint for digestion, lemon for infection, lavender for relaxation and wound healing, and frankincense for its immune-boosting and anti-tumor effects.
Black pepper is native to southern India and is now widely cultivated in tropical regions around the world. Karnataka is India's leading producer, accounting for approximately 50% of national production. Pepper plants are woody vines that produce clusters of small, green berries that turn red and then black or white upon ripening. There are over 100 varieties cultivated in India, with the most important including Tellicherry, Malabar, and Cheriakodi. Black pepper is used widely as a spice and preservative, and also has traditional medicinal uses. It is harvested when berries start to change color, then dried or processed into products like white, green, and powdered pepper. India is a major exporter, contributing over a third of spice
The lemon is native to Asia but was brought to southern Italy by the 1st century AD. Italy is a major producer of lemons, especially in coastal areas like Sicily, Sorrento, and Amalfi. Lemons are used widely in Italian cuisine, most notably in the liqueur limoncello. They have many health benefits due to their high vitamin C content and antioxidant properties which provide protection against diseases. Lemons also have cosmetic uses for brightening and cleansing skin.
The document summarizes information about rose production technology. It discusses the history and uses of roses, important varieties, morphology, production areas, and classification of garden roses. The main points are:
- Roses have been cultivated for thousands of years and are considered the "Queen of Flowers". Important varieties include Hybrid Tea, Floribunda, Climber/Rambler, China, and Bourbon roses.
- Major rose producing countries include India, France, USA, and Bulgaria. Germany and USA are the largest importers.
- Roses have many uses including cut flowers, perfumes, medicines, and as ornamental plants. Important species discussed are Rosa alba, R. borboniana
Title: ARACHIS OIL- Groundnut oil- Peanut oil
• Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about ARACHIS OIL that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the various plant sources. Arachis oil is obtained by expression of shelled and skinned seeds of Arachia hypogaea Linn., belonging to family Papilionaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from nut source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of ARACHIS OIL
2. Biological Sources of ARACHIS OIL
3. Geographical Sources of ARACHIS OIL
4. Preparation of ARACHIS OIL
5. Description of ARACHIS OIL
6. Chemical Constituents of ARACHIS OIL
7. Chemical Test of ARACHIS OIL
8. Uses of ARACHIS OIL
The roselle is a species of hibiscus native to the tropics. It produces large white to pale yellow flowers that develop into fleshy red calyces enclosing seeds. China and Thailand are the largest producers globally. Roselle was introduced to Malaysia in the 1990s and production peaked at over 500 hectares in 2000, though it has since declined. The calyces are rich in vitamins and antioxidants and used to make drinks that provide health benefits like reducing inflammation and blood pressure.
1. Beetroot is a biennial plant grown for its swollen roots, with an optimal temperature range of 15-18°C.
2. It can be grown in all agro-ecological regions of the country and yields an average of 250-300 quintals per hectare depending on seed type and other factors.
3. The economics of beetroot production in 1 acre of land show a net profit of Rs. 17,650 with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.96 for an investment of Rs. 18,350 and income of Rs. 36,000.
Ajwain is an annual herb known by several names, including ajowan and carom. It originated in the eastern Mediterranean region, possibly Egypt, and spread to India. Both its leaves and fruit pods are consumed by humans. The small, pale brown fruit pods resemble caraway and cumin in shape and have a bitter, pungent taste similar to anise and oregano. Ajwain seeds have long been used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine to treat various ailments like flatulence and indigestion. In cooking, the seeds are commonly used in Indian, Pakistani, and Middle Eastern dishes and added at the end of cooking to preserve their fragrance and flavor.
Essential oils are volatile (quickly evaporating) aromatic fluids extracted from plants through steam distillation, or in the case of citrus fruits through expression (or cold pressing) of the rind to obtain an oil that retains a juicy, fresh fruit scent.
Various extraction methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils, and the method used is normally dependant on what type of botanical material is being used.
Essential Oils Extraction and Manufacturing IndustryAjjay Kumar Gupta
The document discusses essential oils and provides information about jasmine and tuberose essential oils. It defines essential oils as aromatic liquids extracted from plants using methods like steam distillation. Jasmine oil is extracted from jasmine flowers and valued for its soothing properties. Tuberose oil comes from Polianthes tuberosa flowers and is used in perfumes. The global essential oils market is growing due to increasing demand from aromatherapy, food & beverages, and natural cosmetics.
Extraction and Production of Essential Oils
(Phytochemicals, Aromatic Chemicals, Aromatic Compounds, Spice Oils and Oleoresins, Curcumin, Rose Oil Extraction, Chilli Oil, Ginger Oil, Black Pepper Oil, Chilli Oleoresin, Cresols, Menthol Oil, Clove Oil & Citronella Oil, Patchouli Oil, Garlic Oil)
The essential oils are extracted from the botanical material using a variety of extraction methods to suit the material extracted from and are highly odoriferous liquids.
Essential oils are the fragrant, highly concentrated natural constituents that are found in plants. They are what give the plant its characteristic odour and contain the healing power of the plant from which it was extracted.
See more
https://goo.gl/wgHxWU
https://goo.gl/xEZrmt
https://goo.gl/5ZPcrL
https://goo.gl/KtiWbu
https://goo.gl/xW4Yo8
https://goo.gl/LSWgEJ
https://goo.gl/cBc2Zw
https://goo.gl/rCrZjf
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Methods of Extracting Essential Oils, How Essential Oils are Produced, Essential Oil Extraction Methods, Essential Oil Extraction Project Report, Essential Oil Extraction Equipment, Extraction Of Essential Oils from Plants, Project Report on Essential Oils, Project Profile on Essential Oils Producing Plant, Projects on Essential Oils, Essential Oil Manufacturing Plant, Essential Oil Extraction, Essential Oils, Essential Oil Production, Essential Oil Extraction Business Plan, Essential Oil Processing Unit, Business Plan for Essential Oils Extraction, Essential Oil Project, Production of Essential Oil, How to Manufacture Essential Oils, Extract Essential Oils, Essential Oil Extraction Plant, Profit from Producing Essential Oils, Start Spice Oleo Resins Extraction, How are Essential Oils Extracted?, Extraction Methods of Natural Essential Oils, Production of Natural Essential Oils, How to Make Essential Oils, Essential Oils Production, Production Process of Essential Oils, Methods of Extracting Essential Oils, Essential Oil Manufacturing, Essential Oil Extraction Process, Methods of Producing Essential Oils, Making Essential Oils, Manufacturing of Essential Oils, Production and Processing of Essential Oils, Essential Oils Processing Equipment, Patchouli Essential Oil, Guide To Making Essential Oil, Essential Oil Manufacture, Process For Manufacturing Essential Oils, Essential Oils Industry, Process of Essential Oil Extraction, Aromatic Chemicals, Aromatic Compounds, Spice Oils and Oleoresins, Curcumin, Rose Oil Extraction, Chilli Oil, Ginger Oil, Black Pepper Oil, Chilli Oleoresin, Cresols, Menthol Oil, Clove Oil & Citronella Oil, Patchouli Oil, Garlic Oil, Method to Extract Rose Oil, Rose Oil Extracting Plant
This document summarizes research on the medicinal properties of ginger. It discusses ginger's importance in various cuisines around the world and its major producing countries. Nutritionally, ginger contains various vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds like gingerols and shogaols. Medical research has found that ginger exhibits cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, and antiemetic effects. Studies show ginger can help reduce cholesterol levels, platelet aggregation, edema, and relieve pain, inflammation, nausea, and migraine symptoms. The document concludes that ginger has potential applications for treating cancer patients, as a neuroprotectant, and for mitigating radiation effects.
This document provides information about red chilli peppers, including their botanical name, origin, distribution, botany, uses, varieties, harvesting, curing, drying, yield, and processed products. It notes that chilli peppers are native to South America and are widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions including India. The largest producers of chilli in India are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh. Chillies are used extensively as a spice and in sauces, medicines, and oleoresin extracts. Different varieties are grown for their color, pungency, and suitability for particular growing regions.
Essential oils are aromatic liquid substances extracted from plants through various methods. The most common extraction method is steam distillation, which involves using steam to separate the essential oils from plant material. Other methods include carbon dioxide extraction, cold press extraction, and using solvents to extract absolutes. Essential oils have various uses including aromatherapy, massage, room freshening, insect repellents, and beauty products due to their aromatic properties.
Eucalyptus oil is distilled from the leaves of eucalyptus, a genus of over 700 species of flowering trees and shrubs. The document discusses several species used to produce eucalyptus oil, which is composed primarily of 1,8-cineole. It provides details on extracting, chemical composition, and various benefits and uses of eucalyptus oil such as for pain relief, dental health, stimulating the immune system, and treating colds, sinus issues, respiratory problems, and wounds. The global production of eucalyptus oil is around 5000 metric tons annually, with major producers being China, India, and Australia.
This document provides information on caring for house plants, including their light, water, temperature and fertilizer needs. It discusses the basic requirements for plant growth and lists over 30 common houseplant varieties, categorizing them based on their light requirements from low to very high light. For each plant, it provides a brief description and care tips. The document aims to educate homeowners on proper houseplant care.
Rhubarb is a perennial herb that grows in temperate regions. Its roots have traditionally been used in Chinese medicine as a laxative and for other medicinal purposes. Rhubarb contains anthraquinone glycosides and tannins that are responsible for its pharmacological effects. While the roots are medicinal, the leaves contain toxic levels of oxalic acid and should not be consumed. Rhubarb is commonly used to treat constipation and digestive issues and has also shown anti-inflammatory properties.
This document provides an overview of essential oils for beginners. It defines essential oils as highly concentrated compounds found in plants that give them aroma and protect them from environmental stresses. Essential oils have been used historically by various ancient civilizations for their health benefits. The document discusses how essential oils can be used to manage mood through aromatherapy and topical application. It recommends lemon, lavender, and peppermint essential oils as good options for beginners and provides examples of how each can be used.
This document provides information on the processing and value addition of mint. It discusses the botanical details of mint, including the four most commonly cultivated species - Japanese mint, peppermint, spearmint, and bergamot mint. It outlines the production technology of mint cultivation, including agro-climatic requirements, propagation, land preparation, fertilizer application, harvesting, and post-harvest management. It also describes the health benefits of mint, chemical constituents and properties of mint oil, methods of oil extraction, and potential value-added products from mint including mint tea, jelly, ice cream, and medicines.
The Distillation of Essential Oils Part 1Murray Hunter
This document discusses the principles of distillation for extracting essential oils from plant materials. It outlines the scientific principles behind distillation, including heat transfer, vapor pressure, and the behavior of mixed vapors. The document also describes how distillation works to liberate volatile compounds from plant tissues through processes like hydrodiffusion and successive vaporization and recondensation of oil layers. Distillation techniques have improved over time from simple water distillation to more advanced steam distillation methods. Understanding these fundamentals is important for thoroughly extracting essential oils through distillation.
This document describes a project to extract essential oil from coriander seeds using steam distillation. It provides background on essential oils and steam distillation, as well as motivation for focusing on coriander oil extraction. The process flow chart shows coriander seeds undergoing sun drying and then steam distillation, with the steam condensing and the oil and water separating. Key equipment for the steam distillation setup includes a steam generator, still, condenser, and separator.
This document provides information on various mint species cultivated in India including Japanese mint, peppermint, spearmint, and bergamot mint. It discusses the botanical characteristics, chemical constituents, varieties, cultivation requirements, production, and market for each species. India is a leading global producer of mint oils, especially Japanese mint oil which contains high levels of menthol. The document outlines opportunities to increase value from mint cultivation through developing additional high-value products from constituents of mint oil.
The document discusses the history and uses of essential oils. Essential oils have been used for thousands of years by ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and the Arabian empire in medicine, religious ceremonies, and embalming. Essential oils are extracted from plants through steam distillation or expression and used in perfumes, cosmetics, cleaning products, and medicine due to their antiseptic and aromatic properties. Some key essential oils and their uses mentioned include peppermint for digestion, lemon for infection, lavender for relaxation and wound healing, and frankincense for its immune-boosting and anti-tumor effects.
Black pepper is native to southern India and is now widely cultivated in tropical regions around the world. Karnataka is India's leading producer, accounting for approximately 50% of national production. Pepper plants are woody vines that produce clusters of small, green berries that turn red and then black or white upon ripening. There are over 100 varieties cultivated in India, with the most important including Tellicherry, Malabar, and Cheriakodi. Black pepper is used widely as a spice and preservative, and also has traditional medicinal uses. It is harvested when berries start to change color, then dried or processed into products like white, green, and powdered pepper. India is a major exporter, contributing over a third of spice
The lemon is native to Asia but was brought to southern Italy by the 1st century AD. Italy is a major producer of lemons, especially in coastal areas like Sicily, Sorrento, and Amalfi. Lemons are used widely in Italian cuisine, most notably in the liqueur limoncello. They have many health benefits due to their high vitamin C content and antioxidant properties which provide protection against diseases. Lemons also have cosmetic uses for brightening and cleansing skin.
The document summarizes information about rose production technology. It discusses the history and uses of roses, important varieties, morphology, production areas, and classification of garden roses. The main points are:
- Roses have been cultivated for thousands of years and are considered the "Queen of Flowers". Important varieties include Hybrid Tea, Floribunda, Climber/Rambler, China, and Bourbon roses.
- Major rose producing countries include India, France, USA, and Bulgaria. Germany and USA are the largest importers.
- Roses have many uses including cut flowers, perfumes, medicines, and as ornamental plants. Important species discussed are Rosa alba, R. borboniana
Title: ARACHIS OIL- Groundnut oil- Peanut oil
• Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about ARACHIS OIL that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the various plant sources. Arachis oil is obtained by expression of shelled and skinned seeds of Arachia hypogaea Linn., belonging to family Papilionaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from nut source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of ARACHIS OIL
2. Biological Sources of ARACHIS OIL
3. Geographical Sources of ARACHIS OIL
4. Preparation of ARACHIS OIL
5. Description of ARACHIS OIL
6. Chemical Constituents of ARACHIS OIL
7. Chemical Test of ARACHIS OIL
8. Uses of ARACHIS OIL
The roselle is a species of hibiscus native to the tropics. It produces large white to pale yellow flowers that develop into fleshy red calyces enclosing seeds. China and Thailand are the largest producers globally. Roselle was introduced to Malaysia in the 1990s and production peaked at over 500 hectares in 2000, though it has since declined. The calyces are rich in vitamins and antioxidants and used to make drinks that provide health benefits like reducing inflammation and blood pressure.
1. Beetroot is a biennial plant grown for its swollen roots, with an optimal temperature range of 15-18°C.
2. It can be grown in all agro-ecological regions of the country and yields an average of 250-300 quintals per hectare depending on seed type and other factors.
3. The economics of beetroot production in 1 acre of land show a net profit of Rs. 17,650 with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.96 for an investment of Rs. 18,350 and income of Rs. 36,000.
Ajwain is an annual herb known by several names, including ajowan and carom. It originated in the eastern Mediterranean region, possibly Egypt, and spread to India. Both its leaves and fruit pods are consumed by humans. The small, pale brown fruit pods resemble caraway and cumin in shape and have a bitter, pungent taste similar to anise and oregano. Ajwain seeds have long been used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine to treat various ailments like flatulence and indigestion. In cooking, the seeds are commonly used in Indian, Pakistani, and Middle Eastern dishes and added at the end of cooking to preserve their fragrance and flavor.
Essential oils are volatile (quickly evaporating) aromatic fluids extracted from plants through steam distillation, or in the case of citrus fruits through expression (or cold pressing) of the rind to obtain an oil that retains a juicy, fresh fruit scent.
Various extraction methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils, and the method used is normally dependant on what type of botanical material is being used.
Essential Oils Extraction and Manufacturing IndustryAjjay Kumar Gupta
The document discusses essential oils and provides information about jasmine and tuberose essential oils. It defines essential oils as aromatic liquids extracted from plants using methods like steam distillation. Jasmine oil is extracted from jasmine flowers and valued for its soothing properties. Tuberose oil comes from Polianthes tuberosa flowers and is used in perfumes. The global essential oils market is growing due to increasing demand from aromatherapy, food & beverages, and natural cosmetics.
Extraction and Production of Essential Oils
(Phytochemicals, Aromatic Chemicals, Aromatic Compounds, Spice Oils and Oleoresins, Curcumin, Rose Oil Extraction, Chilli Oil, Ginger Oil, Black Pepper Oil, Chilli Oleoresin, Cresols, Menthol Oil, Clove Oil & Citronella Oil, Patchouli Oil, Garlic Oil)
The essential oils are extracted from the botanical material using a variety of extraction methods to suit the material extracted from and are highly odoriferous liquids.
Essential oils are the fragrant, highly concentrated natural constituents that are found in plants. They are what give the plant its characteristic odour and contain the healing power of the plant from which it was extracted.
See more
https://goo.gl/wgHxWU
https://goo.gl/xEZrmt
https://goo.gl/5ZPcrL
https://goo.gl/KtiWbu
https://goo.gl/xW4Yo8
https://goo.gl/LSWgEJ
https://goo.gl/cBc2Zw
https://goo.gl/rCrZjf
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Methods of Extracting Essential Oils, How Essential Oils are Produced, Essential Oil Extraction Methods, Essential Oil Extraction Project Report, Essential Oil Extraction Equipment, Extraction Of Essential Oils from Plants, Project Report on Essential Oils, Project Profile on Essential Oils Producing Plant, Projects on Essential Oils, Essential Oil Manufacturing Plant, Essential Oil Extraction, Essential Oils, Essential Oil Production, Essential Oil Extraction Business Plan, Essential Oil Processing Unit, Business Plan for Essential Oils Extraction, Essential Oil Project, Production of Essential Oil, How to Manufacture Essential Oils, Extract Essential Oils, Essential Oil Extraction Plant, Profit from Producing Essential Oils, Start Spice Oleo Resins Extraction, How are Essential Oils Extracted?, Extraction Methods of Natural Essential Oils, Production of Natural Essential Oils, How to Make Essential Oils, Essential Oils Production, Production Process of Essential Oils, Methods of Extracting Essential Oils, Essential Oil Manufacturing, Essential Oil Extraction Process, Methods of Producing Essential Oils, Making Essential Oils, Manufacturing of Essential Oils, Production and Processing of Essential Oils, Essential Oils Processing Equipment, Patchouli Essential Oil, Guide To Making Essential Oil, Essential Oil Manufacture, Process For Manufacturing Essential Oils, Essential Oils Industry, Process of Essential Oil Extraction, Aromatic Chemicals, Aromatic Compounds, Spice Oils and Oleoresins, Curcumin, Rose Oil Extraction, Chilli Oil, Ginger Oil, Black Pepper Oil, Chilli Oleoresin, Cresols, Menthol Oil, Clove Oil & Citronella Oil, Patchouli Oil, Garlic Oil, Method to Extract Rose Oil, Rose Oil Extracting Plant
This document summarizes research on the medicinal properties of ginger. It discusses ginger's importance in various cuisines around the world and its major producing countries. Nutritionally, ginger contains various vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds like gingerols and shogaols. Medical research has found that ginger exhibits cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, and antiemetic effects. Studies show ginger can help reduce cholesterol levels, platelet aggregation, edema, and relieve pain, inflammation, nausea, and migraine symptoms. The document concludes that ginger has potential applications for treating cancer patients, as a neuroprotectant, and for mitigating radiation effects.
This document provides information about red chilli peppers, including their botanical name, origin, distribution, botany, uses, varieties, harvesting, curing, drying, yield, and processed products. It notes that chilli peppers are native to South America and are widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions including India. The largest producers of chilli in India are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh. Chillies are used extensively as a spice and in sauces, medicines, and oleoresin extracts. Different varieties are grown for their color, pungency, and suitability for particular growing regions.
Essential oils are aromatic liquid substances extracted from plants through various methods. The most common extraction method is steam distillation, which involves using steam to separate the essential oils from plant material. Other methods include carbon dioxide extraction, cold press extraction, and using solvents to extract absolutes. Essential oils have various uses including aromatherapy, massage, room freshening, insect repellents, and beauty products due to their aromatic properties.
Eucalyptus oil is distilled from the leaves of eucalyptus, a genus of over 700 species of flowering trees and shrubs. The document discusses several species used to produce eucalyptus oil, which is composed primarily of 1,8-cineole. It provides details on extracting, chemical composition, and various benefits and uses of eucalyptus oil such as for pain relief, dental health, stimulating the immune system, and treating colds, sinus issues, respiratory problems, and wounds. The global production of eucalyptus oil is around 5000 metric tons annually, with major producers being China, India, and Australia.
This document provides information on caring for house plants, including their light, water, temperature and fertilizer needs. It discusses the basic requirements for plant growth and lists over 30 common houseplant varieties, categorizing them based on their light requirements from low to very high light. For each plant, it provides a brief description and care tips. The document aims to educate homeowners on proper houseplant care.
Rhubarb is a perennial herb that grows in temperate regions. Its roots have traditionally been used in Chinese medicine as a laxative and for other medicinal purposes. Rhubarb contains anthraquinone glycosides and tannins that are responsible for its pharmacological effects. While the roots are medicinal, the leaves contain toxic levels of oxalic acid and should not be consumed. Rhubarb is commonly used to treat constipation and digestive issues and has also shown anti-inflammatory properties.
This document provides an overview of essential oils for beginners. It defines essential oils as highly concentrated compounds found in plants that give them aroma and protect them from environmental stresses. Essential oils have been used historically by various ancient civilizations for their health benefits. The document discusses how essential oils can be used to manage mood through aromatherapy and topical application. It recommends lemon, lavender, and peppermint essential oils as good options for beginners and provides examples of how each can be used.
This document provides information on the processing and value addition of mint. It discusses the botanical details of mint, including the four most commonly cultivated species - Japanese mint, peppermint, spearmint, and bergamot mint. It outlines the production technology of mint cultivation, including agro-climatic requirements, propagation, land preparation, fertilizer application, harvesting, and post-harvest management. It also describes the health benefits of mint, chemical constituents and properties of mint oil, methods of oil extraction, and potential value-added products from mint including mint tea, jelly, ice cream, and medicines.
The Distillation of Essential Oils Part 1Murray Hunter
This document discusses the principles of distillation for extracting essential oils from plant materials. It outlines the scientific principles behind distillation, including heat transfer, vapor pressure, and the behavior of mixed vapors. The document also describes how distillation works to liberate volatile compounds from plant tissues through processes like hydrodiffusion and successive vaporization and recondensation of oil layers. Distillation techniques have improved over time from simple water distillation to more advanced steam distillation methods. Understanding these fundamentals is important for thoroughly extracting essential oils through distillation.
This document describes a project to extract essential oil from coriander seeds using steam distillation. It provides background on essential oils and steam distillation, as well as motivation for focusing on coriander oil extraction. The process flow chart shows coriander seeds undergoing sun drying and then steam distillation, with the steam condensing and the oil and water separating. Key equipment for the steam distillation setup includes a steam generator, still, condenser, and separator.
Using Steam Distillation to Produce Essential OilsAndrew Collins
Using steam distillation, essential oils can be extracted from plant materials like herbs and spices. The process involves boiling biomass in water to produce steam, which carries the essential oils into a condenser where they separate from the water. While Paracelsus coined the term "essential oils" centuries ago, the underlying science of vapor pressure differences enables effective distillation using modern laboratory glassware like a biomass flask, condenser, separation funnel and hot plate. Following steps to assemble the apparatus, add materials, and operate it safely can produce valuable essential oils.
The Distillation of Essential Oils Part 3Murray Hunter
The document discusses harvesting methods for various essential oil crops. It describes how the part of the plant used, growth characteristics, seasonal factors, and scale of the enterprise influence the harvesting approach. Harvesting may be manual or mechanized, and the timing and method aim to maximize oil yield while allowing regrowth. An efficient harvesting system integrates well with extraction and minimizes delays from field to distillation.
This document provides a procedure for steam distillation. Steam is passed through a round-bottomed flask containing a sample mixture to be separated. A trap allows control of the steam flow and removal of water from the steam line. Condensate containing separated compounds collects in a receiver flask. Once complete, the distillate is extracted with t-butyl methyl ether in a separatory funnel. The ether layer is dried, filtered, and evaporated to obtain the purified compounds, which are weighed and stored. The procedure is described to recover citral from lemongrass oil through steam distillation and extraction.
This document provides instructions for making sage essential oil. It outlines collecting sage at dawn, filling a boiler with salted water and heating it. The condenser should be stuffed with material and the still clamped together before heating causes the oil to separate and rise to the top of collected water, with an optional separator to more easily catch the hydrosol and oil.
1. The document describes a lab experiment to isolate limonene from orange peels through steam distillation. Peels are blended with water and distilled to obtain an "essential oil" containing limonene, which is then extracted and characterized using gas chromatography.
2. Key steps include grinding orange peels, distilling the peels to obtain limonene, extracting limonene using liquid-liquid extraction, and analyzing the isolated limonene using gas chromatography to determine its boiling point.
3. Steam distillation is used because it allows isolation of limonene at a lower temperature than normal distillation, preventing decomposition of the thermally sensitive terpene compounds like limonene.
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Presentation describing cover cropping practices on the Cannon Horticulture Plots at the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture in southeastern Oklahoma
This document describes the process of two-stage spray drying with a fluidized bed drier. It discusses the mechanisms of drying solids, types of spray dryers, components of spray dryers like the drying chamber and rotary valve. It explains the three stages of drying - first stage drying in the spray dryer, second stage drying in a static fluidized bed dryer, and third stage drying in a vibratory fluidized bed dryer. The aim is to achieve a low moisture content through multi-stage drying for stable storage of the dried product.
CDS R 02 Drying Article Im Ci August 2010Andrew Hall
Reduced-oxygen (R-O2) drying uses superheated steam instead of hot air as the drying medium. Superheated steam can transfer more heat and has lower viscosity than air, allowing for faster drying. In R-O2 drying, moisture from the product evaporates and is recirculated as steam, displacing the air in the dryer. After several recirculations, the atmosphere becomes nearly oxygen-free superheated steam. The R-O2 drying cycle involves only warming the product to 100°C and then drying it above 100°C, eliminating complex temperature and humidity control steps.
- Distillation is a process that separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a liquid mixture to form vapors, condensing the vapors back to liquid, and collecting the purified liquid fractions.
- There are several types of distillation including simple, steam, fractional, and vacuum distillation which vary based on conditions and mixtures separated.
- A laboratory experiment demonstrates simple distillation to separate ethanol and water using common distillation equipment like a round bottom flask, condenser, and receiver flask. The mixture is heated to form vapors that condense and drip into the collection flask.
Distillation is a process that separates mixtures by exploiting differences in the volatility of components. It involves selective evaporation and condensation. Industrial distillation is commonly used in oil refineries, chemical plants, and food processing. Large distillation columns use reflux to improve separation efficiency. Distillation techniques include simple, fractional, steam, vacuum, and molecular distillation. Laboratory scale distillation often uses batch fractional distillation in a still.
What exactly is Distillation and Principles involved in it.pdfAlaquainc
Distillation refers to selectively boiling and condensing a component in a liquid mixture. Indeed, fractional distillation is a separation method that serves to either raise the concentration of a particular component or acquire nearly pure components from a mixture.
This document discusses different methods of distillation used to purify organic compounds. It describes simple distillation, which involves heating a liquid mixture until it boils and condenses the vapors. Vacuum distillation uses reduced pressure to boil compounds with high boiling points. Steam distillation separates water-immiscible compounds. Fractional distillation employs a fractionating column to separate mixtures with similar boiling points into pure fractions. The document also explains reflex distillation, which prevents evaporation of reactants during a reaction by condensing and returning vapors.
Distillation processes ,Types of Distillation, Types of WaterAshwini Shewale
This document discusses various distillation processes used to separate substances. It describes simple distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. It also discusses the preparation of purified water and water for injection by distillation. The key parts of a distillation apparatus are identified as the still, condenser, and receiver. Distillation takes advantage of differences in vapor pressures to separate substances based on their boiling points.
Laboratory assignment 5 (tupaz, ishi pearl c.)IshiPearlTupaz1
Distillation is a technique used to separate mixtures by selective boiling and condensation. It involves heating a liquid mixture until certain components boil off and are then condensed. There are several distillation processes used in the laboratory, including simple distillation for mixtures with large boiling point differences, fractional distillation for mixtures with similar boiling points using multiple stages, steam distillation to isolate heat-sensitive materials, and vacuum distillation for very high boiling points. Other specialized processes include air-sensitive vacuum distillation, short path distillation for unstable substances, and zone distillation using partial melting.
1. Drying is the removal of water from materials through the application of heat. It is commonly the last stage of manufacturing to preserve and transport products.
2. There are various drying methods that utilize conduction, convection, radiation, or a combination to transfer heat and remove water from solids. Common methods include tray drying, fluidized bed drying, spray drying, vacuum drying, and microwave drying.
3. The drying method used depends on factors like the material's heat sensitivity, required asepsis, nature of the liquid, and scale of operation. The goal is to provide efficient heat and mass transfer while avoiding degradation of thermolabile materials.
This document describes an experiment involving simple distillation and steam distillation. The objectives were to assemble and operate simple and steam distillation setups to purify samples. Simple distillation of toluene yielded a boiling point range of 100-110°C and 32.31% recovery. Steam distillation of p-dichlorobenzene yielded an 89% recovery and purification was confirmed with melting point tests. Distillation techniques were discussed including the use of glass beads to prevent bumping and the advantages of each distillation method for different substance types. The objectives of assembling and operating the distillation setups and purifying samples using both techniques were achieved.
This document provides information on various drying methods and concepts related to drying pharmaceutical materials. It discusses convective drying methods like tray drying and fluidized bed drying. It also covers drum drying, spray drying, vacuum drying, and microwave drying. Key points covered include heat and mass transfer principles in drying, factors that influence drying rate, types of moisture in materials, and terminology used in drying like equilibrium moisture content. Advantages and disadvantages of different drying methods are also summarized.
Heat processes , Equipments for evapouration,Factors affecting evapourationAshwini Shewale
1. Desiccation is the process of completely removing mechanically mixed water from substances using a desiccator containing a desiccant like calcium chloride. It helps reduce the bulk, weight, and cost of transporting and storing drugs by removing water.
2. Sublimation is the process where a solid converts directly to vapor without passing through a liquid phase, and vice versa during condensation. It is used to purify chemicals like iodine and camphor in pharmacy.
3. Evaporation is the process where liquid molecules escape as vapor below the boiling point due to kinetic energy overcoming intermolecular forces. Factors like temperature, surface area, and vapor pressure affect the evaporation
This document provides an overview of drying in the pharmaceutical industry. It discusses the importance of drying as the last stage of manufacturing before packaging. The key types of drying covered are convective, conductive, and radiative drying. Convective drying can be static bed or dynamic fluidized bed. Conductive drying uses vacuum ovens or tumblers. Radiative drying includes infrared and microwave radiation. Factors that influence drying like moisture content, bound vs unbound water, and equilibrium moisture content are also explained.
Essential oils can be extracted from plants using several traditional methods, including water distillation, water and steam distillation, and steam distillation. Water distillation involves boiling plant material in water, while water and steam distillation uses steam generated separately from the plant material. Steam distillation only uses steam. These hydrodistillation methods work by dissolving oil in plant tissues and driving it out with hot water or steam. Higher temperatures can degrade oils, so extraction is sometimes preferred.
Distillation is a method to separate mixtures based on differences in volatility. It involves boiling the mixture and condensing the vapor produced. Simple distillation produces an impure distillate while fractional distillation uses a fractionating column for multiple vaporization-condensation cycles, allowing better separation. Vacuum distillation uses reduced pressure for distillation at lower temperatures to prevent degradation. Batch distillation processes mixtures in batches while continuous distillation constantly feeds and removes fractions.
This document discusses steam and its various uses in industry. It begins by defining steam as the gas formed when water changes from a liquid to gas state. It then discusses some key properties of steam, including its high heat transfer capabilities. The document outlines different types of steam like saturated, superheated, dry and wet steam. It provides examples of common industrial applications of steam, such as for heating, propulsion/driving turbines, as a motive fluid, for atomization, cleaning, moisturization and humidification.
This presentation covers drying and dehumidification. It defines drying as the final removal of water from a material, usually through the application of heat. There are various types of drying methods discussed, including drum drying, spray drying, freeze drying, tray drying, and fluidized bed drying. Dehumidification is the removal of moisture from air using a dehumidifier. The document compares different drying equipment and their applications while explaining key concepts like drying curves and mechanisms.
This document discusses the isolation of essential oils from plants through distillation processes and their use in aromatherapy. It describes how essential oils are extracted from various plant parts through hydrodistillation, which involves boiling plant material with water to release the oils. The three main types of hydrodistillation are water distillation, water and steam distillation, and direct steam distillation. Aromatherapy involves inhaling essential oils through diffusion or applying them topically diluted in a carrier oil. Proponents claim aromatherapy can help reduce stress, pain, nausea and other issues, though not all uses are scientifically proven.
Similar to The Distillation of Essential Oils Part 2 (20)
The document summarizes the key components of Malaysia's alleged "deep state", including the Special Branch of the Royal Malaysian Police. The Special Branch conducts widespread surveillance across many aspects of Malaysian society and politics, and has been accused of involvement in enforced disappearances. It also monitors Malaysians abroad, influences other countries' security agencies, and uses security laws for political ends such as detaining activists. However, the deep state is described as heterogeneous without centralized coordination.
Investigative Capacity Building Workshop 3.pptxMurray Hunter
This document provides information about Murray Hunter's background in investigative journalism and open-source intelligence. It discusses:
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This document discusses the rise of local currencies as an alternative to national currencies. It notes that historically, most trade was conducted using local currencies until the 20th century when larger national currencies became dominant. However, over 2,000 local currencies have recently been launched by communities around the world. Local currencies aim to promote local economic development by encouraging spending within the community. They have had mixed success, though the Berkshire currency in Massachusetts is held up as a notable example. Local currencies could potentially serve as a tool for local microeconomic management and crowd-funded lending to small local businesses neglected by large banks. They may help challenge the dominance and centralized power of national banking systems.
The New Rules of Running for the Over 50sMurray Hunter
This document discusses new rules of running for people over 50 based on the changing demographics of runners. It argues that competition for over 50s is focused on personal goals rather than beating others. It also suggests that over 50s can run more marathons per year without injury risks due to lower intensity training. The document recommends training in 10-12 day cycles with more rest, and emphasizes the importance of diet, rest, and listening to one's body for this age group.
This document summarizes an article about the growing popularity of marathon running among people over 50 in Asia. It notes that while running events in Western countries mainly attract those under 50, marathons in Asia have significantly more participants aged 50 and over, around 30% in some cases. This is because many Asians retire earlier and take up running as a new challenge and way to socialize. Running long distances has become a popular pastime for older Asians and transformed the demographic profile of marathon participants in the region.
The document discusses the opportunity to develop a premier business school focused on ASEAN business. Key points:
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1) Natural building techniques like rammed earth, cob, and mud bricks fell out of use in the 20th century but have seen a revival as people seek more sustainable housing options.
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This document contains an idea into opportunity appraisal form to evaluate a business idea. It consists of 10 sections that assess different aspects of the idea including the idea itself, required technology, resources, skills, networks, business model, and more. Each section contains 5 multiple choice questions related to that aspect with scores ranging from 1 to 5. The total possible score is 250. Scores are interpreted on a scale from outstanding to poor to evaluate the strength of the opportunity.
Dependent origination as a natural governing lawMurray Hunter
The following paper explains the concept of dependent origination and its place in Buddhist Dharma
(teaching).Dependent origination is then described as a heuristic and discussed in relation to James Lovelock’s
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When there is this, that is
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The document provides an overview of the skills, competencies, and capabilities required at different stages of developing an essential oil venture. It outlines technical competencies needed for activities like screening, propagation, cultivation, harvesting, extraction, product development, and commercialization. It also discusses strategic, organizational, relationship, and opportunity competencies required for management, marketing, sustaining the enterprise, and adapting to ensure survival. Finally, it includes a self-assessment checklist to evaluate technical competencies like botany, plant physiology, chemistry skills, and engineering knowledge relevant to different phases of the essential oil development process.
Entrepreneurship as a means to create islamic economyMurray Hunter
This document discusses the need to develop entrepreneurship as a means to create an Islamic economy. It notes that much of the Muslim community lives in poverty with little economic opportunity or integration. It argues that an Islamic model of business and entrepreneurship is needed that is compatible with Islamic principles and can address the socio-economic problems faced by Muslim societies. Currently, business education models are biased toward western theories and do not provide spiritual or intellectual guidance based on Islamic concepts. The document advocates developing an entrepreneurial pedagogy for the Muslim community to enhance faith and opportunity through business compatible with Islamic laws and values.
Entrepreneurship as a means to create islamic economyMurray Hunter
This document summarizes an academic paper presented on entrepreneurship as a means to create an Islamic economy. It discusses the current socioeconomic situation of the global Muslim community, noting that most Muslims represent the bottom 20% economically. It advocates for the right type of education that can empower Muslims and "make a difference". The paper also outlines an Islamic model of entrepreneurship that converges Western ethics with Islamic principles such as permissible and prohibited economic activities. It argues that implementing this model can help develop an Islamic economy.
Competitive collaboration in halal industryMurray Hunter
The document discusses opportunities in the global halal industry and strategies for competitive advantage. It notes that the current global halal market is estimated at $5-14 billion annually and growing over 35% per year. However, Muslim consumers represent diverse markets with varying incomes, tastes, and stages of development. The document advocates differentiation and value creation through branding, new technologies, and novel products as ways to gain competitive advantage. It also emphasizes the importance of integrating concepts of sustainability, ethics and community benefit with Islamic concepts of halal and toyib to develop integrated supply chain advantages.
Australia in “Asian Century” or Is It Lost inMurray Hunter
This document discusses Australia's relationship with China and the US in the context of the "Asian Century". It makes three key points:
1) Australia aims to strengthen economic ties with Asia but its strategy lacks substance and takes a one-sided view that does not consider giving back to Asia.
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The document discusses an Islamic business revolution occurring in Southern Thailand. Young Thai Malay entrepreneurs are developing innovative business models based on Islamic principles to serve the large Muslim population. Cities like Hat Yai are transforming into vibrant Islamic business centers. These entrepreneurs see potential in integrating their religious beliefs into business. Their businesses appeal not just to Muslims. They are having success where a dependent mindset has inhibited growth in neighboring Malaysia.
ASEAN Nations Need Indigenous InnovationMurray Hunter
The document discusses how ASEAN nations need to develop indigenous innovation to transform their economies but are doing little currently. It notes that ASEAN economies have relied on government infrastructure projects, foreign direct investment, and local conglomerates, but there is little innovation. Research and development lag far behind other major economies. To develop innovation capabilities, ASEAN nations will need to rethink economic policies, abandon assumptions, and nurture a culture that encourages creativity, meritocracy, collaboration, and risk-taking. Education systems and workplaces will need reform to develop an innovative society and workforce.
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This document provides a historical overview of the evolution of the automobile from its origins in Europe in the late 18th century to its development in the US and Japan and more recently in China. It discusses early steam-powered vehicles and developments that led to gasoline-powered internal combustion engines. Pioneers like Daimler, Benz, and Ford are credited with important innovations that advanced automotive technology and popularity. The document also outlines the parallel development of key components like rubber tires by Thomson, Dunlop, and Michelin. It concludes by noting the recent rise of Chinese automakers like BYD, Lifan, and Geely as the fourth generation of modern automobile manufacturers.
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The Distillation of Essential Oils Part 2
1. Murray Hunter – University Malaysia Perlis ESSENTIAL OILS
The distillation of
essential oils 2: PART
Part two of this three part series on distillation carries on from the basic principles laid out in part one to look
at the stages of the general distillation process and outlines the various basic types of distillation.
Distillation occurs in a number of definable Stage one Stage two Stage three
stages. During the first stage, initial heating
occurs through the charge where the plant
material has been placed. Plant material Linalool
will not be saturated with moisture and the
temperature differential between the steam
Percentage increase of the distillate
and the plant material will allow quick
Methyl chavicol
dissipation of latent heat from the steam to
the plant material. The initial steam,
particularly if it is wet will tend to cool
throughout the lower layers of the charge,
where some condensation may occur. This
has to be watched carefully, as too much
1,8 Cineole
condensation may flood the lower parts of
the charge. Dry superheated steam may
have the effect of drying out the plant
material. Both flooding and drying out of
the plant material are detrimental to
efficient distillation. At this early stage
steam is the only contributor to vapour Eugenol
pressure until saturation occurs and the
layering process, discussed above begins.
The second stage begins when the Progressive number of constituents
vapour reaches the condenser. At this point
the oil-to-water ratio will be at its highest. Figure 1: The distinct stages of distillation, and during the second phase, for sweet basil oil.
During the second phase the distillation
process will go through three sub-phases. the change in composition of sweet basil the vat and the plant material surfaces
ɀ In the early stage, due to some effect oil during distillation.2 area within the charge. The rate of steam
from relative volatilities of the various The height of the still will influence this flow per hour is subject to the amount of
constituents, the most volatile phenomenon. High stills tend to negate plant material in each charge. Daily
constituents will tend to vaporise first this effect because as the more volatile throughput is thus limited by the amount of
and carry a higher than proportionate constituents from the bottom layer reach steam that can be generated on an hourly
weight in the distillate as compared to the top layer, the less volatile constituents basis at a distillation plant. Steam must
the normal oil. It is also reported that from the bottom layer will have already also be adjusted to suit the absorptive
oxygenated constituents also have a started distilling over and reaching the capacity of the plant material. This greatly
tendency to distil over before upper layers of the charge. varies between different herbs and the
hydrocarbons.1 The final stage of distillation occurs condition they are in before distillation.
ɀ During the middle stages, the oil will be when the water-to-oil ratio is very high as Steam produced by high pressure
distil over in the same proportions as the charge becomes exhausted of oil. It will external boilers is usually very dry and can
the normal oil, and no longer be economical to continue with often be superheated. Steam produced by
ɀ During the third stage, the least volatile the distillation. medium pressure boilers around 3
constituents of the oil will contribute a atmospheres pressure will contain
higher than proportionate composition in Steam and pressure moderate moisture content, but will not
the distillate. For efficient distillation, i.e., achieving the tend to superheat. Steam produced from
maximum amount of oil with the minimum evaporators at atmospheric pressure is
The distinct stages of the second stage quantity of steam, requires the maximum relatively moist. In water-steam distillation
distillation can be seen in Figure 1 showing exposure between the steam flowing into array where steam is produced in the same
July 2012 P E R S O N A L C A R E 67
2. ESSENTIAL OILS
vessel that the plant material is stored will that the temperature gradient increases, Recently a variation on the operation of
produce very wet steam. thus increasing the effects of latent heat pressure in steam distillation has been
Different steams can be utilised as a exchange and reduces the likelihood of reported a number of times, utilising a
control mechanism to correct the hydrolysis. However the use of high technique called instantaneous controlled
conditions within the still housing the plant pressure distillation is limited by the extent pressure drop (DIC). This is a technique
charge. that prolonged high temperatures will where the foliage is first exposed to
Wet steam is a saturated vapour is damage the composition of the essential saturated steam and then the pressure
suitable for most distillation. In most cases, oil. drastically dropped to a vacuum level of
wet steam from a water bath produces ‘a Inversely, as operating pressure is around 5-50 KPa to provoke auto-
richer oil’ with much shorter extraction time reduced, so does the temperature of the vaporisation of the superheated volatile
than other forms of steam.3 This is distillation. This method can be used for compounds through expanding and
particularly the case with plant material the extraction of heat sensitive constituents breaking up the cell walls with
that contains superficial oil glands. that would normally be damaged through instantaneous cooling.4 Experiments have
Increasing steam rates does not speed up exposure to excess heat. However shown that results can be varied through
distillation, especially if the process of distillation under reduced pressure has a changing time, pressures and the amount
hydro-diffusion is required. As plant number of limitations. Steam under of moisture in the leaves.5
material is already saturated with moisture reduced pressure is less dense, so requires
and there is a constant diffusion rate. If more steam to carry out a distillation than Wilting crops before
herbs contain a lot of moisture, then there under normal atmospheric pressure. The distillation
would be sufficient moisture in the plant condenser system would need to be As the moisture condition of the herb is a
material to commence hydro-diffusion and almost twice the size of a conventional still factor in the efficient distillation of the
dry steam would be the most suitable to or a refrigeration system required in herb, wilting is often carried out to dry the
apply. However dry steam has less mass condensing the distillate. The recovery crop before processing. The objective of
than wet steam and as such reduces the vessel and separator would have to be wilting is to dry the herb enough to
latent heat of steam, thus prolonging the sealed within the closed system, which increase its absorptive surface. Many
distillation period. would lead to design and engineering practitioners believe it is to dry out excess
A superheated steam occurs when the difficulties. moisture so that distillation will be shorter
temperature of the vapour is higher than
that of the same saturated vapour at the
same pressure. Superheated steam is
independent of pressure and therefore
advantageous in a number of situations, as
it can be utilised at any temperature
without increasing pressure, i.e., can
increase the temperature of distillation
without having to change the steam flow-
rate due to changes in pressure.
Superheated steam can be used for drying
out a flooded charge vessel, where there is
too much liquid around the plant material.
However superheated steam is not
advisable for general distillation as it would
dry out the plant material, preventing the
hydro-diffusion process occurring and is a
poor conductor of latent heat – two of the
important processes needed for efficient
distillation. Superheated steam is most
suitable for the distillation of glabrous herb
material and can increase yields
substantially.
High boiling oils exert less vapour
pressures and require relatively large
temperature gradients to extract them
during distillation. This leads to prolonged
distillation periods. If the constituents are
stable under long periods of heat,
distillation can be performed under
pressures above the atmosphere, which
increases temperature. This cuts back on
distillation time and saves energy. As
increasing the still pressure, increases
temperature, the temperature gradient will
also increase between the vapour space in
the still and the plant material. This assists
in the vaporisation of high boiling volatile Figure 2: Mint foliage, cut and laid on the ground for wilting, being picked up by the harvester
constituents. The advantage of pressure is for distillation at Myrtlefor, Victoria.
68 P E R S O N A L C A R E July 2012
3. ESSENTIAL OILS
and more efficient. However this is a
Condenser cooling
fallacy. For example, with tough leaves like
water outlet
eucalyptus and tea tree, wilting does little
to dry them out or increase their surface Vapour condenser
absorption, so wilting will have no benefit
to the distillation process. Moisture in the
Vapour outlet
plant material is actually of benefit to the to condenser
distillation process.6 In fact there are risks
with wilting in that the process may lead to Condenser cooling
Still chamber for water inlet
losses in oil, not through evaporation, but
plant material
through chemical reactions like oxidisation, (loaded by
resinisation and the formation of glycosides cartridge,
and enzymes in the materials. Excessive or directly)
drying of moisture can remove necessary
moisture breaking the contact between the Welded wire
Separator
oil component and surface of the plant Steam inlet mesh floor
flask
material, thus hindering the promotion of from boiler Steam outlet
hydro-diffusion during the distillation
process.
Which crops require wilting before Still drain valve
distillation generally depends upon their
natural surface absorption capacity. Non- Figure 3: Diagram of a steam distillation still.
absorptive herbs like mint and basil need
some wilting to promote absorption during which need to be comminuted before become part of the boiling mixture and
distillation, as wilting to promote partial distillation, like almond powder and huon resulting mixed vapour.
breakdown of the surface cellular structure pine saw dust. As water boils and converts to steam at
of the leaf. In this case distillation would In water distillation there are a number the bottom of the vat and rises through the
then commence with a wet steam fraction, of simultaneous processes that act to plant charge, it will come into contact with
followed by slightly drier steam once extract volatile constituents from plant the plant material. Some oil is exposed on
moisture has permeated into the leaf material that are different from steam the surface of this material will be
structure. Herbs with absorptive surfaces distillation. vaporised by the rising steam as it comes
like lavender do not need to be wilted. In Essential oils contain a number of into contact with the plant surfaces. This
fact they do not have enough moisture to oxygenated constituents that are relatively steam carrying some volatile vapour will
link the oil glands to the surface via a water soluble in water. This would include rise to the surface and carry over into the
interface, so wet steam fractions are phenols, alcohols and some aldehydes. vapour space above the water until it
needed during distillation. Grass crops like During the early stages of a water reaches the still condenser.
lemongrass and citronella contain enough distillation, these compounds would The boiling temperature of water at the
moisture within their leaf structure to dissolve in the surrounding water and bottom of the vat in water distillation is
create a water-oil-surface interface for
hydro-diffusion to occur during distillation, Table 1: Some common water soluble aroma chemicals in essential oil.
so wilting is not necessary. As moisture
content is already sufficient in the leaf, dry Slightly soluble Moderately soluble Very soluble
steam would be suitable for the distillation (<500 ppm) (501-1999 ppm) (>2000 ppm)
process. Aldehyde C11 Calamene Benzlaldehyde
Aldehyde C12 (lauric) 1,8-Cineole Benzyl acetate
Water distillation
Aldehyde C12 MNA Nerol Cinnamic alcohol
Water distillation involves distilling plant
material totally immersed in water. Amyl cinnamic aldehyde Neryl acetate Citronellyl acetate
Depending upon the specific gravity and Amyl salicylate Rose oxide α-Copanene
charge mass in the still, the material will Benzyl salicylate Eugenol
either float or sit totally immersed in the Cedrol Geranial
water. Heat is introduced by direct heating Citronellol Geraniol
of the sides of the vat, a steam jacket, a
Citronellyl butyrate Limonene
closed system coil or in some cases a
perforated steam coil. Water distillation was Citronellyl formate Linalool
the only method used before the 20th Eudesmol Mentone
century. Geranyl formate Myrcene
Water distillation is useful for the Limonene (E)-β-ocimene
distillation of flower materials which would Linalyl acetate Phenylethylacetate
normally congeal and form lumpy masses
α-Pinene Phenylethylalcohol
under steam distillation, where steam
would not penetrate, like rose petals and Sabinene
orange blossoms. This method is also Terpinen-4-ol
useful for fruit kernels that would form α-Terpineol
glutinous masses under steam distillation Terpinolene
and powdered forms of plant material
July 2012 P E R S O N A L C A R E 69
4. ESSENTIAL OILS
slightly less than the boiling point of water, the plant surface material as possible material from directly coming into contact
due to the mixed liquid of solublised during the distillation. with the heating coils.
volatiles and water. Heat applied to the still The effects of hydro-diffusion are much With many materials, part of the oil
will cause the creation of a small bubble of slower in water than other types of dissolves in the water during distillation and
saturated mixed vapour from the liquid distillation. Consequently, especially for forms a milky emulsion, as a number of
phase, where upon formation it rises to the wood materials extensive comminution aromatic constituents are soluble to some
top of the water in the charge. During the must be undertaken so that particles in the degree in water. This loss could range up to
rise, the bubble’s pressure, temperature charge are fine and as much oil as possible 25% of the essential oil.7 This means that
and proportion of oil to water decreases. is exposed on the surface of the material. the recovery of oil is incomplete and the
The condensing volatiles, mostly being less In water distillation, plant material is recovered oil will be deficient in some
dense than water, float to the top of the placed in a sealed vessel or retort that constituents that would be the case with
water and form a film on the surface of the connects directly to a condenser. From the the oil recovered through steam distillation.
water in the vessel. This lost oil tends to condenser the distillate runs into a Upon separation in water distillation, the
remain on top of the surface and cannot separator. The rate of distillation is water distillate is returned directly to the
re-vaporise easily due to its higher boiling controlled by the intensity of the fire, the charge vessel to replace the decreasing
point and the generally cooler temperatures pressure of the vessel or retort and/or the water level due to evaporation. This is
at the water surface. Most of the oil rate of introduction of steam. As many called cohobation. Sometimes the water
recovered in water distillation is the portion woods contain high boiling compounds, distillate is redistilled in another vessel to
of the oil that does not condensate through pressure is vital to create high enough extract the volatiles in emulsion. Salt is
this action. temperatures to vaporise the volatile often added to the distillate to reduce the
Observation shows that distillation constituents. These constituents may take solubility of water. Whether this process is
undertaken with vigorous boiling produces many hours to boil out. Hydro-stills should undertaken depends upon the probability of
better and quicker yields than mild boiling. generally be wide to maximise the the constituents being damaged by further
Some distillers even install small propellers evaporation area. Where particles are fine heat and the economics of re-distillation.
intruding into the side of the still to assist such as saw dust and powders some form Another method to recover the dissolved
in agitation. This is most probably effective of mesh or “P” shape pipe arrangement aromatic materials from the water distillate
because the agitation in the charge tank should exist at the entrance to the is to add a solvent. The mixture is then
prevents oil droplets clinging to the herb condenser to prevent plant material from vigorously shaken to pick up dissolved
surfaces. It is necessary to generate entry and possible clogging. Heavy charges constituents from the water into the
enough steam in the water so that it will and where heat coils are used in the still solvent. These materials are then recovered
come in contact with as much of the oil on require a perforated grid to prevent plant through vacuum distillation of the solvent
Table 2: A comparison between water, water and steam and steam distillation.
Water distillation Water and steam distillation Steam distillation
Construction Usually simply constructed, Inside vat contains a grill where Utilises an outside steam source
based on ancient designs. plant material rests above the water
Plant material suitability Finely powdered materials such Can be used for most herb and Most materials, except fine
as woods and rhizomes, flowers leaf materials. Material must powders. Good for high boiling
that congeal with steam. be packed in a uniform materials. Material must be packed
Not suitable for materials that manner to avoid channeling in a uniform manner to
contain acidic material which can of steam. avoid channeling of steam.
saponify, water soluble or
high boiling constituents.
Material must be completely
covered with water.
Hydro-diffusion Excellent Good Steam should be slightly wet to
promote diffusion. Superheated or
high pressure steam can dry out the
plant material and inhibit diffusion.
Available Pressure Atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure Can be adjusted for both high and
reduced pressures.
Available Temperature 100˚C, but care must be taken Approximately 100˚C Can be increased or reduced
not to burn the plant material according to pressure used.
from direct heat on the sides.
Hydrolysis Condition Usually a high rate of ester Hydrolysis is usually low, however Slight hydrolysis.
hydrolysis. excessive wetting of the plant material
through prolonged distillation can
promote hydrolysis during later
stages of distillation.
Rate of distillation and yield Slow rate of distillation. Moderate distillation rate. Fast rate of distillation.
Low rates of yield due to Good yields if no channels Good yields if no channels
hydrolysis and loss of water occur in charge. Usually good yields. occur in charge. Usually good yields.
soluble constituents into the
water. High boiling constituents
often left undistilled.
70 P E R S O N A L C A R E July 2012
5. ESSENTIAL OILS
which results in a secondary essential oil.8
Some common water soluble aroma
chemicals in essential oils are listed in
Table 1.
Another method that will contribute to
minimising oil loss due to oil solubility in
water during the separation phase is to
control the outgoing distillate temperature
from the condenser. Where oils are less
dense than water, there will be an optimal
temperature range where oil particles will
freely float to the top of the distillate upon
condensation. Some literature on
distillation practices misses the point about
the effect of condensation temperatures on
oil yields.9 Based on private work,10 the
higher the temperature of the outgoing
distillate, the freer will be the oil particles
to float to the top. For example, tea tree oil
droplets will float to the top of the water
distillate twice as fast at 60°C than at
40°C. The upper temperature limit will be
restricted by the potential loss of low
boiling volatiles during condensation. This
has implications on the design of the Figure 4: The condenser, with the end manifold removed to expose the internal cooling pipes,
specific condenser for specific crops and at the author’s property in Perlis, Malaysia.
set range limits upon the temperature that
distillation can take place, to achieve a water distillation. Water and steam steam distillation facilities are designed and
specific outgoing distillate temperature distillation has another advantage over built with the correct steam ratings, they
range. steam distillation as there are fewer are much more economical to run than
decomposed products during the process water and water and steam distillation
Water and steam distillation due to less chance of plant material drying systems. A comparison between water,
Water and steam distillation involves the out. However water and steam distillation water and steam and steam distillation is
storing of the plant material above a water will take a lot longer. Water and steam shown in Table 2. below.
bath situated in the bottom of the charge distillation can produce very good results
vessel and heating the water either through under reduced pressure. The condenser system
direct fire, a steam jacket or a closed or Water and steam distillation is much A condenser in an essential oil distillation
open steam coil. Water and steam cheaper to set up than steam distillation system is a heat exchange or dissipating
distillation produces saturated wet steam at facilities and lends itself to portable stills device. The condenser must not only cool
the prevailing vessel pressure, which is that can be transported from place to the condensate vapour into a liquid, but
usually atmospheric pressure. Within this place. also cool the condensate to the
configuration, unlike water distillation, only temperature range where the oil will
steam comes in contact with the plant Steam distillation separate spontaneously from the water.
material. Steam distillation employs an external The usual array for a condenser system
Water and steam distillation is not very steam generation system, external to the is a tube or set of tubes running through a
suitable for fine materials as steam will find charge vessel. This configuration provides sealed water reservoir to cool the pipes. It
a path of least resistance tending to create much more control (depending upon the is immediately attached to the top of the
channels. This means that steam will not boiler capacity) than water and steam charge vessel to collect all vapour exiting
flow through the whole mass of plant distillation. This is because in steam the vessel. The design of the condenser
material and an incomplete distillation will distillation the wetness fraction, must ensure that the vapour flow is
take place. If the plant material is loosely temperature and pressure can be turbulent inside the tubes to prevent high
packed, the same effect will happen, as manipulated according to needs and velocity vapour freely flowing through the
the material will offer no resistance to the conditions. However, it is a misconception condenser and maximise exposure to the
steam. that greater steam volumes and increased cooler walls. A baffle is usually installed at
Water and steam distillation may take a pressures have positive effects on the the beginning of the condenser to disrupt a
long period of time to reach operating process in all cases. As mentioned straight steam flow for this purpose. Failure
temperature as the plant material needs to previously, dry and superheated steam has to achieve those conditions would result in
be heated up with only saturated steam. the effect of drying out plant material, some vapour failing to condensate. Within
This may cause early condensation and which potentially halts distillation through the condenser system the flows of vapour
wetting of the plant material. the stopping of hydro-diffusion process. and cooling water should be in opposite
Due to the limits on pressure that can Faster steam flow rates do not necessary directions at the maximum possible speed.
be built up in the charge vessel, water and mean quicker recovery times. Fabricated The condenser must be sensitive enough to
steam distillation will have only a limited steam boilers cost much more to run than react on the vapour flow very quickly. The
effect on extracting high boiling materials water baths and may lead to high required number of tubes and length of the
from plant materials. However there is less distillation costs, especially if they require condenser depends on the rate of distillate
opportunity for hydrolysis to occur than with petrochemical feed stocks. However if flow, the pressure, the temperature of the
July 2012 P E R S O N A L C A R E 71
6. ESSENTIAL OILS
cooling water and the desired exit microscopic oil droplets. Temperature plays
Distillate in-flow from still
temperature range of the distillate. (water-oil mixture) a crucial role in separation, where it should
The condenser must remove the be moderately warm to increase the
equivalent amount of heat that is needed relative specific gravity differential of the oil
to vaporise the distillate, plus the additional Oil and water. Raised temperature of the
outlet
amount of heat to reach the optimal distillate water will allow the small oil
distillate temperature range of the particles to rise to the top of the separator
condensate distillate exiting the condenser. quicker in a similar manner to the
The rate of which heat would be removed condenser exit temperature range where
from the distillate can be represented by Water there will be an optimal separator water
Internal outlet
the following equation: baffle temperature range to promote oil-water
Q = UA∆t ∆ separation.11
Where Q = the heat removed by unit During distillation, the more volatile
of time constituents tend to vaporise quicker and
U = a constant determined by the less volatile constituents vaporise later
operating conditions (condensing and in the distillation. This leads to an oil that
cooling made up of a number of will vary in constituents during the
factors) usually a constant is used. distillation period. By changing separation
A = the area available for heat flasks at particular points during a single
removal distillation, oils of different constituent
∆t = the temperature difference profiles can be collected. This is important
between the vapour and the cooling Figure 5: Schematic view of a hydro-diffusion in ylang ylang and lavender distillation,
medium. distillation system. where different oils profiles will have
different uses and values to particular
U is made up of a number of factors possible separate the oil from the distillate customers. Many distillers also use this
including the flow rates of cooling water water. As distillate water volume is much principal to collect specific fractions during
and vapours, the material that the greater than oil, it is important that water the distillation, which can later be blended
condenser is constructed, and usually a can be removed continuously. Oil and together to create a whole oil that meets
constant is used due to the difficulty to water separates according to specific with certain specific specifications, such as
calculate. The value of U increases as gravity forming two layers. Lighter than a standard.
these factors increase. Thus according to water oils will float to the top and heavier The water distillate will always be
the equation, the surface area can be as than water oils will sink to the bottom. This saturated in oil and directly dumping it
large or small as desired, as long as the must be considered in separator design for would lead to a loss in yield. For this
other factors compensate. However the water removal. reason some distillers (water and water and
overall capacity of the distillation system If the specific gravity of oil and water is steam distillation) will channel the water
will have great bearing on the condenser very close, the two components will not distillate back into the still vessel for re-
area. Condenser sizes will also vary in size separate immediately. Distillate flowing into distillation in what is called cohobation,
according to the temperature of available the separator must therefore not disturb mentioned previously. For this purpose the
cooling water on site, thus condensers in the surface area and flow into the body of separator must be placed higher than the
temperate and tropical areas will reflect the water to prevent surface turbulence. still vessel proper so distillate water in the
this in size. The separator must also be large enough separator can be fed back into the still
Using a condenser system with the so that drained water does not carry away through gravity.
wrong capacity for the distillation system
will have a number of operational
Steam inlet
consequences. A too efficient condenser
system will deliver the distillate at a
temperature below the optimum range,
which could lead to cool air outside being Downward steam flow
sucked into the system. This outside cooler
air in the condenser tubes could create
expansion and contraction of vapours in Plant material
the condenser leading to splattering and
Side opens so that
intermittent distillate outflow. This could cartridge with plant
also occur if the cooling water is too cold. material can slide in Grated base
If the condenser is too small for the and out of still
distillation system, then the still must be
operated with lower steam rates, which
Condenser array
would lengthen distillation times and open
up the possibility of hydrolysis to occur
within the vessel.
Water and oil collector
The separator system
Before leaving the subject of distillation in
this chapter, some words about the Collector vessel
separator system must be mentioned. The
function of the separator is to as quickly as Figure 6: Oil separator design used in Perlis, Malaysia.
72 P E R S O N A L C A R E July 2012
7. ESSENTIAL OILS
Hydro-diffusion material near the bottom may also lead to 6 Guenther E.The Essential Oils, Volume One:
distillation hydrolysis and lead to lesser yields. History – Origin in Plants, Introduction – Analysis,
Hydro-diffusion distillation is a variation on However, hydro-diffusion distillation appears Malabar, Florida, Robert E. Krieger Publishing
steam distillation where steam is popular within the aromatherapy industry in Company, P 110, 1948.
.
introduced on the top of the vessel and Europe. PC 7 Fleisher A. Water-soluble fractions of the
condenses through the plant material in essential oils, Perfumer & Flavorist 1991;
the still, where the distillate is collected ɀ The final article in September will 16 (3): 37-41.
and condensed under the plant material conclude with a brief discussion about 8 Bouzid N, Toulgouate K, Villarem G, Gaset A.
which rests on a grill or perforated tray. applying these principles. Analyse quantitative des fractions d’huile
Through steam travelling down the still, essentielle pouvant co-exister lors
there is more time for the volatiles and References d’hydrodistillation de plants aromatiques,
fatty acids floating on the plant material. 1 Johannes AK, Scheffer JC, Svendsen AB. Rivista Ital Eppos 1997; 79: 15-25.
In the case of wood and seeds that have Comparison of Isolation Procedures for Essential 9 Boland DJ, Brophy JJ, House APN. Eucalyptus
many high boiling compounds, which are Oils, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch, Vol. 168, Leaf Oils: Use, Chemistry, Distillation and
difficult to vaporize in an ordinary still, this 1979, pp. 106-111. Marketing 1991; Melbourne, Inkata Press, P .
system may be effective. This would be 2 Private communication with Mr. Jon Bonnardeaux 191.
valuable when fatty acids contribute to the of Western Australia Department of Agriculture, 10 Unpublished private work on tea tree distillation
flavour of a material and it is desirable in early 1990s. at Batu 9, Berseri, Perlis, Malaysia during
the oil. Thus, hydro-diffusion distillation 3 Denny EFK. Field Distillation for Herbaceous Oils, 2004/5.
may return an oil more representative of Lilydale, Tasmania, Denny McKenzie & 11 Hughes AD, (1952), Improvements in the Field
the plant’s natural profile.12 Associates, P 81, 1990.
. Distillation of Peppermint Oil, Corvallis,
It is reported that hydro-diffusion 4 Kristiawan M, Sobolik V, Al-Haddad M, Allaf K. Engineering Experimental Station Bulletin No. 31
distillation gives quicker distillations with Effect of pressure drop on the isolation of 1952; Oregon State College, 1-64.
lower steam consumption than cananga oil using controlled pressure drop 12 Legast E, Peyron L. Hydrodiffusion Industrial
conventional steam distillation.13 However process, Chemical Engineering and Processing Technology to Produce Essential Oils by
this process is governed by the physical 2008; 47 (1): 66-75. Steam, in Proceedings of the 11th International
laws that govern any other type of 5 Rezzoug SA, Boutekedjiret C, Allaf K. Congress of Essential Oils, Fragrances
distillation and the fact that the steam Optimization of operating conditions of rosemary and Flavors Vol. 2 1989; New Dehli, India,
travels downwards while cooling may affect essential oil extraction by a fast controlled 69-73.
the transfer of latent heat and thus pressure drop using response surface 13 Hall R, Klemme D, Nienhaus J. The H&R Book:
increase, rather than decrease distillation methodology, Journal of Food Engineering 2005; Guide to Fragrance Ingredients Vol. 4 1985
time. The tendency to saturate the plant 71 (1): 9-17. London, Johnson Publications, P 13. 0
.
July 2012 P E R S O N A L C A R E 73