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Democracy is defined as a government ruled by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. It comes from the Greek words "demos" meaning people and "kratos" meaning power. There are two main types: direct democracy, where citizens vote directly on policies, and indirect democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make policies on their behalf through periodic elections. Constitutional democracies are based on a written constitution that protects citizens' rights and outlines the government structure. While democracy aims to promote participation, development, and peaceful change, it also has potential downsides like majority rule overriding minorities, corruption, and expensive elections.
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Online Assignment
Democracy is a system of government where citizens participate in political decision making through voting. There are various types of democracies including representative democracy, where citizens vote for representatives, and direct democracy, where citizens vote on policy initiatives directly. Representative democracies can take the form of parliamentary or presidential systems. Hybrid systems combine elements of direct and representative democracy, using mechanisms like referendums. For a democracy to be effective, it must protect citizens' rights and have separation of powers to prevent any one branch from accumulating too much authority.
Principles of democracy
The principles of democracy include popular sovereignty, where the authority of the government comes from the people; rule of law, where everyone including government officials are accountable to the law; federalism, where power is divided between national and local governments; separation of powers, where power is distributed among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches; checks and balances, where each branch has control over the others; judicial review, where the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional; and limited government, where the government's power is restricted.
Democracy in India
Democracy in India is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. It is a form of government where rulers are elected by citizens through free and fair elections. Key features of Indian democracy include final decision-making power resting with elected representatives, protection of opposition parties, and political equality of citizens regardless of attributes. While direct democracy was practiced in ancient times, modern India follows a representative indirect democracy where citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf and make laws.
GOVERNMENT
The document discusses different aspects of government including definitions, levels of government in India, types of governments, and key terms. It provides information on:
- The three levels of government in India: national, state, and local.
- The main types of governments: democracy, monarchy, and dictatorship. Democracy includes direct and indirect (representative) systems.
- Key terms and concepts in government like laws, representative democracy, elections, and universal adult franchise.
Types of democracies
This document compares and contrasts parliamentary and presidential systems of government. In a parliamentary system, the legislature controls the executive branch, with the prime minister chosen from parliament. By contrast, in a presidential system the executive and legislative branches are separate, with citizens electing each independently and providing checks on each other's power.
Sst group ppt
Power sharing is a technique in democracy where power is distributed across different levels and groups rather than being concentrated in one place. In India, power is shared horizontally between the legislature, executive, and judiciary branches, and vertically between national, state, and local governments. Power is also shared among political parties, pressure groups, and social/religious communities to give diverse groups representation and prevent any one group from dominating. Similarly in the US, power is shared between the national and state governments through a federal system to balance unity and diversity.
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BY THIS PPT YOU CAN KNOW ABOUT OWR DEMOCRATIC RIGHT WHICH IS ALLOWED IN OWR INDIA AND YOU CAN KNOW ABOUT OUTCOME OF DEMOCRACY AND MANY MORE.
State and Democracy
The document discusses the concepts of state and democracy. It defines state as a nation or territory with a government and sovereignty. The key roles of the state are to provide security, political stability, law enforcement, and education. Democracy originated in ancient Greece and is defined as rule by the people. There are two main types of democracy: direct democracy, where people vote on policies, and indirect democracy, where people vote for representatives. The document also lists eight key elements of a democratic system, including free elections, citizen participation, human rights protections, and the rule of law.
Recommended
Online Assignment
Democracy is a system of government where citizens participate in political decision making through voting. There are various types of democracies including representative democracy, where citizens vote for representatives, and direct democracy, where citizens vote on policy initiatives directly. Representative democracies can take the form of parliamentary or presidential systems. Hybrid systems combine elements of direct and representative democracy, using mechanisms like referendums. For a democracy to be effective, it must protect citizens' rights and have separation of powers to prevent any one branch from accumulating too much authority.
Principles of democracy
The principles of democracy include popular sovereignty, where the authority of the government comes from the people; rule of law, where everyone including government officials are accountable to the law; federalism, where power is divided between national and local governments; separation of powers, where power is distributed among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches; checks and balances, where each branch has control over the others; judicial review, where the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional; and limited government, where the government's power is restricted.
Democracy in India
Democracy in India is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. It is a form of government where rulers are elected by citizens through free and fair elections. Key features of Indian democracy include final decision-making power resting with elected representatives, protection of opposition parties, and political equality of citizens regardless of attributes. While direct democracy was practiced in ancient times, modern India follows a representative indirect democracy where citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf and make laws.
GOVERNMENT
The document discusses different aspects of government including definitions, levels of government in India, types of governments, and key terms. It provides information on:
- The three levels of government in India: national, state, and local.
- The main types of governments: democracy, monarchy, and dictatorship. Democracy includes direct and indirect (representative) systems.
- Key terms and concepts in government like laws, representative democracy, elections, and universal adult franchise.
Types of democracies
This document compares and contrasts parliamentary and presidential systems of government. In a parliamentary system, the legislature controls the executive branch, with the prime minister chosen from parliament. By contrast, in a presidential system the executive and legislative branches are separate, with citizens electing each independently and providing checks on each other's power.
Sst group ppt
Power sharing is a technique in democracy where power is distributed across different levels and groups rather than being concentrated in one place. In India, power is shared horizontally between the legislature, executive, and judiciary branches, and vertically between national, state, and local governments. Power is also shared among political parties, pressure groups, and social/religious communities to give diverse groups representation and prevent any one group from dominating. Similarly in the US, power is shared between the national and state governments through a federal system to balance unity and diversity.
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BY THIS PPT YOU CAN KNOW ABOUT OWR DEMOCRATIC RIGHT WHICH IS ALLOWED IN OWR INDIA AND YOU CAN KNOW ABOUT OUTCOME OF DEMOCRACY AND MANY MORE.
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The document discusses the concepts of state and democracy. It defines state as a nation or territory with a government and sovereignty. The key roles of the state are to provide security, political stability, law enforcement, and education. Democracy originated in ancient Greece and is defined as rule by the people. There are two main types of democracy: direct democracy, where people vote on policies, and indirect democracy, where people vote for representatives. The document also lists eight key elements of a democratic system, including free elections, citizen participation, human rights protections, and the rule of law.
Democratic rights
Democratic rights require not just elections and institutions, but also the enjoyment of individual rights. Rights provide the foundation for civilized society and protect individuals from harm by powerful groups. Some key rights in democracies include equality before the law, freedom of speech and religion, and protections against exploitation like child labor and bonded labor. In India's constitution, fundamental rights guarantee these freedoms and allow citizens to seek redress through the courts if their rights are violated. Over time, the scope of rights has expanded with new laws supporting education, transparency, and other goals.
U.s and athens government
Athens is considered the beginning of democracy as it did not have kings and power was divided among many groups. Every ten days, Athenian citizens would come together and vote on new laws, though slaves, women and foreigners could not participate. Athens had a direct democracy and was split into the assembly, courts and council, with males over 30 eligible to become officials on a rotating basis. In contrast, the US government has civil participation and independent media, though originally only white male landowners could vote. Both systems have legislative bodies that make decisions, though Athens concentrated power in three groups while the US divides it between two branches.
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This document provides an overview of politics, government, and different forms of government. It defines politics as resolving conflicts over power and influence to determine who receives benefits. Government is defined as an institution that makes decisions to resolve conflicts or allocate privileges for society. The document discusses why government is necessary for security and limiting power. It then outlines different historical forms of government like democracy, republics, and direct vs. representative democracy, noting the U.S. adopted a democratic republic model.
Power Sharing
This document discusses different forms of power sharing in government. It explains that power sharing occurs horizontally among the different organs of government (legislature, executive, judiciary) to create a system of checks and balances. It also occurs vertically between central/federal governments and state/provincial governments. Additionally, power is shared among social groups through reservations and with political parties through coalition governments. The document provides examples of power sharing in India and Belgium across different levels and groups.
Government ppt
Forms of government can be categorized based on who rules (types) and how power is distributed (systems). The main types are autocracy, where one ruler holds power; oligarchy, where a small group rules; and democracy, where citizens participate. Systems include unitary states with centralized power, confederations with weak central authority, and federations with shared power between national and regional levels.
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The document discusses why rights are needed in a democracy. It provides several reasons for rights in a democracy, including to prevent arbitrary exercise of power, allow freedom and participation in government, delineate authority to the people, enhance citizen dignity, protect liberties even as governments change, and protect minorities from majority oppression. It also states that democracy revolves around the concept of rights, as without rights a system cannot truly be called a democracy. Rights allow citizens to have a voice in their government, prevent majority rule from overpowering others, and help unite citizens toward common goals while providing guarantees that can be used when things go wrong.
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The document discusses different forms of government that rule countries, including democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, anarchy, totalitarianism, and theocracy. It provides details on each type, such as democracy giving people freedom and rights, dictatorship being ruled through force by one person, and theocracy where rulers are from the dominant religion. India is provided as an example of the largest democracy.
power sharing
The document discusses different forms of power sharing in a democracy. It describes power sharing horizontally among different organs of government to maintain checks and balances. It also describes vertical power sharing between central, state, and local governments. Additionally, it discusses power sharing socially by reserving positions for women, scheduled castes, and scheduled tribes, and among political parties through coalition governments. The goal of power sharing is to accommodate diverse social groups, avoid conflicts, and ensure no single group can impose its will without consideration of others.
Dit syllabus
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a module on democracy, elections, and good governance that is being implemented at Shivaji University in Kolhapur, India. The module will cover dimensions of democracy including social, economic, and political aspects. It will also examine elections for local self-government bodies and good governance initiatives in India. The rationale for the module is to educate students on the importance of democracy and encourage participation in the electoral and political process.
Indian democracy
India is a democratic country where the government is elected by the people and works with the consent of the people. Democracy means government by the people, for the people, and of the people. Democracy improves decision making, provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts, and enhances citizens' dignity. Rights are necessary in a democracy and include fundamental rights given special status in the Indian constitution. A judiciary aims to protect society and values while bureaucracy serves the legislature. However, corruption from selfishness, greed, and desires for more than individual rights has reached higher levels and undermines the constitution and rule of law. True democracy will exist when citizens have equal access to information, education, resources, and commitment beyond just equal voting rights.
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The document provides an overview of key concepts in American government, including:
1) Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces public policy using its legislative, executive, and judicial powers.
2) Politics is how social conflicts are resolved, and democracy is a system where the people hold ultimate power, either directly or through elected representatives.
3) A state is a political community that has sovereignty over a territory and population.
4) Governments can be classified based on who participates, where power is held, and the relationship between branches. Examples include democracies, dictatorships, and federal and unitary systems.
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The document discusses the seven key principles of democracy in the United States as outlined in the US Constitution:
1) Popular sovereignty - Political power rests with the people who can create, alter and abolish their government.
2) Limited government - The government is restricted to only the powers granted in the Constitution.
3) Federalism - Power is distributed between the national, state and local governments.
4) Republicanism - The people vote for representatives to make laws on their behalf.
5) Separation of powers - Each branch of government has distinct powers to prevent abuse of power.
6) Checks and balances - Each branch oversees the others to prevent overreach and keep things balanced
Types of government
There are several types of governments discussed in the document. Representative democracies are systems where citizens vote for representatives to make laws and govern on their behalf, as seen in countries like the United States, France, and Russia. Constitutional monarchies have a monarch whose powers are limited by an elected lawmaking body, as in the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Spain. Dictatorships concentrate power in a single leader, like Cuba under Fidel Castro, Germany under Hitler, and Iraq under Saddam Hussein.
Political institutions government
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of government. It defines government as the body given responsibility for making, refining, and enforcing laws on behalf of citizens. Governments are also involved in day-to-day administration through departments and exist at both local and national levels. Governments have responsibilities to citizens such as protecting life, property, and rights while citizens have responsibilities to obey laws and pay taxes. Understanding constitutional rights is important for citizens.
Democracy
Democracy originated from the Greek words "demos" meaning people and "kratein" meaning to rule. The key principles of democracy include rule of law, separation of powers, fundamental freedoms and rights, and free and fair elections. For a democracy to function properly, power is divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; and citizens are guaranteed civil liberties like freedom of speech, religion, press, and political participation. The document also discusses concepts like pluralism, the role of opposition parties, and the importance of an independent media to hold governments accountable in a democracy.
Democratic rights class 9 civics chapter
The document discusses democratic rights and rights in the Indian Constitution. In Saudi Arabia, citizens have no democratic rights - the king is the hereditary ruler and decides the government without citizen input. Citizens cannot form associations, speak freely, or practice religion freely. The document then outlines that rights should be reasonable, recognized by society, and protected by law. It also discusses why rights are needed to form government and protect minorities. The document then summarizes the fundamental rights given to Indian citizens, including rights to equality, freedom, protection from exploitation, and freedom of religion. Cultural and educational rights of minorities are also protected.
Trends
Democracy provides equality and opportunities for citizens to participate and influence government through voting. It allows citizens to select representatives and influence policies, and vote out those who abuse power. Participation in democracy promotes freedom, prevents monopoly of power, and leads to competent leadership as it provides political education and upholds change as citizens can get involved in government.
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Forms of government can be categorized based on who rules (types) and how power is distributed (systems). The main types are autocracy, where one ruler holds power; oligarchy, where a small group rules; and democracy, where citizens participate. Systems include unitary states with centralized power, confederations with weak central authority, and federations with shared power between national and regional levels.
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The document discusses different forms of power sharing in a democracy. It describes power sharing horizontally among different organs of government to maintain checks and balances. It also describes vertical power sharing between central, state, and local governments. Additionally, it discusses power sharing socially by reserving positions for women, scheduled castes, and scheduled tribes, and among political parties through coalition governments. The goal of power sharing is to accommodate diverse social groups, avoid conflicts, and ensure no single group can impose its will without consideration of others.
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India is a democratic country where the government is elected by the people and works with the consent of the people. Democracy means government by the people, for the people, and of the people. Democracy improves decision making, provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts, and enhances citizens' dignity. Rights are necessary in a democracy and include fundamental rights given special status in the Indian constitution. A judiciary aims to protect society and values while bureaucracy serves the legislature. However, corruption from selfishness, greed, and desires for more than individual rights has reached higher levels and undermines the constitution and rule of law. True democracy will exist when citizens have equal access to information, education, resources, and commitment beyond just equal voting rights.
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The document provides an overview of key concepts in American government, including:
1) Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces public policy using its legislative, executive, and judicial powers.
2) Politics is how social conflicts are resolved, and democracy is a system where the people hold ultimate power, either directly or through elected representatives.
3) A state is a political community that has sovereignty over a territory and population.
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The document discusses the seven key principles of democracy in the United States as outlined in the US Constitution:
1) Popular sovereignty - Political power rests with the people who can create, alter and abolish their government.
2) Limited government - The government is restricted to only the powers granted in the Constitution.
3) Federalism - Power is distributed between the national, state and local governments.
4) Republicanism - The people vote for representatives to make laws on their behalf.
5) Separation of powers - Each branch of government has distinct powers to prevent abuse of power.
6) Checks and balances - Each branch oversees the others to prevent overreach and keep things balanced
Types of government
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The document discusses the role and responsibilities of government. It defines government as the body given responsibility for making, refining, and enforcing laws on behalf of citizens. Governments are also involved in day-to-day administration through departments and exist at both local and national levels. Governments have responsibilities to citizens such as protecting life, property, and rights while citizens have responsibilities to obey laws and pay taxes. Understanding constitutional rights is important for citizens.
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Este documento describe los objetivos de una encuesta de consumidores para determinar sus preferencias de productos, soluciones y promociones, así como evaluar su percepción de la infraestructura, comodidad, seguridad y áreas de esparcimiento de una tienda.
Gráfico diario del ibex 35 para el 12 07 2012
Este documento presenta un análisis técnico del índice bursátil IBEX 35 basado en medias móviles simples. Proporciona niveles de soporte y resistencia clave y posibles escenarios de cómo podría evolucionar el IBEX 35 dependiendo de si supera o no esos niveles. También incluye explicaciones sobre cómo se construyen los gráficos y qué medias móviles se usan para el análisis.
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Democracy in brief
Democracy derives from the Greek words meaning "rule by the people." It is a system of government where supreme power is held by the citizens, either directly or through elected representatives. There are two main types of democracy - direct, where citizens vote on all issues, and representative, where citizens elect officials to vote on most issues. Democracies protect basic rights like freedom of speech and religion through regular free and fair elections. Citizens have both rights and responsibilities to participate in the political system. Key aspects of democracy include the rule of law, separation of powers among legislative, executive and judicial branches, and a free press. Political parties, interest groups and non-governmental organizations also play important roles.
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democracy vs dictatorship / types of government
This document provides information on democracy and dictatorship. It defines democracy as a form of government where rulers are elected by the people. Key features of democracy include free and fair elections, equality of votes, and protection of citizens' rights. Dictatorships are defined as rule by one person or small group, with total control over the government. The document also discusses the merits of democracy like accountability and methods like direct democracy versus representative democracy.
Western Classification of Government
1. The document discusses various classifications and forms of government proposed by political scientists, focusing on Leacock's classification system.
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025790313.pdf
This document discusses different models and aspects of democracy. It begins by defining democracy and its key principles like rule by the people and citizens having the right to make decisions. It then outlines three main models of democracy - participatory, direct, and representative. Participatory democracy involves collective discussion, direct democracy involves citizens deciding issues together, and representative democracy involves electing representatives. The document also discusses important aspects of democracy like protection of civil liberties, political competition, popular support for government, alternation of power, and more. It provides examples to illustrate each concept. In the end, it outlines an activity for students to identify a best democratic practice in another country and a worst undemocratic practice in the Philippines, and compare the two.
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This document provides an overview of democracy as a form of government. It defines democracy as a system where government is formed by the people through elected representatives. It discusses the principles of democracy such as free elections, rule of law, and majority rule. It then outlines some of the key reasons why democracy can lead to country development, including decentralized power, rise of political and economic institutions, and spread of education. The document also discusses some criticisms of democracy and lists both the merits and demerits of the democratic system of government. Finally, it provides some examples of countries that follow democratic principles.
Democracy db (1)
This document discusses democracy, including its origins and definitions. It begins by explaining that democracy comes from the Greek words "demos" meaning people and "kratos" meaning power. Democracy first emerged in Greek city-states in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, notably in Athens. The document then provides definitions of democracy from Lincoln and Bryce. It distinguishes between direct democracy, where people directly participate, and indirect or representative democracy, where people elect representatives. It outlines features of democratic governments like free and fair elections, protection of rights, and separation of powers. The document concludes by discussing advantages like accountability and development, and potential disadvantages like uninformed voters.
Democracy
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Government is an organization through which political authority is exercised in a society. There are different forms of government including democracy, monarchy, and dictatorship. Democracy is a system where citizens elect representatives to make laws and govern on their behalf. In a representative democracy, citizens vote for representatives, while in a direct democracy they vote on issues directly. Monarchy is a system where power is hereditary and passes from one generation to the next. A dictatorship is ruled by a single person or group with absolute power.
Online Assignment
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Democratic participation and practices are essential elements of democracy. Some key democratic practices include the right to vote, public assembly, majority rule with minority rights, and conducting plebiscites to amend the constitution. There are two main types of democracies - representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, and participatory democracy, which encourages wider citizen involvement in decision-making through assemblies. Democratic participation benefits citizens by allowing them to influence policies, check government power, and promote freedom and political education.
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The document discusses some key challenges facing Indian democracy, including corruption, casteism, communalism, and regionalism. It notes that while India has successfully established a democratic system with elections and civil liberties, corruption is widespread in politics, business, and bureaucracy. Casteism continues to create inequalities and is sometimes exploited for political gain. Communalism and religious fundamentalism also threaten secular ideals. Regional disparities in development have led to separatist movements in some areas seeking more autonomy or secession. Overcoming these challenges is important for strengthening India's democratic system.
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This document discusses key concepts in ecosystems, including:
1) An ecosystem is the interaction between living organisms and their physical environment, where biotic and abiotic factors work together for energy flow.
2) Ecosystems have components like primary productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling that are essential for energy and matter transfer.
3) Energy flows through food chains and food webs from producers to consumers in trophic levels, which can be represented by ecological pyramids.
4) Ecological succession over time leads to climax communities, and nutrient cycling recycles important elements between biotic and abiotic components.
12 biology notes_ch13_organisms_and_populations
This document discusses key concepts in ecology including organisms and their environment, major abiotic factors like temperature and water, and organism responses and adaptations. It also covers populations, defining attributes like birth and death rates, and models of population growth. Population interactions are described, such as predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.
12 s_ch11_biotechnology_principles_and_processes
- Biotechnology uses living organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce useful products for humans. Modern biotechnology is based on genetic engineering and maintaining sterile conditions.
- Genetic engineering alters genetic material (DNA and RNA) to introduce it into host organisms and change their phenotype. This allows isolation of only desirable genes without undesirable genes.
- Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating DNA, cutting it with restriction enzymes, ligating DNA fragments into vectors, transforming hosts, and extracting the desired product.
12 biology notes_ch09_strategies_for_enhancement_in_food_production
Animal husbandry and plant breeding techniques have been applied to increase food production and meet rising demand. For animal husbandry, practices like dairy and poultry farm management focus on housing, feeding, health care and hygiene to boost milk and egg yields. Breeding techniques include inbreeding to increase homozygosity, outbreeding between unrelated animals, and artificial insemination. Plant breeding aims to develop varieties with higher yields, nutrition, stress tolerance and disease/pest resistance through techniques like hybridization, selection, and mutation breeding. Semi-dwarf rice and wheat varieties greatly increased grain production in India.
12 biology notes_ch07_evolution
1. Evolutionary biology studies the history of life forms on Earth and how they have changed over time through processes like evolution and natural selection.
2. The origin of life is thought to have begun around 4 billion years ago on the early Earth through chemical evolution. Early Earth conditions allowed simple organic molecules like amino acids and RNA to form.
3. Over millions of years, through gradual processes like mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection, early life forms evolved into diverse organisms, including the first humans which emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
12 biology notes_ch05_principals_of_inheritance_and_variation
Mendel conducted experiments on garden peas to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are controlled by discrete factors (now known as genes) which segregate during gamete formation according to his laws of inheritance. Some key findings were that dominant traits mask recessive traits in offspring (F1) but both reappear in the F2 generation in a 3:1 ratio. This supported that inheritance factors behave as discrete paired units rather than blending together. Later, chromosomes were found to be the structures that carry genes and segregate during meiosis according to Mendel's laws. Other genetic concepts studied include linkage, sex determination, and causes of genetic disorders.
12 biology notes_ch04_reproductive_health
1) The document discusses reproductive health, contraception methods, sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and assisted reproductive technologies.
2) It defines reproductive health as the total well-being in all physical, emotional, social, and behavioral aspects of reproduction according to WHO.
3) Family planning programs were initiated in 1951 at the national level in India to promote reproductive health as a social goal, and have since expanded their scope.
The supreme court of india
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the country. It has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. As the highest court, it has the final authority in constitutional interpretation. The President appoints Supreme Court judges based on recommendations from the Chief Justice of India and other judges. Judges have life tenure up until the age of 65. The Supreme Court works to ensure its independence and the protection of fundamental rights for citizens of India.
12 biology notes_ch02_sexual_reproduction_in_flowering_plants
This document discusses sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the structures involved, including the male stamen which produces pollen grains containing sperm cells, and the female pistil containing the ovary with ovules. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of the pistil. This leads to fertilization, where one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell and another with the polar nuclei, in a process called double fertilization. This forms the seed containing an embryo and endosperm with food reserves. The document outlines the stages and mechanisms of gamete formation, pollination, fertilization and seed development.
Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday was a British chemist and physicist born in 1791 who made significant contributions to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. He had little formal education but educated himself through reading books on science. In 1812, he attended lectures by Humphry Davy and later became his assistant at the Royal Institution. There, he helped with experiments and published his discovery of electromagnetic rotation in 1821. In 1831, he discovered electromagnetic induction, the principle behind electric transformers and generators. This discovery allowed electricity to be transformed from a curiosity into a powerful technology. Faraday spent his career conducting research and giving lectures at the Royal Institution, establishing himself as an outstanding scientific lecturer.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
According to the World Health Organization, reproductive health refers to total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, including physical, emotional, social, and behavioral well-being. National programs aim to promote reproductive health through family planning initiatives, improved reproductive and child healthcare programs, and education about reproductive organs and safe sexual practices. Population growth rose due to declining death rates and increased life expectancy, leading to efforts to control population growth through contraception, increasing the marriage age, and incentives for smaller families. Contraceptive methods aim to prevent pregnancy and are categorized as natural, barrier, intrauterine devices, oral contraceptives, injectables, implants, or surgical methods. Medical termination of pregnancy is legal in India up to 12 weeks and
The arya samaj was established on 7th april
The Arya Samaj was established in 1875 in Mumbai by Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati to move Hinduism away from fictional beliefs and back to the teachings of the Vedas. Its goal is to make the world noble by promoting noble thoughts and actions. Today the Arya Samaj organization promotes Swami Dayanand Saraswati's teachings around the world. Pundit Shiv Narayan Hari Prasad was a dedicated social worker and teacher in Fiji for over 36 years who held several leadership roles in community organizations before continuing community service in Australia, where he founded the Vedic Pratinidhi Sabha and Arya Samaj of Australia Incorporated.
What are human rights
Human rights are inherent to all humans regardless of attributes and cannot be taken away except through due process. They are universal and guaranteed by international law through treaties and conventions. All countries have ratified human rights treaties recognizing legal obligations to protect civil, political, economic, social, cultural, and collective rights for all without discrimination. These rights are interdependent and the improvement of one facilitates others while deprivation of one impacts others. Both states and individuals have obligations - states must respect, protect, and fulfill rights while individuals should respect the rights of others.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Flowering plants reproduce sexually through flowers that contain male stamen and female pistils. Pollen grains are produced via microsporogenesis in the anther of stamens and contain two cells. Ovules in the pistil undergo megasporogenesis to form the embryo sac which contains seven cells. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the pistil. This leads to double fertilization where one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form the embryo and another with polar nuclei to form endosperm to nourish the embryo as it develops into a seed. The ovary wall develops into a fruit containing seeds.
Cold war
The Cold War was a period of political and military tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. After World War II, the two nations emerged as superpowers with opposing economic and political ideologies - capitalism vs communism. This ideological conflict resulted in a war of ideas as well as proxy wars and an arms race as each nation attempted to limit the influence and power of the other. Key events of tension included the Soviet control of Eastern Europe, the Berlin Blockade, the division and conflicts in Korea and Vietnam, and the Cuban Missile Crisis which brought the two sides closest to nuclear war. Underlying the Cold War was mutual distrust and resentment between the US and USSR that grew from their wartime alliance and post-war
Civil procedure code 1908
This document contains the Civil Procedure Code of 1908 which establishes the rules and procedures for civil litigation in India. Some key points:
- The Code applies to the whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, and certain tribal areas. State governments can extend its provisions to excluded areas.
- It establishes the hierarchy of civil courts with District Courts subordinate to High Courts.
- Various terms are defined including "decree", "judgment", and "pleader".
- The Code establishes the jurisdiction and powers of civil courts to try all civil suits, subject to certain express or implied exceptions. Courts have jurisdiction to try suits involving rights to property or office.
Torts and cyber
Torts and cyber torts involve both intentional and unintentional civil wrongs that result in harm. Intentional torts include assault, battery, false imprisonment, infliction of emotional distress, defamation, and invasion of privacy. Negligence involves harm from careless behavior that results in foreseeable risk of injury. Key elements of negligence include duty, breach, causation, and damages. Emerging cyber torts apply traditional tort doctrines to modern technologies and include issues like defamation online, liability of internet service providers, and spam regulation.
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