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- 1. The Significance of Nursing Education Deborah Hough
- 2. Facilitators and Barrier to Professionalism in Nursing Variability in Nursing Education Diploma Nurse 3 year program with in hospital training ADN 2 year program with RN licensure after NCLEX BSN 4 year program with RN licensure after NCLEX
- 3. Gender Specific Stereotypes Gender stereotypes have affected the field of nursing for 160 years Modern nursing began in the 1800’s The women’s role was to be a caretaker Did not work outside of the home First US Nursing schools attracted “respectable” women (p.38) Training was task oriented Women in training did not make decisions or think for themselves, and this continued for many years
- 4. Gender Specific Stereotypes 11th, 12th and 12th centuries say the entrance of men in nursing usually in the military or religious orders Florence Nightingale Saw men as strength and control for patients Did not recognize them for their contributions to nursing No admission of men in nursing programs This set up the discrimination of gender with the exception of psychiatric nursing and the need for strength
- 5. Gender Specific Stereotypes Today, 11% of nursing students are men American Assembly of Men in Nursing (AAMN) Formed to address issues in male nursing In a 2015 study showed that male RN’s earn higher wages across all specialties Women’s movement helped nursing expose poor working conditions and an inequality in pay
- 6. Historical Influences Florence Nightingale 1820-1910 Crimean War collected data on morbidity and mortality on soldiers, effectively using supporting evidence to reform British Army “Nightingales influence today extends beyond her undeniable impact on the field of modern nursing to the areas of infection control, hospital epidemiology and hospital care” (Black, 2017, p.26) Founded the first training school for nurses in London Famous publication Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Isn’t Noted for hospital reform, upgrading conditions for the sick, and training schools for the development of nursing
- 7. Historical Influences Mary Seacole 1805-1881 Jamaican nurse and businesswoman “Greatest Black Briton” Refused by Nightingales request to join the team in Crimea Established hotel for injured soldiers and visited battlefields Called ”Mother Seacole” by British Soldiers, heroine, compassionate, fearless and determined Mary Ann “Mother” Bickerdyke Worked as an herbalist creating alternative treatments Set up field hospitals along the Mississippi River Not a formally trained nurse, but provided much needed nursing services
- 8. Historical Influences Clara Barton Copyist in U.S Patent Office campaigning to provide relief for soldiers Set up makeshift field hospitals caring for the wounded and dying “Angel of the Battlefield” founded the American Red Cross Mary Eliza Mahoney 1845-1926 First educated and professionally trained African American nurse Practiced mainly of private duty Mary Mahoney Award established by National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, an organization combined with ANA Isabel Hampton Robb Founded a group that became ANA Mission to enhance collaboration among practicing nurses and educators
- 9. Historical Influences Lillian Wald 1867-1940 Nurse and social activist Founded Henry Street Settlement and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Margaret Hanger Radical activist devoted her life to the birth control movement and education Jessie Sleet Scales Visionary African American nurse First to bring community health nursing principles to New York City
- 10. Internal and External Conflicts Internal Conflicts Fragmentation of professional nursing subgroups and dissension Competition of nursing organization for members diminish nursing influence Less than 10% of RN’s belong to the ANA, lack of professional organizations Lack of the ability for self governance, set standards, lack of collective bargaining power for autonomy External Conflicts Tension between nursing and medicine rising with more highly educated nurses Lobbying efforts to ensure legal scope of nursing is protected and reflects current training Nurses must strive for collaboration with physicians and health care providers
- 11. Ethical Issues Florence Nightingale first promoted ethical standards Code of Ethics Written public document explaining the responsibilities and obligations of the professions practitioners Three purposes 1. Ethical values, obligations, duties and professional ideals of nursing 2. “Nonnegotiable ethical standard “ 3. Shows nurses understanding and commitment to society
- 12. General Types of Ethics Metaethics The development of ethical principles Normative Ethics Moral standards and regulation of behavior Applied Ethics Difficult issues
- 13. Characteristics of a “Profession” Flexner’s list of criteria for a profession Intellectual not physical with a high degree of responsibility Based on knowledge that is learned, refined through research Practical and theoretical Taught through specialized education Strong internal organization of members The practitioners have a desire to help other and are community focused
- 14. Hall’s Five Attributes of a Profession 1. Professional organization for point of reference 2. Public service 3. Self regulation 4. Commitment to profession beyond financial incentives 5. Autonomy in practice The three constant criteria that appear are: 1. Service/altruism 2. Specialized knowledge 3. Autonomy/ethics
- 15. Professionalism Continuum: Miller’s Wheel of Professionalism in Nursing Education in a university setting and scientific background in nursing Research, development, use and evaluation Self-regulatory, autonomy Professional organization participation Publication and communication Adherence to Code of Nurses Theory, development, use, evaluation Continuing education, competence
- 16. Influences on the Growth of Baccalaureate Education Esther Lucille Brown- Brown Report 1948 Basic schools of nursing to recruit men and minorities in colleges and universities ANA position paper 1965 Created conflict and division in nursing Lysaught Report 1970 Recommendations for supply and demand of nurses, roles and functions of the nurse and education in nursing National League of Nursing (NLN) 1982 Affirmation of the NSM as the minimum level for professional nurse and AND or diploma for technical nursing AACNM 1996 Position Statement Supports ADN to BSN degree
- 17. Media Images of Nursing Transformed through Professional Education Images of nurses has varied from men and women in scrubs with stethoscopes and clipboards to women in white with nursing caps. The sexualized photo of a short white dress with plunging neckline. The best photo is that of a nurse talking to a patient in bed ”Nurse Ratched” worst image portraying cold uncaring nurse Woodhull Study on Nursing and the Media 1977 Found that the nursing profession is not visible in health care media coverage In 2000 health articles, only 4% of the cited material was by nurses Many of the articles would have been better with nursing references
- 18. Media Images of Nursing Transformed through Professional Education Johnson & Johnson campaign on the Future of Nursing 2002 Used to recruit, retain and enhance the image of nursing Used print, TV, scholarships and research The Truth about Nursing is a nonprofit organization that increases public knowledge on the image of nursing and their role in today’s society Nurses are responsible for portraying a positive image
- 19. References Black, B. P. (2017). Professional nursing: Concepts & challenges (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.