The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. -wikipedia

1. Digestive
The
System

2. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
What is the digestive
system?

3. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
The digestive system is made
up of the gastrointestinal
tract—also called the GI tract
or digestive tract—and
the liver, pancreas, and
gallbladder. The GI tract is a
series of hollow organs joined
in a long, twisting tube from
the mouth to the anus. The
hollow organs that make up
the GI tract are the
mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine,
and anus.

4. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Why is digestion
important?

5. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Digestion is important because your
body needs nutrients from food and
drink to work properly and stay
healthy. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates,
vitamins NIH external
link, minerals NIH external link, and
water are nutrients. Your digestive
system breaks nutrients into parts
small enough for your body to absorb
and use for energy, growth, and cell
repair.
• Proteins break into amino acids
• Fats break into fatty acids and
glycerol
• Carbohydrates break into
simple sugars

6. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
How does my
digestive system
work?

7. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Each part of your digestive system
helps to move food and liquid through
your GI tract, break food and liquid
into smaller parts, or both. Once
foods are broken into small enough
parts, your body can absorb and move
the nutrients to where they are
needed. Your large intestine absorbs
water, and the waste products of
digestion become stool. Nerves and
hormones help control the digestive
process.
Reference: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-
diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works

8. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
MOUTH
The mouth is an oval-
shaped cavity inside the
skull. The two main
functions of the mouth are
eating and speaking. Parts
of the mouth include the
lips, vestibule, mouth cavity,
gums, teeth, hard and soft
palate, tongue and salivary
glands. The mouth is also
known as the oral cavity or
the buccal cavity.

9. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Upper Lip- it covers the anterior
surface of the body of the maxilla.
Teeth- the hardest substances in
the human body.
Hard Palate- is the horizontal bony
plate that makes a subsection of
the palate of the mouth.
Soft Palate- is moveable,
consisting of muscle fibers
sheathed in mucous membrane.
Uvula- a fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate which hangs
above the throat.
Tonsil- are the two lymph nodes located on each side of the back of
your throat.
Floor Of Mouth- is a horizontally aligned U-shaped space situated
in the part of the oral cavity that lies beneath the tongue.
Lower Lip- lies between the mouth and the labiomental groove,
which separates the lower lip form the chin

10. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Superior Labial Frenulum-is the soft
tissue that attaches the upper lip to the
anterior surface of the maxillary gingiva.
Gingiva- The tissue of the upper and
lower jaws that surrounds the base of the
teeth. Also called gums.
Glossopalatine Arch- The anterior pillar of
the fauces; one of two folds of mucous
membrane extending from the soft palate
to the sides of the tongue.
Palatine Arch- Two archlike folds of mucous membrane
(glossopalatine and pharyngopalatine arches) that form the lateral
margins of faucial and pharyngeal isthmuses. They are continuous
above with the soft palate.
Retromolar Trigone- The small area behind the wisdom teeth.
Tongue- is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that
manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing.

11. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
The esophagus is a
muscular tube connecting
the throat (pharynx) with
the stomach. The
esophagus is about 8
inches long, and is lined
by moist pink tissue called
mucosa. The esophagus
runs behind the windpipe
(trachea) and heart, and
in front of the spine.
Referece: https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-
of-the-esophagus#1

12. The Digestive System
Digestive System
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Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Mucosa- is a membrane that lines
various cavities in the body and
covers the surface of internal organs.
Muscularis- is a region of muscle in
many organs in the vertebrate body,
adjacent to the submucosa. It is
responsible for gut movement such as
peristalsis. The Latin,
tunica muscularis, may also be used.
Submucosa- is the layer of dense, irregular connective tissue or loose
connective tissue that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the
mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle (fibers that run
circularly within a layer of longitudinal muscle).
Serosa- is a smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of
mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid.

13. The Digestive System
Digestive System
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Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
STOMACH
stomach is a muscular organ
located on the left side of the
upper abdomen.
The stomach receives food
from the esophagus. As food
reaches the end of the
esophagus, it enters
the stomach through a
muscular valve called the lower
esophageal sphincter.
The stomach secretes acid and
enzymes that digest food.
Reference:https://www.webmd. com/digestive-disorders/the-
picture-of-the-stomach#1

14. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Cardioesophageal sphincter-
a sphincter between the esophagus and
the stomach, opening at the approach of
food that can then be swept into the
stomach by rhythmic peristaltic waves.
Esophagus- is a muscular tube
connecting the throat (pharynx) with the
stomach. The esophagus is about 8
inches long, and is lined by moist pink
tissue called mucosa.
Muscularis externa- A region of muscle in many organs in the
vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is
responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. oblique layer: This
layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically
breaks down the food.
Longitudinal layer- The longitudinal muscle fibres run lengthwise
along the body, and the circular fibres encircle it.

15. The Digestive System
Digestive System
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Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
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Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Circular Layer- prevents food from
traveling backward.
Oblique Layer- The innermost layer of
the stomach muscle, the inner oblique
layer, aids in digestion by grinding the
food together with digestive juices. The
inner oblique layer also has small
wave-like ridges called rugae, or gastric
folds.
Lesser Curvature- the boundary of the stomach that in humans forms a
relatively short concave curve on the right from the opening for the
esophagus to the opening into the duodenum.
Pylorus- the opening from the stomach into the duodenum (small
intestine).
Duodenum- is the first part of the small intestine. It is located between
the stomach and the middle part of the small intestine, or jejunum.

16. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Pyloric sphincter (valve)- is a ring of
smooth muscle that connects the
stomach and small intestine. It opens
and closes to control the passage of
partially digested food and stomach
juices from the pylorus to the
duodenum.
Pyloric Antrum-is the initial portion of
the pylorus.
Greater Curvature- the boundary of the stomach that forms a long
usually convex curve on the left from the opening for the esophagus to
the opening into the duodenum.
Rugae of mucosa- The gastric folds (or gastric rugae) are coiled sections
of tissue that exist in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the
stomach. They provide elasticity by allowing the stomach to expand
when a bolus enters it.

17. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Body- is the largest and main part of
the stomach. This is where food is
mixed and starts to break down.
The antrum is the lower part of
the stomach. The antrum holds the
broken-down food until it is ready
to be released into the small
intestine. It is sometimes called the
pyloric antrum.
Serosa- The outer lining of organs and body cavities of the
abdomen and chest, including the stomach. Also
called serous membrane.
Fundus- The part of a hollow organ that is across from, or
farthest away from, the organ's opening. Depending on the
organ, the fundus may be at the top or bottom of the organ. For
example, the fundus of the uterus is the top part of the uterus
that is across from the cervix (the opening of the uterus).

18. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
The rectum is a chamber that
begins at the end of the large
intestine, immediately
following the sigmoid colon,
and ends at the anus (see
also Overview of the Anus
and Rectum). Ordinarily,
the rectum is empty because
stool is stored higher in the
descending colon.
Reference:https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/biology-of-the-digestive-system/rectum-
and-anus#:~:text=The%20rectum%20is%20a%20chamber,higher%20in%20the%20descending%20colon.

19. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
ANUS
The anus is the opening where
the gastrointestinal tract ends
and exits the body.
The anus starts at the bottom
of the rectum, the last portion
of the colon (large intestine).
The anorectal line separates
the anus from the rectum.
Tough tissue called fascia
surrounds the anus and
attaches it to nearby
structures.
Reference:https://www.webmd.com/digestive-
disorders/picture-of-the-anus#1

20. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
The small intestine or small
bowel is an organ in the
gastrointestinal tract where
most of the end absorption of
nutrients and minerals from
food takes place. It lies
between the stomach and
large intestine, and receives
bile and pancreatic juice
through the pancreatic duct
to aid in digestion.
Reference:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine#:~:text=The%20small%20i
ntestine%20or%20small,duct%20to%20aid%20in%20digestion.

21. The Digestive System
Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Rectum
Anus
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
The large intestine (colon
or large bowel) is about 5
feet long and about 3
inches in diameter. The
colon absorbs water from
wastes, creating stool. As
stool enters the rectum,
nerves there create the
urge to defecate.
Reference:https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-
of-the-intestines#1