Bioactive compounds isolated from the sea cucumber has gained the attention in cancer researches because of their wide application and natural occurring. Also the are having minimal of cytotoxic activity. Sea cucumbers contain many marine derived chemicals that having potential to inhibit the growth of several cancer call types. Potential anti-cancer activity of bioactive compounds extracted from sea cucumbers give a new vision and hope for the treatment and prevention of human cancer cells.

1. ANTI-CANCER PROPERTIES OF SEA
CUCUMBER
M. H. DILRUKSHI AMARATHUNGA
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES
UNIVERSITY OF JAFFNA
2015/SB/055
12/13/20191

2. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
CANCER KILLING PROCESS BY SEA CUCUMBER
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY
CELL CYCLE ARREST
INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS
REDUCTION OF TUMOR GROWTH
INHIBITION OF DRUG RESISTANCE
ANTI-METASTATIC EFFECT ANDANTE-ANGIOGENIC EFFECT
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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3. INTRODUCTION
• CANCER CELLS ARE BODY CELLS THAT DIVIDE ENORMOUSLY, WHICH THEIR SPREADING
CANNOT BE CONTROLLED BY THE PROCESS OF APOPTOSIS.
• CANCER ARE THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, AFTER THE HEART
DISEASES AND STROKES.
• CANCER CELLS ARE MUTATED CELLS, THAT GROW INSIDE THE BODY OF ANIMALS.
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5. • NOWADAYS CANCER THERAPY CAN DONE BY USING CHEMOTHERAPY, RADIATION
THERAPY, TARGETED DRUG THERAPY, IMMUNOTHERAPY, HORMONE
THERAPY………..ETC.
• THE TARGET OF CANCER THERAPY IS TO DESTROYING THE TUMOR CELLS BY CAUSING
MINIMAL DAMAGE TO THE BODY TISSUES.
• IN THIS PERSPECTIVE NATURAL SUBSTANCES WITH LOW TOXICITY IS A GOOD
SOLUTION. BECAUSE THEY CAUSE MINIMAL DAMAGE AND CAUSE NO LONG TERM
SIDE EFFECTS.
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6. • RESEARCHERS HAVE IDENTIFIED MANY NATURAL SUBSTANCES THAT IDENTIFIED AS
POTENTIAL SOURCES FOR CANCER KILLING AGENTS.
• POMEGRANATE, BROCCOLI, CINNAMON, SEA CUCUMBER
• AMONG THEM, SEA CUCUMBERS ARE USED AS TRADITIONAL MEDICINE FOR YEARS IN
ASIAN COUNTRIES.
• SEA CUCUMBERS OR HOLOTHURIANS BE HELD TO THE CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA,
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA ARE MARINE INVERTEBRATES FOUND ON BENTHIC AREAS
OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT.
• THEY CONTAIN MANY VALUABLE NUTRIENTS. 12/13/2019 6

7. 12/13/2019 7
• Kingdom : Animalia
• Phylum : Echinodermata
• Class : Holothuroidea
• Orders :
• Apodida - 03 families
• Holothuriida - 02 families
• Dendrochirotida - 11 families
• Elaspidopida - 05 families
• Molpadida - 04 families
• Persiculida - 03 families
• Synallactida - 02 families

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9. • THERE ARE SEVERAL THEORIES BEHIND THE TREATMENT OF TUMOR CELLS.
• BY ERADICATING TUMOR CELLS BY USING CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES
• BY THE INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS
• BY PROMOTING CELL CYCLE ARREST
• BY REDUCING THE GROWTH OF TUMOR
• BY USING ANTI-METASTATIC AND ANTI-ANGIOGENIC EFFECTS
• BY INHIBITION OF DRUG RESISTANCE
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10. • THERE ARE SEVERAL BENEFICIAL COMPOUNDS IN SEA
CUCUMBERS THAT CAN ERADICATE THE TUMOR CELLS UNDER
ABOVE THEORIES.
• EXAMPLE – FRONDOSIDE A
PHILINOPSIDES A AND E
HOLOTHURIAN A AND E
CUCUMARIOSIDE A2-2
DS-ECHINOSIDE A
12/13/201910
Frondoside A (source-
pubchem.ncbi.nim.nih.gov)

11. CANCER KILLING PROCESSES BY SEA
CUCUMBER
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12. CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY
• ANTI-CANCER AGENTS EXHIBIT CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY BY BLOCKING OR BY
PREVENTING GROWTH OR DIVISION OF CANCER CELLS.
• HOLOTHURIAN A3 AND HOLOTHURIAN A4, WHICH PRODUCED BY THE
Holothuria scabra WERE DISCOVERED TO BE HIGHLY CYTOTOXIC IN HUMAN
EPIDERMOID CARCINOMA, AND HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
TUMOR CELLS. (DAND N.H et al, 2007)
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13. CELL CYCLE ARREST
• DURING THE DIVISION OF CELLS, IF WE CAN PROVIDE NEEDED SURVEILLANCE
TO PREVENT CELLS FROM ENTERING TO THE NEXT PHASE FROM THE
PREVIOUS PHASE, THEN THE CELL CYCLE HAS BEEN ENDED AND THUS
HAULING THE CELL CYCLE CAN LEAD TO OVERCOME THE TUMOR CELLS
DEVELOPING AND DIVISION.
• ACCORDING TO THE MENCHINSKAYA et al, CUCUCMARIOSIDE A2-2
COMPOUND THAT IDENTIFIED IN Cucumaria frondosa HAVE PROVED THAT IT
HAVING ANTI-CANCER PROPERTIES THROUGH ITS ABILITY TO CAUSE THE
ARREST OF THE CELL CYCLE DURING DNA SYNTHESIS PHASE, AND ALSO
THEY RECORDED THAT IT SHOWED INDUCED PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH.
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14. CELL CYCLE
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15. INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS
• APOPTOSIS IS THE PROCESS OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH, WHICH OCCURS
IN NORMAL AND CONTROLLED PART OF AN ORGANISM’S GROWTH OR
DEVELOPMENT.
• FRONDOSIDE A HAS RECOGNIZED FOR HAVING ANTI TUMOR ACTIVITIES
THROUGH INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS
• MARZOUQI et al, (2007) FOUND THAT FRONDOSIDE A, A SAPONIN
ISOLATED FROM Cucumaria frondosa, INCREASED THE G1 APOPTOTIC CELL
FRACTION THROUGH THE CELL CYCLE.
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16. REDUCTION OF TUMOR GROWTH
• ACCORDING TO THE SCIENTISTS, TONGY AT EL, 2005 AND TIANF AT EL,
2007, PHILINOPSIDES A AND E, NOVEL SULFATED TRITERPENOID
GLYCOSIDES DERIVED FROM Pentacta quadrangulari WERE SHOWN TO
REDUCED TUMOR GROWTH.
• PHILINOPSIDES A WAS RECOGNIZED TO REDUCE THE TUMOR GROWTH IN
THE SARCOMA 180 MOUSE MODEL.
• WHEREAS PHILINOPSIDES E WAS INHIBITED TUMOR GROWTH IN BOTH
SARCOMA 180 AND HEPATOMA 22 MOUSE MODELS.
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17. INHIBITION OF DRUG RESISTANCE
• RESISTANCE TO CHEMOTHERAPY IS A MAJOR PROBLEM FOR CANCER
TREATMENTS.
• THE AUTOPHAGY IS THE PROCESS WHICH MAKE IT RESISTANT TO THE
CHEMOTHERAPY.
• ACCORDING TO THE SCIENTIST DYSHLOVOYSA(2017), FRONDOSIDE A, A
SAPONIN FROM Cucumaria okhotensis INHIBIT PRO-SURVIVAL AUTOPHAGY
IN HUMAN UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA CELL LINES RESISTANT TO STANDARD
THERAPIES.
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18. ANTI-METASTATIC AND ANTI- ANGIOGENIC EFFECTS
WHAT IS ANGIOGENIC EFFECT?
• ANGIOGENESIS IS THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF NEW BLOOD VESSELS
FROM PRE-EXISTING VESSELS THAT INVOLVES THE DEVELOPMENT,
MIGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, WHICH LINE THE
INSIDE WALLS OF BLOOD VESSELS. THEY OCCUR IN TUMORS TO HELP THEM
TO SURVIVE AND PROLIFERATE. (GAUTAMN, 2014)
• ANTI-ANGIOGENIC AGENTS INHIBIT THIS PROCESS, THEREBY PREVENTING
THE SUPPLY AND OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS FROM REACHING CANCER CELLS,
SUCH THAT TUMOR CELLS STARVE AND EVENTUALLY DIE. (GAUTAMN, 2014)
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20. WHAT IS ANTI-METASTATIC EFFECT ?
• AS SAME AS THE ANGIOGENESIS, METASTASIS IS ALSO ONE OF THE
FOREMOST DANGEROUS SITUATION ATTAINED BY CANCER CELLS.
• METASTASIS IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY MALIGNANT GROWTH AT
A DISTANCE FROM PRIMARY SITE OF THE TUMOR AND ONE OF THE
PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN CANCER PATIENTS. (ZSHAOQ, 2011)
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21. • ACCORDING TO THE SCIENTIST ATTOUBS AND TEAM(2013), DS-
ECHINOSIDE A, A COMPOUND ISOLATED FROM Pearsonothuria
graeffei CAUSED REDUCTIONS IN CELL ADHESION, MIGRATION AND
INVASION IN HEPG2 CELLS. (ATTOUBS, 2013)
• AND FRONDOSIDE A TREATMENT DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT
INHIBITION OF METASTASIS IN A LUNG CANCER MODEL AND IN AN
IN VITRO MATRIGEL INVASION ASSAY, WITHOUT TOXIC SIDE
EFFECTS. (ATTOUBS, 2013)
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22. CONCLUSION
• BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM THE SEA CUCUMBER HAS GAINED
THE ATTENTION IN CANCER RESEARCHES BECAUSE OF THEIR WIDE
APPLICATION AND NATURAL OCCURRING.
• ALSO THE ARE HAVING MINIMAL OF CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY.
• SEA CUCUMBERS CONTAIN MANY MARINE DERIVED CHEMICALS THAT
HAVING POTENTIAL TO INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF SEVERAL CANCER CALL
TYPES.
• POTENTIAL ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS
EXTRACTED FROM SEA CUCUMBERS GIVE A NEW VISION AND HOPE FOR
THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF HUMAN CANCER CELLS.
12/13/201922

23. REFERENCES
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AttoubS, A. G. a. a., 2013. Frondosides Asuppressive effectson lungcancer survival, tumor growth, angiogenesis,
invasion and metastasis ,
DandNH, T., 2007. two new triterpeneglycosides from the vietnamese sea cucumber holothuria scabra,, vietname
: s.n.
DyshlovoySA, M., 2017. the marine triterpine glycoside Frondoside A induces p53-independent apoptosis and
nhibits autophagy in urothelial carcinoma cells
GautamN, 2014. essental oils and ther consituents asanticancer agnts.
MenchinskayaES, P., 2013. antiumor activity ofcucumorioside A2-2,.
TeresLillianaWargasetia1, W., 2017. mechanismsforcancer killing by seacucumber derived compounds, s.l.: invest
new drugs.
TianF, Z. S. Z. S. e. a., 2007. philiphinoside E,a new sulphated saponin from sea cucumber, blocks the interaction
between kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) and integrin via binding to the extracellulardomain of
KDR, s.l.: Mol pharmacol.
TongY, Z., 2005. philinopside A, a novel marine derived compoundprocessing dual anti-angiogenic andanti-tumor
effects ,.
ZshaoQ, l., 2011. A new triterpene glycoside derived from sea cucumber, exhibits anti metastic activity via the
inhibition of NF-kF-dependent MMP-9 and VEGF experessions, s.l.: J Biomed Biotechnol.

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