This document summarizes a study that examined the compressibility behavior of peat stabilized with fly ash (FA) using deep mixing method (DMM) through experimental and numerical methods. In the experimental study, peat samples were collected and tested for index properties, shear strength, and consolidation characteristics using a Rowe cell apparatus. A numerical model was also developed using PLAXIS 2D software to simulate the consolidation behavior. The results showed that addition of 10% FA increased shear strength and decreased compressibility parameters of peat, indicating chemical stabilization with FA improves the engineering properties of peat. Both the experimental and numerical methods provided insight into the consolidation behavior of raw and stabilized peat samples.
A Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil with Flyash and Marble DustIRJET Journal
This study examines the properties of black cotton soil stabilized with fly ash and marble dust. Black cotton soil is problematic as it becomes very hard when dry but loses all strength when wet. To address this, the soil was mixed with fly ash obtained from a local power plant and marble dust obtained from a marble industry, with varying proportions from 5-50% by weight. Tests were conducted to determine the liquid limit, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio of the soil-additive mixtures. The results showed that addition of fly ash and marble dust decreased the plasticity of the soil and increased the workability. Up to 15% additive content, the unconfined compressive strength increased, but
Review Paper on Experimental Study on the use of Modified Bitumen using E Was...ijtsrd
On the greater part of streets, ordinary bitumen performs agreeably. In any case, high activity power, expanding hub load and day by day and regular varieties in temperature of the asphalt prompt an early improvement of misery side effects like raveling, rutting, undulations, breaking, dying, and potholing of bituminous surfaces. Subsequently the heap bearing limits of the street is to be expanded. Adaptable asphalts bitumen streets involve the significant segment of all surfaced streets. In India, it is evaluated that more than 33 need kilometers of street exists and out of which of which around half is surfaced. Street transport has obtained prevailing position among the different methods of transportation framework because of its adaptability, way to entryway administration, unwavering quality and speed. In India, street transport conveys near 90 of traveler movement and 70 of cargo transport. In India, dominant part of the asphalts is bituminous since they expend lesser beginning cost when contrasted and inflexible asphalts i.e. bond solid asphalts. Examinations in India and nations abroad have uncovered that properties of bitumen and bituminous blends can be enhanced to meet prerequisites of asphalt with the consolidation of specific added substances or mix of added substances. These added substances are called Bitumen Modifiers and the bitumen premixed with these modifiers is known as altered bitumen. Adjusted bitumen is relied upon to give higher existence of surfacing up to 100 contingent on level of alteration and sort of added substances and change process utilized. Distinctive sorts of modifiers utilized are Polymers, Normal Elastic and Morsel Elastic. Manjay Kumar Singh | Pratiksha Malviya ""Review Paper on Experimental Study on the use of Modified Bitumen using E-Waste as a Partial Replacement of Aggregate"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22864.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/22864/review-paper-on-experimental-study-on-the-use-of-modified-bitumen-using-e-waste-as-a-partial-replacement-of-aggregate/manjay-kumar-singh
This document describes the MCT (Miniature, Compacted, Tropical) methodology for rapidly classifying tropical soils in Brazil. The MCT methodology was developed to address limitations in traditional soil classification systems when applied to tropical soils. The MCT methodology uses small compacted soil specimens to conduct the Mini CBR test for properties like bearing ratio, expansion, and permeability. It also uses the Mini MCV test and mass lost by immersion test to determine if a soil is lateritic or non-lateritic. The rapid MCT classification allows tropical soils to be characterized and selected for road construction in a timely and cost-effective manner compared to traditional soil testing.
IRJET- A Laboratory Investigation on Type III Micro-Surfacing with differ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a laboratory investigation on Type III micro-surfacing using different mineral fillers. The investigation tested micro-surfacing mixes containing stone dust, fly ash, and ordinary Portland cement as fillers. Tests were performed to determine setting times, consistency, optimum residual bitumen content, and abrasion resistance. The results found that mixes containing fly ash performed better than those with stone dust or cement, showing better setting times and abrasion resistance. Micro-surfacing is a cost-effective pavement preservation technique that can extend the life of roads and reduce environmental impacts compared to hot mix asphalt. It involves applying a mixture of aggregates, polymer-modified emulsion, and mineral fillers to the road surface.
Effect of Stone Dust On Some Geotechnical properties Of SoilIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding stone dust on some geotechnical properties of soil. Laboratory tests were conducted by mixing stone dust with soil at percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by dry weight. The results showed that:
1) Maximum dry density of the soil increased with higher stone dust content while optimum moisture content decreased.
2) CBR value initially increased with up to 30% stone dust but then decreased at higher percentages.
3) Specific gravity first increased and then decreased with varying stone dust content, with 30% being optimal.
4) In conclusion, adding 30% stone dust improved soil properties like CBR and density the most.
This study evaluated the use of stone dust to stabilize soil for road construction. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of stone dust added. The optimum stone dust content was found to be 30% based on compaction and CBR tests. Pavement thickness designs were calculated for unstabilized soil and soil stabilized with 30% stone dust according to Indian code specifications. The results showed that using stone dust to stabilize the soil reduced the required pavement thickness by about 115 mm or 18%, which could provide substantial cost savings for road construction.
Waste plastic strip reinfofced soil can be used in low cost embankment/road construction leading to significant cost advantage as well as safe disposal of these waste in a environment friendly manner.
Ijsrdv1 i2070Experimental Investigations of Chemical and Geotechnical Propert...ijsrd.com
Fly Ash generation and utilization both are expected to increase but the gap between them will also increase. Researchers are finding out new area for utilization of Fly Ash to minimize its environmental impact. One such area is Geotechnical Engineering. Black Cotton Soil is a problematic soil with respect to Soil-Structure interaction. In this paper, various properties of Black Cotton Soil like pH, plasticity index, volume change behavior and dry density are studied after mixing Fly Ash in different proportion and are presented. It can be concluded that 30% Fly Ash by weight mixed with Black Cotton soil gives optimum result for most of the properties.
A Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil with Flyash and Marble DustIRJET Journal
This study examines the properties of black cotton soil stabilized with fly ash and marble dust. Black cotton soil is problematic as it becomes very hard when dry but loses all strength when wet. To address this, the soil was mixed with fly ash obtained from a local power plant and marble dust obtained from a marble industry, with varying proportions from 5-50% by weight. Tests were conducted to determine the liquid limit, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio of the soil-additive mixtures. The results showed that addition of fly ash and marble dust decreased the plasticity of the soil and increased the workability. Up to 15% additive content, the unconfined compressive strength increased, but
Review Paper on Experimental Study on the use of Modified Bitumen using E Was...ijtsrd
On the greater part of streets, ordinary bitumen performs agreeably. In any case, high activity power, expanding hub load and day by day and regular varieties in temperature of the asphalt prompt an early improvement of misery side effects like raveling, rutting, undulations, breaking, dying, and potholing of bituminous surfaces. Subsequently the heap bearing limits of the street is to be expanded. Adaptable asphalts bitumen streets involve the significant segment of all surfaced streets. In India, it is evaluated that more than 33 need kilometers of street exists and out of which of which around half is surfaced. Street transport has obtained prevailing position among the different methods of transportation framework because of its adaptability, way to entryway administration, unwavering quality and speed. In India, street transport conveys near 90 of traveler movement and 70 of cargo transport. In India, dominant part of the asphalts is bituminous since they expend lesser beginning cost when contrasted and inflexible asphalts i.e. bond solid asphalts. Examinations in India and nations abroad have uncovered that properties of bitumen and bituminous blends can be enhanced to meet prerequisites of asphalt with the consolidation of specific added substances or mix of added substances. These added substances are called Bitumen Modifiers and the bitumen premixed with these modifiers is known as altered bitumen. Adjusted bitumen is relied upon to give higher existence of surfacing up to 100 contingent on level of alteration and sort of added substances and change process utilized. Distinctive sorts of modifiers utilized are Polymers, Normal Elastic and Morsel Elastic. Manjay Kumar Singh | Pratiksha Malviya ""Review Paper on Experimental Study on the use of Modified Bitumen using E-Waste as a Partial Replacement of Aggregate"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22864.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/22864/review-paper-on-experimental-study-on-the-use-of-modified-bitumen-using-e-waste-as-a-partial-replacement-of-aggregate/manjay-kumar-singh
This document describes the MCT (Miniature, Compacted, Tropical) methodology for rapidly classifying tropical soils in Brazil. The MCT methodology was developed to address limitations in traditional soil classification systems when applied to tropical soils. The MCT methodology uses small compacted soil specimens to conduct the Mini CBR test for properties like bearing ratio, expansion, and permeability. It also uses the Mini MCV test and mass lost by immersion test to determine if a soil is lateritic or non-lateritic. The rapid MCT classification allows tropical soils to be characterized and selected for road construction in a timely and cost-effective manner compared to traditional soil testing.
IRJET- A Laboratory Investigation on Type III Micro-Surfacing with differ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a laboratory investigation on Type III micro-surfacing using different mineral fillers. The investigation tested micro-surfacing mixes containing stone dust, fly ash, and ordinary Portland cement as fillers. Tests were performed to determine setting times, consistency, optimum residual bitumen content, and abrasion resistance. The results found that mixes containing fly ash performed better than those with stone dust or cement, showing better setting times and abrasion resistance. Micro-surfacing is a cost-effective pavement preservation technique that can extend the life of roads and reduce environmental impacts compared to hot mix asphalt. It involves applying a mixture of aggregates, polymer-modified emulsion, and mineral fillers to the road surface.
Effect of Stone Dust On Some Geotechnical properties Of SoilIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding stone dust on some geotechnical properties of soil. Laboratory tests were conducted by mixing stone dust with soil at percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by dry weight. The results showed that:
1) Maximum dry density of the soil increased with higher stone dust content while optimum moisture content decreased.
2) CBR value initially increased with up to 30% stone dust but then decreased at higher percentages.
3) Specific gravity first increased and then decreased with varying stone dust content, with 30% being optimal.
4) In conclusion, adding 30% stone dust improved soil properties like CBR and density the most.
This study evaluated the use of stone dust to stabilize soil for road construction. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of stone dust added. The optimum stone dust content was found to be 30% based on compaction and CBR tests. Pavement thickness designs were calculated for unstabilized soil and soil stabilized with 30% stone dust according to Indian code specifications. The results showed that using stone dust to stabilize the soil reduced the required pavement thickness by about 115 mm or 18%, which could provide substantial cost savings for road construction.
Waste plastic strip reinfofced soil can be used in low cost embankment/road construction leading to significant cost advantage as well as safe disposal of these waste in a environment friendly manner.
Ijsrdv1 i2070Experimental Investigations of Chemical and Geotechnical Propert...ijsrd.com
Fly Ash generation and utilization both are expected to increase but the gap between them will also increase. Researchers are finding out new area for utilization of Fly Ash to minimize its environmental impact. One such area is Geotechnical Engineering. Black Cotton Soil is a problematic soil with respect to Soil-Structure interaction. In this paper, various properties of Black Cotton Soil like pH, plasticity index, volume change behavior and dry density are studied after mixing Fly Ash in different proportion and are presented. It can be concluded that 30% Fly Ash by weight mixed with Black Cotton soil gives optimum result for most of the properties.
Compaction and Seepage Characteristics of Fly Ash Mixed with BentoniteIRJET Journal
1) The study examines the compaction properties and seepage characteristics of mixtures of fly ash and bentonite.
2) Testing showed that as bentonite content increased, maximum dry density of the mixtures increased while optimum moisture content decreased.
3) A 20% bentonite-fly ash mix produced the lowest permeability and is suitable as a subgrade material or landfill liner, meeting criteria for liners of permeability less than 1x10-7 cm/sec.
IRJET- Stabilization of Soil by using Limestone PowderIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on stabilizing soils by adding limestone powder. Laboratory tests were conducted on two soils - Mooram soil and low grade yellow soil. The soils were treated with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% limestone powder by weight. Tests found that with increasing limestone content, the soils' liquid limit and plastic limit decreased while maximum dry density from compaction tests increased. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values, an indicator of soil strength, increased with higher limestone content for both soils. The results show limestone powder improves the geotechnical properties and strength of weak soils.
This document summarizes a study that investigated stabilizing a clayey soil with fly ash and lime through a micro-level analysis. The study found that adding 20% fly ash and 8.5% lime optimized the soil's strength and engineering properties. Tests showed the additions reduced plasticity, swelling, and increased density and strength. Microscopic analysis using XRD, SEM and other techniques confirmed the pozzolanic reactions broke down the soil's montmorillonite structure. The stabilized soil gained stiff characteristics suitable for subgrade applications.
Chemical and spectroscopy of peat from West and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Improving peat soil is difficult but not impossible. Managed correctly, peat can be a highly productive medium for agriculture, but drainage and cultivation can lead to irreversible peat shrinkage. Vegetational changes during the restoration of cutover peatlands leave a legacy in terms of the organic matter quality of the newly formed peat. Current efforts to restore peatlands at a large scale therefore require low cost and high throughput techniques to monitor the evolution of organic matter. In this study, we assessed the merits of using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra to predict the organic matter composition in peat samples in relation with soil peat properties, tends to to be hydrophobic, flammable.
Parametric Characterization and Model Prediction of CBR Values of Stabilized ...IJMER
Quarry dust and lime were deployed for this stabilization experiments. Quarry dust is a byproduct
or sediments derived from the crushing of limestone. This soil modifying agent has a high
percentage of fines. Its application increases the CBR values on a range varying from 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% residual soil against 56%, 71%, 104%, 140% CBR contents of Orukim residual soils respectively.
Further increase in quarry dust content from 50% to 70% resulted in decreased values of CBR. The
samples were equally devoid of plasticity hence less useful in engineering applications. Lime stabilized
soil can be used for both base and sub-base materials. The oxides and hydroxides of calcium and
magnesium are considered as lime, but the materials most commonly used for lime stabilization are
calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and dolomite Ca(OH)2 + MgO. The dolomite however, should not have
more than thirty six percent by weight of magnesium oxide (MgO) to be acceptable as a stabilizing
agent. The lime stabilized samples were soaked for ninety six hours to ascertain the contribution of
curing duration on the CBR parameters. Results indicate variations along the range of 2%, 4%, 6%,
8%, 10% against 80%, 92%, 99%, 110%, 169% of lime and CBR contents respectively.These values
are statistically significant. Finally multiple nonlinear regressed models were developed to aid
prediction and optimization of CBR values of Orukim residual soils at various levels of stabilization
Experimental study on strength behavior of plastic reinforced red earthIJLT EMAS
In this present study, an attempt has been made to use
waste plastic bottle strips as a reinforcing element to improve the
strength characteristic of Red earth. To fulfill these objectives,
experiments are conducted in two stages viz., Direct shear tests
with varying plastic content on the Red earth samples and Static
load tests with varying plastic content.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stabilization of Expansive Soil Subgrade Using Recycled Carpet Waste and Fly AshEditorIJAERD
The structure of asphalt pavements subjected to problems and collapse for many reasons one of them, when
pavement section built on swelling soil, which has volumetric change due to variation of water content, which results the
appearance of cracks collapse. For this reason, additives are used for treating expansive soil and increase its efficiency.
Polymers are one of many types of additives; there are two types of polymers natural and synthetic. Using carpet
disposal waste in soil stabilization is one of solutions for obtaining safer and harder pavements. In addition to using
carpet waste will benefit the community environmentally and economically. For achieve this purpose a series of
laboratory investigation were carried out to evaluate the effect of treating the subgrade with carpet waste. CBR tests
were conducted on treated and untreated soil at different carpet waste contents ranged from 0.5% to 2% at an increase
rat of 0.5%. The results of CBR tests showed that the CBR value for treated soil with 0.5% carpet waste increased about
14 times their untreated soil
Modification of clayey soil using fly asheSAT Journals
Abstract Soil modification refers to the process of enhancing physical, chemical and mechanical properties of soil to maintain its stability. In this research, an attempt has been made to improve the engineering properties of locally available clayey soil by making a composite mix with waste river sand and fly ash in appropriate proportions. A series of proctor compaction tests, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests and falling head permeability tests were carried out. It was revealed that both strength and permeability characteristics of clayey soil improve on addition of local sand and fly ash. Thus, a suitable mix proportion of clayey soil-sand-fly ash for various geotechnical applications like construction of embankments, low cost rural roads etc. can be obtained. The main objective of this research work is to obtain an improved construction material by making the best use of available clayey soil & sand and to make the effective utilization of fly ash. Keywords: Clayey soils, river sand, fly ash, UCS and permeability.
IRJET- Soil Stabilization by using Plastic WasteIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on using plastic waste to stabilize soil. Specifically:
- Plastic waste is a growing environmental issue, as it is difficult to recycle and does not biodegrade. Using it to stabilize soil provides an alternative disposal method.
- Studies have shown that mixing plastic strips into soil can improve its engineering properties like strength and bearing capacity. The optimum plastic content varies by study but is typically around 0.75-4% of the soil's weight.
- Beyond the optimum amount, soil properties begin to decrease again. Using plastic strips is shown to be more effective than plastic bag strips for soil stabilization.
- Stabilizing expansive soils like black cotton soil with plastic waste
This paper discusses the addition of reacted and activated rubber (RAR) to asphalt binders. It finds that RAR modified asphalt binders have higher viscosity and better performance at high temperatures compared to conventional binders. However, further research is needed to analyze the life cycle costs of using RAR. The paper also analyzes two other studies on modifying asphalt with plastic waste and electronic waste, finding improvements to binder elasticity and stiffness. Overall, the addition of various wastes is shown to enhance asphalt binder properties for pavement construction.
This document discusses a study on the effects of surface treatments on the mechanical and water absorption properties of polypropylene-luffa fiber composites. Three different coupling agents - (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol, and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene - were used to treat the luffa fibers in order to enhance adhesion between the polypropylene matrix and the natural fibers. The tensile properties, water absorption, and morphology of the untreated and treated composites were analyzed. The results showed that treatment with the coupling agents improved the mechanical properties and decreased water absorption of the compos
IRJET- Evaluation of Subgrade Stabilized with Natural Geo-Textiles by Deflect...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the use of natural geo-textiles like coir and jute fibers to stabilize subgrade soil in a semi-field test track. A 15m long test track was constructed with 5 sections - a control soil section and 4 sections reinforced with coir geo-textile, jute geo-textile, coir fibers, and jute fibers. Dual wheel load tests were performed on the subgrade and granular sub-base layers to measure deflections under increasing loads. The deflection data was analyzed using empirical and theoretical approaches. Results showed that incorporating stabilizing materials at the subgrade level improved strength parameters and overall pavement performance compared to the unstabilized control section.
Comparative Study of Phosphogypsum and Phosphogypsum plus Flyash Mix Concretecedmmantc5411
The growing use of phosphoric acid production by product phosphogypsum increased. Around 6 million
tons of phosphogypsum are produced every year in India. Flyash is a byproduct from thermal power station around
165 million tons production in India. To avoid land pollution these byproducts are incorporated in to concrete. The
current investigation is based on replacement of cement with phosphogypsum and phosphogypsum plus fly ash. Nine
mixes were considered by replacing cement with 4,8,12 and 16% of phosphogypsum with cement and phosphogypsum
plus fly ash for M25 grade of standard concrete. Nine cubes were casted to study 7, 28 and 56 days strength of
concrete. By incorporating fly ash with phosphogypsum the results of workability and compressive strength were
improved. Also the rate of strength gain is higher in phosphogypsum plus fly ash mix concrete.
An Image Analysis Technique to Estimate the Porosity of Rock SamplesIJSRD
This paper discusses the possibilities of determining the porosities of different types of rocks using image analysis technique. Before the use of image analysis stereological research for analysis of porosity were conducted by traditional methods which were time consuming and lacked accuracy. The method proposed in this paper determines the porosity by computing the part of the whole sample for which the pores account. The steps involved in the above method are a series of contextual, non-context and morphological operations that are commonly used in image processing and analysis. The procedure was tested on thin sections of sandstone and limestone rock samples. The results were computed in the form of total porosity which includes all types porosities observed in rocks including isolated and connected porosities. The porosity obtained can also be called as visual porosity. Values obtained show that the method proposed can lead to satisfying results. Obtained porosity values can be used further to determine determine other properties like permeability which play a vital role in the study of diffusion in porous rocks.
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse WasteIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of sugarcane bagasse waste as a material for multi-layered ballistic armor. It first discusses sugarcane bagasse composites, including their mechanical properties and prior research examining their reinforcement in polymer matrices. It then discusses multi-layered armor systems, noting that they provide weight advantages over monolithic plates but can have reduced ballistic resistance. The document surveys previous research comparing the performance of mono-layered and multi-layered armor configurations. Finally, it discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse composites as the secondary layer in a multi-layered armor system.
Preparation and properties of calcium-silicate filled resins for dental restoration. Part I: Chemical-physical characterization and apatite-forming ability.
Profeta AC.
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
IRJET- Effect of Saw Dust Ash and Lime on Expansive Soil (Black Cotton Soil)IRJET Journal
The document describes a study on the effect of adding saw dust ash (SDA) and lime on the properties of expansive black cotton soil. Various tests were conducted on soil samples with 0%, 1-5% additions of SDA and lime by weight, including liquid limit, plastic limit, standard proctor, unconfined compression, and CBR tests. The results showed that adding SDA and lime generally decreased the liquid limit and increased the maximum dry density, unconfined compression strength, and CBR compared to untreated soil. The 2% addition of each (SDA and lime) produced the best results with decreases in liquid limit and increases in strength.
This technical note summarizes a laboratory study that evaluated the use of geofibers to reduce the swelling behavior of expansive soil. One-dimensional swell-consolidation tests were performed on compacted mixtures of expansive soil and polypropylene fibers. The results showed that adding fibers at contents of 0.25% and 0.50% reduced the heave and swelling pressure of the soil compared to unreinforced specimens. Lower fiber aspect ratios (length-to-width ratio) of 15 and 30 performed better than an aspect ratio of 45 at restraining swelling. Overall, the study demonstrated that discrete, randomly distributed geofibers can effectively reduce the swelling tendency of expansive soils.
This document discusses using sugarcane straw ash and polypropylene fibers to stabilize soil. Various laboratory tests were conducted including compaction tests, unconfined compression tests, and California bearing ratio tests by adding 10-25% sugarcane straw ash and 0.5-1.5% polypropylene fibers to soil. The tests found that adding 20% sugarcane straw ash and 1% polypropylene fibers increased the soil's unconfined compression strength and California bearing ratio, indicating an improvement in geotechnical properties. The document provides background on the materials used and testing conducted to determine the optimal percentages for improving soil strength.
Utilisation of Waste Materials in the Construction Of RoadsIJERD Editor
Expansive soils are so widely spread that it becomes impossible to avoid them for highway construction to keep the network structure for mobility and accessibility. These soils are prevalent as large tracts in many parts of the world. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the feasibility and environmental suitability. It is necessary to utilize the waste affectively with technical development in each field. Cyclic plate load tests were carried out on the tracks with optimum percentage of reinforcement materials like waste plastics and waste tyre rubber in gravel/flyash subbase laid on expansive subgrade. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity associated with less value of rebound deflection is obtained for gravel/flyash reinforced subbase compared to unreinforced subbase.
Compaction and Seepage Characteristics of Fly Ash Mixed with BentoniteIRJET Journal
1) The study examines the compaction properties and seepage characteristics of mixtures of fly ash and bentonite.
2) Testing showed that as bentonite content increased, maximum dry density of the mixtures increased while optimum moisture content decreased.
3) A 20% bentonite-fly ash mix produced the lowest permeability and is suitable as a subgrade material or landfill liner, meeting criteria for liners of permeability less than 1x10-7 cm/sec.
IRJET- Stabilization of Soil by using Limestone PowderIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on stabilizing soils by adding limestone powder. Laboratory tests were conducted on two soils - Mooram soil and low grade yellow soil. The soils were treated with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% limestone powder by weight. Tests found that with increasing limestone content, the soils' liquid limit and plastic limit decreased while maximum dry density from compaction tests increased. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values, an indicator of soil strength, increased with higher limestone content for both soils. The results show limestone powder improves the geotechnical properties and strength of weak soils.
This document summarizes a study that investigated stabilizing a clayey soil with fly ash and lime through a micro-level analysis. The study found that adding 20% fly ash and 8.5% lime optimized the soil's strength and engineering properties. Tests showed the additions reduced plasticity, swelling, and increased density and strength. Microscopic analysis using XRD, SEM and other techniques confirmed the pozzolanic reactions broke down the soil's montmorillonite structure. The stabilized soil gained stiff characteristics suitable for subgrade applications.
Chemical and spectroscopy of peat from West and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Improving peat soil is difficult but not impossible. Managed correctly, peat can be a highly productive medium for agriculture, but drainage and cultivation can lead to irreversible peat shrinkage. Vegetational changes during the restoration of cutover peatlands leave a legacy in terms of the organic matter quality of the newly formed peat. Current efforts to restore peatlands at a large scale therefore require low cost and high throughput techniques to monitor the evolution of organic matter. In this study, we assessed the merits of using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra to predict the organic matter composition in peat samples in relation with soil peat properties, tends to to be hydrophobic, flammable.
Parametric Characterization and Model Prediction of CBR Values of Stabilized ...IJMER
Quarry dust and lime were deployed for this stabilization experiments. Quarry dust is a byproduct
or sediments derived from the crushing of limestone. This soil modifying agent has a high
percentage of fines. Its application increases the CBR values on a range varying from 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% residual soil against 56%, 71%, 104%, 140% CBR contents of Orukim residual soils respectively.
Further increase in quarry dust content from 50% to 70% resulted in decreased values of CBR. The
samples were equally devoid of plasticity hence less useful in engineering applications. Lime stabilized
soil can be used for both base and sub-base materials. The oxides and hydroxides of calcium and
magnesium are considered as lime, but the materials most commonly used for lime stabilization are
calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and dolomite Ca(OH)2 + MgO. The dolomite however, should not have
more than thirty six percent by weight of magnesium oxide (MgO) to be acceptable as a stabilizing
agent. The lime stabilized samples were soaked for ninety six hours to ascertain the contribution of
curing duration on the CBR parameters. Results indicate variations along the range of 2%, 4%, 6%,
8%, 10% against 80%, 92%, 99%, 110%, 169% of lime and CBR contents respectively.These values
are statistically significant. Finally multiple nonlinear regressed models were developed to aid
prediction and optimization of CBR values of Orukim residual soils at various levels of stabilization
Experimental study on strength behavior of plastic reinforced red earthIJLT EMAS
In this present study, an attempt has been made to use
waste plastic bottle strips as a reinforcing element to improve the
strength characteristic of Red earth. To fulfill these objectives,
experiments are conducted in two stages viz., Direct shear tests
with varying plastic content on the Red earth samples and Static
load tests with varying plastic content.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stabilization of Expansive Soil Subgrade Using Recycled Carpet Waste and Fly AshEditorIJAERD
The structure of asphalt pavements subjected to problems and collapse for many reasons one of them, when
pavement section built on swelling soil, which has volumetric change due to variation of water content, which results the
appearance of cracks collapse. For this reason, additives are used for treating expansive soil and increase its efficiency.
Polymers are one of many types of additives; there are two types of polymers natural and synthetic. Using carpet
disposal waste in soil stabilization is one of solutions for obtaining safer and harder pavements. In addition to using
carpet waste will benefit the community environmentally and economically. For achieve this purpose a series of
laboratory investigation were carried out to evaluate the effect of treating the subgrade with carpet waste. CBR tests
were conducted on treated and untreated soil at different carpet waste contents ranged from 0.5% to 2% at an increase
rat of 0.5%. The results of CBR tests showed that the CBR value for treated soil with 0.5% carpet waste increased about
14 times their untreated soil
Modification of clayey soil using fly asheSAT Journals
Abstract Soil modification refers to the process of enhancing physical, chemical and mechanical properties of soil to maintain its stability. In this research, an attempt has been made to improve the engineering properties of locally available clayey soil by making a composite mix with waste river sand and fly ash in appropriate proportions. A series of proctor compaction tests, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests and falling head permeability tests were carried out. It was revealed that both strength and permeability characteristics of clayey soil improve on addition of local sand and fly ash. Thus, a suitable mix proportion of clayey soil-sand-fly ash for various geotechnical applications like construction of embankments, low cost rural roads etc. can be obtained. The main objective of this research work is to obtain an improved construction material by making the best use of available clayey soil & sand and to make the effective utilization of fly ash. Keywords: Clayey soils, river sand, fly ash, UCS and permeability.
IRJET- Soil Stabilization by using Plastic WasteIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on using plastic waste to stabilize soil. Specifically:
- Plastic waste is a growing environmental issue, as it is difficult to recycle and does not biodegrade. Using it to stabilize soil provides an alternative disposal method.
- Studies have shown that mixing plastic strips into soil can improve its engineering properties like strength and bearing capacity. The optimum plastic content varies by study but is typically around 0.75-4% of the soil's weight.
- Beyond the optimum amount, soil properties begin to decrease again. Using plastic strips is shown to be more effective than plastic bag strips for soil stabilization.
- Stabilizing expansive soils like black cotton soil with plastic waste
This paper discusses the addition of reacted and activated rubber (RAR) to asphalt binders. It finds that RAR modified asphalt binders have higher viscosity and better performance at high temperatures compared to conventional binders. However, further research is needed to analyze the life cycle costs of using RAR. The paper also analyzes two other studies on modifying asphalt with plastic waste and electronic waste, finding improvements to binder elasticity and stiffness. Overall, the addition of various wastes is shown to enhance asphalt binder properties for pavement construction.
This document discusses a study on the effects of surface treatments on the mechanical and water absorption properties of polypropylene-luffa fiber composites. Three different coupling agents - (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol, and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene - were used to treat the luffa fibers in order to enhance adhesion between the polypropylene matrix and the natural fibers. The tensile properties, water absorption, and morphology of the untreated and treated composites were analyzed. The results showed that treatment with the coupling agents improved the mechanical properties and decreased water absorption of the compos
IRJET- Evaluation of Subgrade Stabilized with Natural Geo-Textiles by Deflect...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the use of natural geo-textiles like coir and jute fibers to stabilize subgrade soil in a semi-field test track. A 15m long test track was constructed with 5 sections - a control soil section and 4 sections reinforced with coir geo-textile, jute geo-textile, coir fibers, and jute fibers. Dual wheel load tests were performed on the subgrade and granular sub-base layers to measure deflections under increasing loads. The deflection data was analyzed using empirical and theoretical approaches. Results showed that incorporating stabilizing materials at the subgrade level improved strength parameters and overall pavement performance compared to the unstabilized control section.
Comparative Study of Phosphogypsum and Phosphogypsum plus Flyash Mix Concretecedmmantc5411
The growing use of phosphoric acid production by product phosphogypsum increased. Around 6 million
tons of phosphogypsum are produced every year in India. Flyash is a byproduct from thermal power station around
165 million tons production in India. To avoid land pollution these byproducts are incorporated in to concrete. The
current investigation is based on replacement of cement with phosphogypsum and phosphogypsum plus fly ash. Nine
mixes were considered by replacing cement with 4,8,12 and 16% of phosphogypsum with cement and phosphogypsum
plus fly ash for M25 grade of standard concrete. Nine cubes were casted to study 7, 28 and 56 days strength of
concrete. By incorporating fly ash with phosphogypsum the results of workability and compressive strength were
improved. Also the rate of strength gain is higher in phosphogypsum plus fly ash mix concrete.
An Image Analysis Technique to Estimate the Porosity of Rock SamplesIJSRD
This paper discusses the possibilities of determining the porosities of different types of rocks using image analysis technique. Before the use of image analysis stereological research for analysis of porosity were conducted by traditional methods which were time consuming and lacked accuracy. The method proposed in this paper determines the porosity by computing the part of the whole sample for which the pores account. The steps involved in the above method are a series of contextual, non-context and morphological operations that are commonly used in image processing and analysis. The procedure was tested on thin sections of sandstone and limestone rock samples. The results were computed in the form of total porosity which includes all types porosities observed in rocks including isolated and connected porosities. The porosity obtained can also be called as visual porosity. Values obtained show that the method proposed can lead to satisfying results. Obtained porosity values can be used further to determine determine other properties like permeability which play a vital role in the study of diffusion in porous rocks.
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse WasteIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of sugarcane bagasse waste as a material for multi-layered ballistic armor. It first discusses sugarcane bagasse composites, including their mechanical properties and prior research examining their reinforcement in polymer matrices. It then discusses multi-layered armor systems, noting that they provide weight advantages over monolithic plates but can have reduced ballistic resistance. The document surveys previous research comparing the performance of mono-layered and multi-layered armor configurations. Finally, it discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse composites as the secondary layer in a multi-layered armor system.
Preparation and properties of calcium-silicate filled resins for dental restoration. Part I: Chemical-physical characterization and apatite-forming ability.
Profeta AC.
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
IRJET- Effect of Saw Dust Ash and Lime on Expansive Soil (Black Cotton Soil)IRJET Journal
The document describes a study on the effect of adding saw dust ash (SDA) and lime on the properties of expansive black cotton soil. Various tests were conducted on soil samples with 0%, 1-5% additions of SDA and lime by weight, including liquid limit, plastic limit, standard proctor, unconfined compression, and CBR tests. The results showed that adding SDA and lime generally decreased the liquid limit and increased the maximum dry density, unconfined compression strength, and CBR compared to untreated soil. The 2% addition of each (SDA and lime) produced the best results with decreases in liquid limit and increases in strength.
This technical note summarizes a laboratory study that evaluated the use of geofibers to reduce the swelling behavior of expansive soil. One-dimensional swell-consolidation tests were performed on compacted mixtures of expansive soil and polypropylene fibers. The results showed that adding fibers at contents of 0.25% and 0.50% reduced the heave and swelling pressure of the soil compared to unreinforced specimens. Lower fiber aspect ratios (length-to-width ratio) of 15 and 30 performed better than an aspect ratio of 45 at restraining swelling. Overall, the study demonstrated that discrete, randomly distributed geofibers can effectively reduce the swelling tendency of expansive soils.
This document discusses using sugarcane straw ash and polypropylene fibers to stabilize soil. Various laboratory tests were conducted including compaction tests, unconfined compression tests, and California bearing ratio tests by adding 10-25% sugarcane straw ash and 0.5-1.5% polypropylene fibers to soil. The tests found that adding 20% sugarcane straw ash and 1% polypropylene fibers increased the soil's unconfined compression strength and California bearing ratio, indicating an improvement in geotechnical properties. The document provides background on the materials used and testing conducted to determine the optimal percentages for improving soil strength.
Utilisation of Waste Materials in the Construction Of RoadsIJERD Editor
Expansive soils are so widely spread that it becomes impossible to avoid them for highway construction to keep the network structure for mobility and accessibility. These soils are prevalent as large tracts in many parts of the world. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the feasibility and environmental suitability. It is necessary to utilize the waste affectively with technical development in each field. Cyclic plate load tests were carried out on the tracks with optimum percentage of reinforcement materials like waste plastics and waste tyre rubber in gravel/flyash subbase laid on expansive subgrade. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity associated with less value of rebound deflection is obtained for gravel/flyash reinforced subbase compared to unreinforced subbase.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using recycled polyester fibers from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to reinforce clay soils. The study tested two different types of clay soils with different liquid limits and plasticity indexes. Samples were prepared with the soils mixed with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% recycled polyester fibers by dry weight. Atterberg limit tests showed that adding fibers increased the liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit of the soils, and decreased the plasticity index. Direct shear tests under three normal stresses showed that adding fibers increased the peak shear strength of the soils. California Bearing Ratio tests also showed improved strength with the addition of fibers. The study concluded that
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance of lateritic concrete under environmental harsh conditioneSAT Journals
This document investigates the performance of lateritic concrete under different environmental conditions by varying the ratio of laterite to fine aggregate in concrete mixes. Cubes made with different ratios (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) were subjected to high temperatures, wetting and drying cycles, and chemical exposure. The results showed that compressive strength generally decreased with increased laterite ratio under wetting/drying cycles but increased when exposed to magnesium sulfate. A ratio of 20% laterite attained the highest strength of 12.9 MPa after heating to 100°C, indicating it provides optimal performance under harsh, tropical weathering.
IRJET- A Laboratory Investigation on Type III Micro-Surfacing with different ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a laboratory investigation on Type III micro-surfacing using different mineral fillers. The investigation tested micro-surfacing mixes containing stone dust, fly ash, and ordinary Portland cement as fillers. Tests were performed to determine setting times, consistency, optimum residual bitumen content, and abrasion resistance. The results found that mixes containing fly ash performed better than those with stone dust or cement, showing better setting times and abrasion resistance. Micro-surfacing is a cost-effective pavement preservation technique that can extend the life of roads and reduce environmental impacts compared to hot mix asphalt. It involves applying a mixture of aggregates, polymer-modified emulsion, and mineral fillers to the road surface.
This document describes a study that investigated stabilizing residual soils from Orukim, Nigeria using river sand and cement. River sand content was varied from 10-70% and cement content was varied from 2-10% to mix with the residual soils. Laboratory tests like modified proctor compaction and CBR tests were conducted on the mixtures. Cement stabilization produced higher CBR values ranging from 70-127% compared to river sand stabilization which ranged from 66-90%. Models were developed to predict CBR values of the stabilized residual soils at different levels of stabilization. The hydration products of cement were found to increase bonding between soil particles, reducing plasticity and improving strength.
Effect of Granite Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on Geotechnical Properties o...IRJET Journal
The document studied the effect of adding granite powder and polypropylene fiber to expansive soil from Egypt to improve its geotechnical properties. Tests found that adding 30% granite powder reduced the soil's free swell index from 120% to 62%, decreased moisture content, and increased maximum dry density. At 30% granite powder, the soil's cohesion increased from 0.46 to 0.72 kg/cm2 and friction angle rose from 15.38 to 24.23 degrees. However, adding polypropylene fiber along with granite powder did not significantly further improve the soil's properties. A series of compaction, consolidation and direct shear tests were performed to evaluate the treated soil.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Stabilization of Clayey Soil using GEO-Jute and ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on stabilizing clayey soil using geo-jute and human hair fiber. Standard tests were conducted on clayey soil samples with additions of 0-1.5% jute fiber and 0.5-2% human hair fiber to analyze properties like optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, liquid limit, plastic limit, and California Bearing Ratio. Test results showed that adding jute and hair fibers increased the maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and CBR values of the soil samples, while decreasing the optimum moisture content and liquid limit values. The paper concluded that using human hair and jute fiber is effective for stabilizing clayey
Investigation of Geotechnical Properties of a Lateritic Soil with Saw Dust AshIOSR Journals
This document investigates the use of saw dust ash (SDA) as a stabilizing agent for an A-7-6 lateritic soil. Tests were conducted on mixtures of the soil with 2%, 6%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20% SDA by weight. Results showed the liquid limit and plasticity index decreased with increasing SDA content up to 12%, while maximum dry density decreased and optimum moisture content increased. Unconfined compressive strength initially decreased then increased up to a maximum of 164.2 kPa at 16% SDA, around 4 times the strength of the untreated soil. The 12% SDA mixture produced strengths of 118.5 kPa, a plasticity index of 11.6
This document investigates the use of saw dust ash (SDA) as a stabilizing agent for an A-7-6 lateritic soil. Tests were conducted on mixtures of the soil with 2%, 6%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20% SDA by weight. Results showed the liquid limit and plasticity index decreased with increasing SDA content up to 12%, while maximum dry density decreased and optimum moisture content increased. Unconfined compressive strength initially decreased then increased up to a maximum of 164.2 kPa at 16% SDA, around 4 times the strength of the untreated soil. The 12% SDA mixture produced strengths of 118.5 kPa, a plasticity index of 11.6
Soil Stabilization using Natural Fiber CoirIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using coir fiber to stabilize soils. Two soil samples were collected and tested to determine their engineering properties before and after stabilization. Proctor compaction tests were conducted to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the soils with different percentages of added coir fiber. Direct shear tests and unconfined compression tests were performed to evaluate the effect of coir fiber on shear strength parameters. The results showed that coir fiber significantly improved the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of the weaker soil sample, indicating coir fiber reinforcement is an effective stabilization method for that type of soil.
Study on Geotechnical Properties of Stabilized Expansive SoilQuarry Dust Mixesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document summarizes a study on the geotechnical properties of expansive soil stabilized with quarry dust. Laboratory tests were conducted on expansive soil mixed with 0-15% quarry dust. The tests showed that 10% quarry dust improved the soil's properties the most by reducing differential free swell by 28%, increasing soaked CBR from 1.2 to 6.7, reducing cohesion from 16kN/m2 to 1kN/m2 and increasing the angle of internal friction from 19° to 30°. Cyclic plate load tests also indicated 10% quarry dust improved the load bearing capacity of model flexible pavements made with the treated soil.
Effect of fly ash on geotechnical properties of local soil fly ash mixed sampleseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the effect of fly ash on the geotechnical properties of soil-fly ash mixtures. Fly ash was collected from a thermal power plant in India and mixed with local silty clay soil at percentages ranging from 10-30% by dry weight. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate properties such as specific gravity, plasticity, compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, strength and volume change. The results showed that with increasing fly ash content, the specific gravity, plasticity, maximum dry density and other properties decreased while optimum moisture content and initial void ratio increased. Hydraulic conductivity initially increased with fly ash content but decreased over time due to pozzolanic reactions. The study aims to
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of reinforcing an expansive soil with polypropylene tape fibres on the soil's swelling behavior. One-dimensional swell tests were conducted on remolded expansive soil specimens with and without fibres. Fibre content was varied between 0.25% and 0.5% and fibre length was varied between 30, 60, and 90 mm. Digital image analysis was used to observe heave, and results found that heave reduction increased as fibre content and length increased, with the maximum reduction occurring at low fibre aspect ratios of 0.25% fibre content. Test results revealed that fibre length significantly influences the reinforcing effect on swelling behavior.
Alleviation of Piping of Soil using Human Hair Fibresijtsrd
The document discusses a study on using human hair fibers to reduce piping in soil. Piping experiments were conducted on soil samples with different contents (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) and lengths (2, 3, 4, 5 cm) of discrete, randomly distributed human hair fibers. The critical hydraulic gradient and piping resistance increased with fiber content and length up to 1.5% content and 4cm length. Higher fiber lengths decreased piping resistance likely due to buckling or twisting of long fibers. Including human hair fibers improved soil piping resistance and provides an alternative for waste hair management.
Threads of Stability: Harnessing Polypropylene's Grip on Red SoilIRJET Journal
This study investigates the use of polypropylene fibers to stabilize red soil. Key findings from laboratory tests include:
1) Polypropylene fibers improved the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of the red soil. Shear strength increased with higher fiber contents.
2) The maximum dry density of stabilized soil decreased with added fibers while the optimum moisture content did not significantly change.
3) Fiber reinforcement reduced swelling and improved load-bearing capacity, settlement resistance, and stability of the red soil.
The results provide guidance for using polypropylene fibers as an effective and sustainable soil stabilization technique for engineering projects involving problematic red soil.
Threads of Stability: Harnessing Polypropylene's Grip on Red SoilIRJET Journal
This study investigates the use of polypropylene fibers to stabilize red soil. Key findings from laboratory tests include:
1) Polypropylene fibers improved the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of the red soil. Shear strength tests showed higher shear strength values with increased fiber content.
2) Compaction tests found that while fiber addition slightly reduced the maximum dry density of the soil, the optimum moisture content was not significantly affected.
3) The study contributes to understanding how polypropylene fiber reinforcement can enhance the engineering properties of red soil, improving its stability and load-bearing capacity for construction and infrastructure projects.
STUDY ON USE OF WASTE MATERIAL IN RIGID PAVEMENT AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTIRJET Journal
This document discusses using waste materials like sugarcane bagasse ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag as partial replacements for cement in rigid pavement construction. It first reviews previous studies on using various waste substances in concrete that found replacement levels of 5-30% can be suitable. The objectives of the current study are to determine optimal replacement percentages of the wastes to maximize cost-effectiveness and properties of the pavement concrete. Various tests are conducted on concrete mixes with different replacement levels to evaluate properties like compressive strength. The results show compressive strengths are highest with 10% replacement of cement with the wastes.
Similar to Compressibility Behaviour of Peat Stabilized with Fly Ash Using DMM An Experimental and Numerical Study (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22904 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 433
Duraisamy et al [7] suggested some mechanical methods for
stabilizing peat. They were displacement and replacement,
preloading with vertical drains and lightweight foundation
system. In the mechanical method, there is no chemical
reaction between soil and stabilizer.
Huat et al [8] stated that under chemical stabilization
method, deep mixing method (DMM) is the widely used
method for stabilizing organic soils like peat. This study
presented the results of the compressibility parameters of
fibrous, hemic and sapric with the help of peat stabilized
with cement columns using DMM. Four composite peat
samples (Peat: cement = 50:50, 30:70, 80:20 and 90:10)
were prepared and tests were carried out using Rowe cell
apparatus. It was concluded that the compressibility
parameters decrease with an increase in cement content as
the hardened soil – cement matrix was formed. In addition,
effect of cement is higher on sapric peat due to high cation
exchange capacity, surface area and pH, and compressibility
parameters can be improved by increasing the column area
ratio. In addition, the results were simulated using finite
element software, Plaxis 2D and it agreed well with the
experimental findings. Therefore, it was extended to predict
the ultimate bearing capacity of peat with full size cement
stabilized columns (1 m in diameter and 5 m in height).
Huat et al [9] studiedthe effect of admixtures such as
kaolinite, sodium silicate and calcium chloride along with
cement on shear strength and moisture content of sapric
peat. The results showed thatbyincreasingkaolinitecontent
and sodium silicate content (within 3%), the shear strength
was increased, and moisture content was decreased due to
hydration and pozzolanic reactions. Calcium chloride
increases the shear strength until net charge of the sample
became zero and then shear strength decreases with the
further addition of calcium chlorideduetothedeflocculating
of larger particles.
Huat et al [10] conducted a research study on the effect of
chemical admixtures [ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and
lime] on the index and engineering properties (compaction
and unconfined compressive strength) of tropical peat soils.
It was noticed that maximum dry density and unconfined
compressive strength were increased with an increase of
OPC and lime contents while the optimum moisture content
was decreased. Furthermore,performanceof OPCwasbetter
than lime because the percentage of strength incrementwas
high in OPC than in lime.
Kolay et al [11] studied the effect of class F pond ash (PA) on
the stabilization behaviour of peat. Different proportions of
PA (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) were used with different
curing periods and mainly unconfined compressionstrength
(UCS) test was conducted. It was observed that UCS
increased with the increase in percentage of PA and curing
period.
The Lakwijaya power plant in Sri Lanka is the largest of its
kind in Sri Lanka, and they produce about 200,000 metric
tonnes of fly ash (FA) annually. Of the total produced
amount, only about 30% is used for cement production,
leaving huge amount of FA ending up in landfills. Utilizing
this FA for construction application will be a sustainable
solution as it will reduce the land pollution and will save
time and energy associated withlandfilling. Therefore,major
aim of this research is tostudythecompressibilitybehaviour
of peat stabilized with ASTM class F fly ash(FA) using
experimental and numerical methods. A series of
experiments including index property tests, directsheartest
and consolidation test using Rowe cell apparatus test were
conducted as part of the experimental study, while PLAXIS
2D numerical package was used to simulate the
consolidation behaviour of raw and stabilized peat.
2. Research Methodology
This research comprises experimental and numerical study.
The detailed methodology for each is explained in the
following sections.
2.1 Experimental work
2.1.1 Materials
Undisturbed peat samples of 150 mm diameter and 1000
mm height were collected from Kalutara, Sri Lanka. The
samples were collected using an Open Drive Thin Wall Tube
sampler which is the simplest and most widely used among
all the available samplers to collect undisturbedsample.The
degree of disturbance was calculated using Area ratio (Ar)
and the value obtained was 10% and this is within the
acceptable range. Soon after thesamplerwaswithdrawn,the
cylindrical tube was sealed with ‘paraffin’ wax to retain the
natural moisture in it. FA used in this study was obtained
from Lakwijaya power plant, Sri Lanka. The chemical
composition of FA used is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 - The chemical composition of FA
Constituents Percentage / (%)
SiO2 52.03
Al2O3 32.31
Fe2O3 7.04
CaO 5.55
MgO 1.30
SO3 0.07
K2O 0.68
Cl 1.00
2.1.2 Experimental Methodology
A. Index properties
Von Post classification test was conducted to classify peat
between H1 and H10 scale [14]. In this test, peat sample was
squeezed through the fingers and the observations were
made based on the colour of the water after squeezed out.
Atterberg limits were determined using BS 1377: part 2:
1990. Liquid limit test was done using cone penetrometer
method and straight – line best fitting curve was plotted
using moisture content and penetration values. Moisture
content correspondingto20mmconepenetrationwastaken
as liquid limit. Loss of ignition test was conducted to find
organic content using BS 1377: part 2: 1990 method and it
was calculated from the weight of the sample lost during
heating at 440 ºC divided by the weight of the sample before
heating. Specific gravity test was conducted using small
pyknometer method following the guidelines given in BS
1377: part 2: 1990.
B. Direct shear test (BS 1377: part 7: 1990)
Direct shear test was conducted to obtain shear strength
parameters [cohesion (c) and friction angle (Φ)] of raw and
FA stabilized peat. A square sample of length 60 mm and
height 20 mm was placed into the mould and 0.2 mm/min
shearing speed was appliedtoeachsampleunderthenormal
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pressuers of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. This test was continued
until either the shear failure takes place, or the shear
displacement reaches 10 mm.
C. Consolidation test using Rowe cell apparatus (BS
1377: part 6: 1990)
Compared to conventional odeometer apparatus, Rowe cell
has many advantages and the key features of Rowe cell
include: (1) hydraulic loading system in Rowe cell enables
the sample to undergo with less susceptible for vibration
effects; (2) back pressure can be applied to stimulatethein–
situ conditions; (3) it has drainage controlfacilities and (4) it
has ability to measure the pore water pressure [5]. The
consolidation tests on peat were performed to determine
compressibility characteristics such as compression index
(Cc), coefficient of secondary compression (Cα) and
coefficient of consolidation (Cv). Two types of samples were
used for Rowe cell test: (1) raw peat sample with 150 mm
diameter and 50 mm height [Figure 1(a)]; (2) peat with a
central FA stabilized column [Figure 1(b)]. The FA stabilized
column was prepared with peat: FA of 90: 10 by weight.
Figure 1 (a) – Raw peat sample (b) – Stabilized peat
sample
To insert the central FA stabilized column [Figure 1(b)], a
metal tube (30 mm diameter) was inserted centrally to the
raw peat sample and the central peat core was extracted
from the sample tube. The extracted peat core at its natural
moisture was thoroughly mixed with 10% FA. The peat – FA
mix was then placed into the metal core and the sample was
compacted with 10 blows using a 2 kg rod [1]. The metal
tube was finally withdrawn and the composite peat – FA
central core was placed back into the hollowspaceof sample
tube to form the composite sample[Figure1(b)].The column
formed in peat was of diameter 30 mm with a column – area
ratio of 4.0%. The samples were then cured for 7 days in a
soaking basin before initiating the consolidation test using
Rowe cell apparatus. Rowe cell apparatus used for thetestis
shown in Figure 2. Samples were consolidatedundernormal
pressures of 50, 100 and 200 kPa.
Figure 2 – Rowe cell apparatus used for the test
2.2 Numerical analysis
Laboratory consolidation test using Rowe cell apparatus
results were used to numericallystimulatethe consolidation
behaviour of peat and FA stabilized peat using Plaxis 2D
numerical software.
An axisymmetric model was created with 75 mm width and
50 mm height. Selected material models were defined and
one - way vertical drainage was allowed. For the material
model, Soft – Soil – Creep (SSC) model was selected for peat
as it is a soft soil with high degree of compressibility and
Mohr – Coulomb model was selected to peat – FA stabilized
column. The model parameters used for the analysis were
adapted either from the experiment results or relevant
literature and the values used for raw peat are shown in
Table 2.
Table 2 – Parameters used for the numerical model
Parameters Values
Unit weight (ϒ) 10.61 kN/m3
Initial void ratio (eo) 2.03
Compression index (Cc) 0.67
Cohesion (c) 4 kPa
Friction angle (Φ) 24.2º
Dilatancy angle (ψ) 0º
Distributed loads of 50, 100 and 200 kPa were applied.
Consolidation and stage construction (one – time loading)
were used for the calculations. For the 10% FA stabilized
peat, interface element was defined along theintersection of
the two samples to account the difference of the friction
between the samples and the factor inputis 0.65 becausethe
combined sample was rigid than the raw peat sample. The
developed model geometry for raw peat and 10% FA
stabilized peat are shown in Figure 3.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3 – Model geometry for (a) raw peat and (b) peat –
FA stabilized sample
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3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Index properties test results
Based on Von Post [14] classification [H1 (completely
fibrous) – H10 (completely amorphous)],peatfallsintotheH8
category. Therefore, this peat is classified as sapric
amorphous peat. Index properties obtained for the raw peat
are listed in Table 3.
Table 3 – Index properties test results
Properties Values
Initial void ratio 2.03
Bulk density/ (kg/m3) 1081.7
Moisture content/ (%) 192.1
Specific gravity 1.63
Liquid limit/ (%) 176.5
Plastic limit Non-Plastic
Organic content/ (%) 62
pH 4.72
3.2 Direct shear test results
Variation of shear stress vs shear displacement for raw peat
is shown in Figure 4. Peak stresses were obtained for raw
peat and FA stabilized peat and then values were plotted
against the normal stresses (50, 100 and 200 kPa).Variation
of shear stress vs normal stress for peat and FA – peat
samples are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 4 – Variation of shear stress vs shear displacement
of raw peat
Figure 5 – Variation of shear stress vs normal stress for
raw peat and stabilized peat
From Figure 5, cohesion (c) for raw peat and stabilized peat
were found as 4 and 7 kPa respectively, while friction angle
(Φ) for raw peat and stabilized peat were 24.2º and 21.8º
respectively. This is because the chemical reactions
(hydration and pozzolanic reactions) between peat and FA
produces long chain of stabilized peat molecules and it
decreases initial void ratio, pre – consolidationpressureand
physical properties. Therefore, peat molecules are packed
well with the addition of FA which in turns increase c and
reduces Φ value of the stabilized peat [3, 8].
3.3 Rowe cell test results
Compressibility characteristics of raw peat and stabilized
peat were studied using Rowe cell under normal pressures
of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. Variation of settlement vs
logarithmic time scale for raw peat and stabilized peat for
loading conditions of 50, 100 and 200 kPa are shown in
Figures 6 and 7 respectively. From Figures 6 and 7, it can be
observed that settlement increases along with increase of
normal stress which means void ratio decreases along with
the increase of normal stresses.
The secondary compression index (Cα) was found from
settlement vs logarithmic time scale as shown in Figures 6
and 7. The Cα value was found using Eq (1).
Cα = (e2 – e1) / log (t2/t1) (1)
where e1 and e2 are void ratios and t1 and t2 are time.
Coefficient of consolidation (Cv) of thesampleswasobtained
using Casagrande and Taylor’s methods. In Casagrande
method, the time taken for 50% consolidation (t50) for raw
peat and
Figure 6 – Variation of settlement with logarithmic time of
raw peat
stabilized peat were found from Figures 6 and 7 and then Cv
values were found using Eq (2).
Cv = 0.196 x Hd
2 / t50 (2)
where Hd is the drainage height of the sample and t50 is time
required to archive 50% of consolidation.
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Figure 7 - Variation of settlement with logarithmic time of
stabilized peat
Figure 8 – Variation of settlement with square root time
of raw peat
Figure 9 – Variation of settlement with square root time
of stabilized peat.
In addition, another set of Cv values were found using
Taylor’s method. Time taken for 90%consolidation(t90) was
found for raw peat and stabilized peat from Figures 8 and 9
respectively and Cv values were found using Eq (3).
Cv = 0.848 x Hd
2 / t90 (3)
where Hd is the drainage height of the sample.
Average of the Cv values obtained from Casagrande and
Taylor’s method was taken as Cv of that sample. Using the
average Cv value, coefficient of permeability (k) was
calculated using Eq (4).
k = Cv x mv x ϒw (4)
where mv is the coefficient of volume compressibilityand ϒw
is the unit weight.
The compressibility parameters obtained for raw peat and
FA stabilized peat are shown in Table 4.
It can be clearly seen from Table 4that both Cv and Cα
increases with normal pressure for both raw and stabilized
peat whereas k decreases with increase in normal stresses.
Compared to raw peat, all the compressibility parameters
(Cv, Cα and k) decreases with the addition of FA (Figures 10
and 11). This is because of the hardened peat – FA matrix
formed due to hydration reaction, pozzolanic reaction and
cation exchange that take place when FA comes into contact
with water [8]. Depending on the normal stress, percentage
reduction in Cv and Cα are 12.7% - 33.4% and 7.1% - 25.93%
respectively.
Figure 10 – Variation of coefficient of consolidation (Cv)
with normal pressure
Figure 11 – Variation of secondary compression index
(Cα) with normal pressure
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Table 4 – Variation of consolidation parameters
Sample
Normal
stress (kPa)
Secondary
compression index (Cα)
Coefficient of consolidation
(Cv) / (m2/s) (x 10-7)
Permeability
coefficient(k)/(m/s) (x 10-8)
Raw
peat
50 0.014 4.667 1.299
100 0.038 6.954 1.258
200 0.054 8.569 1.042
Stabilized
peat
50 0.013 3.599 1.204
100 0.030 4.631 1.202
200 0.040 7.484 1.198
Variation of void ratio with logarithmic pressure for raw
peat and stabilized peat are shown in Figures 12 and 13
respectively. Based on Figures12 and13,pre –consolidation
pressure values for peat and stabilized peat were calculated
and the values were 95.5 kPa and 70.8 kPa respectively.
Compression index (Cc) was calculated from Figures 12 and
13 using Eq (5).
Cc = (e2 – e1) / log (p2/p1) (5)
where e1 and e2 are void ratios corresponding to pressures
p1 and p2 respectively.
The Cc for raw peat and stabilized peat are 0.67 and 0.60
respectively. It is observed that the value Cc was decreased
when 10% FA was used. This is because of the stiffer matrix
was formed due to hydration reaction, pozzolanic reaction
and cation exchange that took place when FA reacted with
water [8, 13].
3.4 Numerical analysis results
Experimental and numerical comparison between
settlement vs time for raw peat and stabilizedpeatunder 50,
100 and 200 kPa normal pressures are shown in Figures 14
and 15 respectively.
Figure 14 – Settlement – time curve of raw peat for 50,
100 and 200 kPa normal pressure
Figure 15 – Settlement – time curve of stabilized peat for
50, 100 and 200 kPa normal pressure
Based on Figures 14 and 15, it can be seen that there is a
difference between the settlement – time plots obtained
from experimental and numerical analysis at the beginning
stage. This might be due to several reasons; (1) the
assumptions made in numerical analysis that peat is highly
heterogeneous material and the real behaviour could be
vastly different compared to the assumed behavior (2) the
primary/initial settlement found to be high in Rowe cell test
that sample might be disturbed much when installing the FA
core (3) The assumed interface element may be incorrect in
order to incorporate the interaction between raw peat and
stabilized peat (4) During the consolidation of peat, the void
ratio is decreased; as a result the permeability of the soil is
also reduced but this is not taken into account during the
analysis due to lack of data in relation to variation of
permeability with void ratio.(5) Sincethemodelsizeissmall,
the boundary effects might not be minimized. But later
stages there is a good agreement between the settlement –
time plots obtained from experimental and numerical
analysis.
However, numerical analysis can predict the settlement –
time behaviour reasonably well at the end of consolidation.
The deformed meshes for the raw peat and 10% FA
stabilized peat under 50 kPa normal pressure are shown in
Figures 16 and 17 respectively. Table 5 summarizes the
settlement values obtained from experimental and
numerical analysis at the end of consolidation period.
Based on Table 5, it can be seen that thereisclose agreement
between experimental and numerical settlement values and
hence Plaxis 2D can be used to model the consolidation
behaviour of peat.
Figure 16 – Deformed mesh of raw peat for 50 kPa normal
pressure
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Figure 17 – Deformed mesh of stabilized peat for 50 kPa
normal pressure
Table 5- Variation of settlements
Types
Normal
load
(kPa)
Experimental
settlement
(mm)
Numerical
settlement
(mm)
Raw peat
50 7.1 7.4
100 9.2 11.0
200 12.4 13.8
Stabilized
peat
50 8.5 9.4
100 13.2 13.3
200 20.5 16.6
4. Conclusions
This study was carried out to investigate thecompressibility
behaviour of peat stabilized with FA using DMM. Based on
the findings of this study, following conclusions can be
drawn.
1. Von post classification test revealed that the peat used
falls to the category of H8. Hence, this peat soil contains
less fiber content, void ratio and known as sapric
amorphous peat.
2. With the addition of FA, cohesion valueof peatincreases
while friction angle value decreases and the reason for
this is stabilized peat molecules are produced due to
chemical reactions between peat and FA in thepresence
of moisture in peat and stabilized the peat.
3. Consolidation parameters such as compression index
(Cc), coefficient of secondary compression (Cα) and
coefficient of consolidation (Cv) reduces with the
addition of FA. This indicates that FA can be used to
stabilize peat. Percentage reduction in Cv, Cα and Cc are
33.4%, 25.9% and 10.5% respectively.
4. Findings of numerical study suggest that consolidation
behaviour of peat can be simulated using Plaxis 2D.
There is a reasonably good agreement between the
settlement value obtained from experimental and
numerical works.
5. On the whole, compressibility parameters reduce
significantly with the introduction of FA and this can
lead to significant reduction in the settlement and
improvement in bearing capacity when peat – FA deep
mixing columns are used.
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