This document outlines the development of nursing as a profession from the 1880s to the 2000s. It discusses key events and individuals that helped establish nursing standards and registration, including the establishment of the first nursing registers in the 1880s, the Nurses Registration Act of 1919 which formally established the General Nursing Council, and the formation of the Nursing and Midwifery Council in 2002. The document also summarizes several influential nursing theorists from the 1950s to 1970s and their theories about the role and goals of nursing.

1. Development
of Nursing

2. 'those who were too old, too weak,
too drunken, too dirty, too stupid
or too bad to do anything else'
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65rPhLeEXpc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBF3X2vkK7w

3. 1880s
• Hospital Association set up voluntary register for
nurses.
• Ethel Bedford Fenwick set up alternative register
under title “British Nurses Association”.
– "... to unite all British nurses in membership of a
recognised profession and to provide for their
registration on terms, satisfactory to physicians and
surgeons, as evidence of their having received
systematic training“.

4. Nurses Registration Act (1919)
• Impetus for the act came from WWI.
• RCN (then just CN) established in 1916.
• General Nursing Council (GNC) established in
1919 with the Act.

5. 1940/50s
• SEN role formally recognised with 2 years
training not 3.
• Numbers of male nurses begins to increase.
– Join register in 1951
• Aneurin Bevan: July 5 1948.

6. Ipswich cohort
(1967)

8. 1970s
• Nurses pay begins to increase after much
industrial action (COHSE/NUPE).
• RCN becomes a trade union.
• Nursing Process becomes established.
• Focus on research base begins.

10. 1980s
• 1983 UKCC formed as new national body.
• core functions were to maintain a register of UK nurses,
midwives and health visitors, provide guidance to
registrants, and handle professional misconduct
complaints.
• Strikes and mass meetings about pay.

13. 1990s
• Project 2000 initiated.
• Post registration training introduced (CPD).
• Return to large investment under new labour.
• Student nurses become “supernumerary”

14. 2000s
• NHS Plan
• NMC formed in 2002.
• “Agenda for Change”
paves way for new
pay structure.

15. • Peplau 1952: Nursing is; therapeutic interpersonal process.
• Henderson 1955: The needs often called Henderson’s 14 basic needs
• Orlando 1962: To Ida Orlando (1960), the client is an individual; with a need;
that, when met, diminishes distress, increases adequacy, or enhances well-being.
• Johnson’s Theory 1968: Dorothy Johnson’s theory of nursing 1968 focuses on
how the client adapts to illness and how actual or potential stress can affect
the ability to adapt. The goal of nursing to reduce stress so that; the client can
move more easily through recovery.
• Rogers 1970: to maintain and promote health, prevent illness, and care for
and rehabilitate ill and disabled client through “humanistic science of nursing”
• Orem1971: This is self-care deficit theory. Nursing care becomes necessary
when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or
social needs.
• King 1971: To use communication to help client reestablish positive adaptation
to environment.
• Roy 1979: This adaptation model is based on the physiological, psychological,
sociological and dependence-independence adaptive modes.
• Watson’s Theory 1979: Watson’s philosophy of caring 1979 attempts to define
the outcome of nursing activity in regard to the; humanistic aspects of life.

16. The “professionalisation” agenda
How would you define a profession?
If you are not sure, consider a “profession” and decide what sets that apart
from any other job?

18. Nursing is no longer
the caring profession
(Daily Telegraph, 28th August
2011)
Are nurses concentrating
too hard on an academic
approach? (The Guardian 25th
Oct 2011)
Nurses must be told to
'talk to patients': PM's
intervention is a damning
indictment of care on our
hospital wards
(Daily Mail, 6th Jan 2012)

19. Google?
YouTube?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saDA-N2_NRc

20. “Francis suggested that a combination of
inadequate numbers of qualified nurses, weak
management, failure to act on patient complaints
and poor governance strategies led to the
unnecessary deaths of 1200 patients.”
Francis (2010)
• Google:
– Francis Report
– NMC response to the Francis report

21. The issue
Professional
Image
Public and political
Image