This document summarizes a study that investigated how incorporating rosemary essential oil (REO) at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% affects the properties of chitosan-based films. The main findings were:
1) Incorporating REO up to 1.5% decreased the film's solubility in water by about 25% and water absorption by 85% due to interactions between chitosan and REO.
2) REO improved film transparency from 4.97 for neat chitosan films to 7.61 and reduced light transmission, especially in the UV range, by over 25%.
3) Films containing REO showed greater antibacterial activity against foodborne
The development of sustainable bioplastics for new applications in packaging ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The advantage of biodegradable plastics is their degradation under the influence of biological systems into substances naturally present in the environment, which are then placed in a natural circulation cycle of matter. Moreover, the biodegradable plastics waste not require additional segregation and separation from households, and are collected together with other organic waste and subjected to recycling under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Use of bioplastics reduces the harmful effects of waste on the environment, but does not eliminate it completely.
The article presents the results of (bio) degradation studies under industrial and laboratory (MicroOxymax) composting conditions as well as at atmospheric conditions of commercial disposable dishes from the Nature Works® PLA. Were also carried out investigation of abiotic degradation under laboratory conditions. It was found, from the macro- and microscopic observations, that the tested cups (bio) degraded in the selected environments, wherein in a greater extent under industrial composting conditions than in MicroOxymax. The GPC results, which show significantly reduce in the molar mass of the tested samples after specified incubation times in all environments, indicates that the hydrolytic degradation process occurs predominantly.
The development of sustainable bioplastics for new applications in packaging ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The advantage of biodegradable plastics is their degradation under the influence of biological systems into substances naturally present in the environment, which are then placed in a natural circulation cycle of matter. Moreover, the biodegradable plastics waste not require additional segregation and separation from households, and are collected together with other organic waste and subjected to recycling under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Use of bioplastics reduces the harmful effects of waste on the environment, but does not eliminate it completely.
The article presents the results of (bio) degradation studies under industrial and laboratory (MicroOxymax) composting conditions as well as at atmospheric conditions of commercial disposable dishes from the Nature Works® PLA. Were also carried out investigation of abiotic degradation under laboratory conditions. It was found, from the macro- and microscopic observations, that the tested cups (bio) degraded in the selected environments, wherein in a greater extent under industrial composting conditions than in MicroOxymax. The GPC results, which show significantly reduce in the molar mass of the tested samples after specified incubation times in all environments, indicates that the hydrolytic degradation process occurs predominantly.
Use of Chitosan as Edible Coating on Fruits and in Micro biological Activity ...inventionjournals
Chitin is a biodegradable,long, linear chain polymer found naturally abundantly in the marine and terrestrial environments. In this study, the capability of Chitin to delay the ripening of fruits is proved by coating chitin composites in three concentrations (low0.25%, Medium0.5%, High0.75%) on Apple and Tomato samples. A comparison study was carried out between three groups of samples which were coated with Glucose/Chitosan Medium, Glucose/Chitosan medium added chitinase enzyme and Chitosan Silver Nano composites respectively. Edible Chitosan coating effected positively on the samples and the coated samples showed significant difference in all physiochemical parameters than the control (uncoated). The results showed that all the groups showed similar effects in the quality parameters such as pH, phenolic content and antimicrobial activity of the samples. The third group comprising of the Apples and Tomatoes coated with Chitosan silver Nano composites showed significant time delay of ripening of the fruits in comparison with the other two groups.Chitosan coatings can be used for storage of highly perishable fruits as it had showed increase in the shelf life of the samples used in the study. They significantly control the moisture content between the fruits and the external environment thus proving effective in preventing fungal contamination of the fruits.
In this study, kinetics of demineralization of chitin extraction from snail shells was
investigated. Chitin was extracted from snail shells by demineralizing the
deproteinized shells in 1.2 M HCl solution. Prior to demineralization, the raw snail
shells were deproteinized using 1 M NaOH solution to remove proteins and organic
matter present in the shells. The product was dried before the demineralization
process was carried out. The results showed that based on the R2 values obtained for
each of the shrinking core models considered which include; fluid film diffusion
(FFD), ash layer diffusion (ALD), and chemical reaction control (CRC), it was noted
that the CRC model was prevalent for all the various range of particle sizes analyzed
(6.3 – 4.75 mm, 4.75 – 2 mm, 2 – 1 mm, and 600 – 300 μm). The surface morphologies
and the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) bands of the extracted chitin were
similar to previous studies
— Processes based on immobilized enzymes have been studied extensively in the last few decades and today are also applied to the safeguard of environmental parameters. In this work, zeolite composite flat membranes with different chemical composition, transition metal, and microporous structures were prepared using in situ and secondary growth crystallization synthesis methods in/on stainless steel porous disks. All zeolite materials were been used in catalase adsorption to analyze the zeolite behavior andthe effect of chemical composition and structure on interaction with the enzyme. This study shows that the electrostatic type of interaction seems to be of the utmost importance in influencing immobilization, while the zeolite Brönsted acidity of the support is the subordinate parameter, which differentiates the adsorption performances of different zeolite structures (that distinct for chemical composition of the framework). Moreover, it permits to conclude that transition metal-containing membranes adsorb a higher percentage of the enzyme with respect to no-exchanged membranes and that, for all materials synthesized, the amount of catalase adsorbed onto the zeolite crystals and membranes increases with the temperature.
Antibacterial agents are very important in the textile industry, water disinfection, medicine, and food packaging. Organic compounds used for disinfection have some disadvantages, including toxicity to the human body; therefore, the interest in inorganic disinfectants such as metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing. This review focuses on the Preparation and their potential with good antimicrobial activity of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs against biofilm forming S. aureus. Such improved antibacterial agents locally destroy bacteria, without being toxic to the surrounding tissue. We also provide an overview of opportunities and risks of using NPs as antibacterial agents. In particular, we discuss the role of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs materials. Several manufactured nanoparticlesparticles with one dimension less than 100 nm are increasingly used in consumer products. At nano size range, the properties of materials differ substantially from bulk materials of the same composition, mostly due to the increased specific surface area and reactivity, which may lead to increased bioavailability and toxicity. Thus, for the assessment of sustainability of nanotechnologies, methods of manufacturing Nanoparticles, properties have to be studied.
The formation of nanoparticle and physiochemical parameters such as pH, monomer concentration, ionic strength as well as surface charge, particle size and molecular weight are important for drug delivery. Further, these nanoparticles have the capability to reverse
multidrug resistance a major problem in chemotherapy. Well-established therapies commonly employed in cancer treatment include surgery, Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and
radiotherapy. The silver nanoparticles might be involved in neutralizing these adhesive substances, thus preventing biofilm formation. Selenium is also one of essential trace elements in the human body and has great importance in nourishment and medicine. Medicaldiagnostic field also developed to use the selenium nanoparticles and also studies on the increase efficiency of glutathione peroxidase and thioredosin reductase.
Biochemical changes in green chilli pepper fruits during storage in polymeric...researchagriculture
Biochemical changes occurring in fresh green chilli pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L. cv KA2) during storage in polymeric films at different temperatures were determined. Packaging films; Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 35μm, Polypropylene (PP) 80μm and LDPE micro perforated 31.75μm were used to store fruits at 4.3°C and 10°C for four weeks and at 26-34°C (ambient) for nine days. Biochemical analysis of the film-stored fruits for changes in ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total phenols, soluble solids and titratable acidity were carried out before and after storage. Ascorbic acid in the fruits significantly (p<0.05) decreased at both low (4.3°C and 10°C) and ambient (26-32°C) storage temperatures. Carotenoids and titratable acidity increased at all the storage temperatures while total phenols decreased at low temperature but increased at ambient temperature. Soluble solids generally increased at low temperature but remained stable at ambient temperature. These results suggest that biochemical changes occur during the storage of chilli pepper fruits in polymeric films at both low and ambient storage temperatures.
Article Citation:
Edusei VO and Ofosu-Anim J.
Biochemical changes in green chilli pepper fruits during storage in polymeric films.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 187-192.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0050.pdf
preparation and foliar application of oligochitosanIJEAB
Oligochitosan with weight average molecu-lar weight (Mw) of 5000 g/mol was prepared by gamma Co-60 radiation degradation of 4% chitosan solution containing 0.5% H2O2 at 21 kGy. Nanosilica with size of 10 – 30 nm was synthesized by calcination of acid treated rice husk at 700o C for 2 h. The mixture of 2% oligo-chitosan-2% nanosilica was prepared by dispersion of nanosilica in oligochitosan solution. Oligochitosan, nanosilica and their mixture were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), transmission electr-on microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Furrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Effect of foliar application of oli-gochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica on soybean seed yield was conducted in experimental field. Results indi-cated that soybean seed yield increased 10.5 and 17.0% for oligochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica, respect-tively for the control. Radiation degraded oligo-chitosan and its mixture with nanosilica can be potentially used for cultivation of soybean with enhanced seed yield.
Validation Of Radiation Sterilization Dose For Proteases Immobilized On Aldeh...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Delignification of pulp with two ternary deep eutectic solvents: Urea-acetami...Michal Jablonsky
Using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which ones act as solvent systems, offer an interesting green alternative to conventional technology in materials science, especially in the biomass processing. There is lack of information dealing with the delignification and bleaching effect of DESs in broad-leaved fiber process. This work describes application of various DESs on unbleached pulp, to study the influence of dissolution of lignin and protection of cellulose in the delignification process. In this work, two ternary deep eutectic solvents (urea-acetamide-glycerol) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3 and (malic acid-proline-lactic acid) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4 were synthesized and their density was studied in a temperature range of 25 to 75 0 C. Unbleached pulp (Kappa 14) was treated with prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents. The treatment was carried out in a water bath at present temperature of 60 0 C and atmospheric pressure for 2 hours. Solubility tests of cellulose were performed using pure cellulose (Whatman paper) in the DESs reagents. In 50 mL glass bottles, 0.5 g of the respective component was added separately into 20 mL of DES reagent and then incubated at 60 0 C for 2 h. The samples were filtered through glass fiber filters and dried at 105 0 C to constant weight. The weight of dried residual solid components was calculated in order to evaluate the % solubility in the DES reagent. Density of urea-acetamide-glycerol (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3) decreased with a temperature from 1,220 to 1,199 g/cm 3 and density of malic acid-proline-lactic acid (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4) decreased from 1,292 to 1,220 g/cm 3. Application of DESs to the lignocellulosic matrix pulp does not resulted in a significant decrease of lignin content. Deep eutectic solvent (urea-acet-amide-glycerol) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3 removed 5,4 % and DES (malic acid-proline-lactic acid) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4 removed 1.4 % lignin from unbleached pulp. The solubility of cellulose in ternary deep eutectic solvents was zero. Results show that prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents are able to delignify the pulp. However, the efficiency of delignification is not comparable to that of oxygen delignification. At the same time, used deep eutectic solvents do not cause dissolution of cellulose in pulp fibers.
Use of Chitosan as Edible Coating on Fruits and in Micro biological Activity ...inventionjournals
Chitin is a biodegradable,long, linear chain polymer found naturally abundantly in the marine and terrestrial environments. In this study, the capability of Chitin to delay the ripening of fruits is proved by coating chitin composites in three concentrations (low0.25%, Medium0.5%, High0.75%) on Apple and Tomato samples. A comparison study was carried out between three groups of samples which were coated with Glucose/Chitosan Medium, Glucose/Chitosan medium added chitinase enzyme and Chitosan Silver Nano composites respectively. Edible Chitosan coating effected positively on the samples and the coated samples showed significant difference in all physiochemical parameters than the control (uncoated). The results showed that all the groups showed similar effects in the quality parameters such as pH, phenolic content and antimicrobial activity of the samples. The third group comprising of the Apples and Tomatoes coated with Chitosan silver Nano composites showed significant time delay of ripening of the fruits in comparison with the other two groups.Chitosan coatings can be used for storage of highly perishable fruits as it had showed increase in the shelf life of the samples used in the study. They significantly control the moisture content between the fruits and the external environment thus proving effective in preventing fungal contamination of the fruits.
In this study, kinetics of demineralization of chitin extraction from snail shells was
investigated. Chitin was extracted from snail shells by demineralizing the
deproteinized shells in 1.2 M HCl solution. Prior to demineralization, the raw snail
shells were deproteinized using 1 M NaOH solution to remove proteins and organic
matter present in the shells. The product was dried before the demineralization
process was carried out. The results showed that based on the R2 values obtained for
each of the shrinking core models considered which include; fluid film diffusion
(FFD), ash layer diffusion (ALD), and chemical reaction control (CRC), it was noted
that the CRC model was prevalent for all the various range of particle sizes analyzed
(6.3 – 4.75 mm, 4.75 – 2 mm, 2 – 1 mm, and 600 – 300 μm). The surface morphologies
and the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) bands of the extracted chitin were
similar to previous studies
— Processes based on immobilized enzymes have been studied extensively in the last few decades and today are also applied to the safeguard of environmental parameters. In this work, zeolite composite flat membranes with different chemical composition, transition metal, and microporous structures were prepared using in situ and secondary growth crystallization synthesis methods in/on stainless steel porous disks. All zeolite materials were been used in catalase adsorption to analyze the zeolite behavior andthe effect of chemical composition and structure on interaction with the enzyme. This study shows that the electrostatic type of interaction seems to be of the utmost importance in influencing immobilization, while the zeolite Brönsted acidity of the support is the subordinate parameter, which differentiates the adsorption performances of different zeolite structures (that distinct for chemical composition of the framework). Moreover, it permits to conclude that transition metal-containing membranes adsorb a higher percentage of the enzyme with respect to no-exchanged membranes and that, for all materials synthesized, the amount of catalase adsorbed onto the zeolite crystals and membranes increases with the temperature.
Antibacterial agents are very important in the textile industry, water disinfection, medicine, and food packaging. Organic compounds used for disinfection have some disadvantages, including toxicity to the human body; therefore, the interest in inorganic disinfectants such as metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing. This review focuses on the Preparation and their potential with good antimicrobial activity of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs against biofilm forming S. aureus. Such improved antibacterial agents locally destroy bacteria, without being toxic to the surrounding tissue. We also provide an overview of opportunities and risks of using NPs as antibacterial agents. In particular, we discuss the role of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs materials. Several manufactured nanoparticlesparticles with one dimension less than 100 nm are increasingly used in consumer products. At nano size range, the properties of materials differ substantially from bulk materials of the same composition, mostly due to the increased specific surface area and reactivity, which may lead to increased bioavailability and toxicity. Thus, for the assessment of sustainability of nanotechnologies, methods of manufacturing Nanoparticles, properties have to be studied.
The formation of nanoparticle and physiochemical parameters such as pH, monomer concentration, ionic strength as well as surface charge, particle size and molecular weight are important for drug delivery. Further, these nanoparticles have the capability to reverse
multidrug resistance a major problem in chemotherapy. Well-established therapies commonly employed in cancer treatment include surgery, Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and
radiotherapy. The silver nanoparticles might be involved in neutralizing these adhesive substances, thus preventing biofilm formation. Selenium is also one of essential trace elements in the human body and has great importance in nourishment and medicine. Medicaldiagnostic field also developed to use the selenium nanoparticles and also studies on the increase efficiency of glutathione peroxidase and thioredosin reductase.
Biochemical changes in green chilli pepper fruits during storage in polymeric...researchagriculture
Biochemical changes occurring in fresh green chilli pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L. cv KA2) during storage in polymeric films at different temperatures were determined. Packaging films; Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 35μm, Polypropylene (PP) 80μm and LDPE micro perforated 31.75μm were used to store fruits at 4.3°C and 10°C for four weeks and at 26-34°C (ambient) for nine days. Biochemical analysis of the film-stored fruits for changes in ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total phenols, soluble solids and titratable acidity were carried out before and after storage. Ascorbic acid in the fruits significantly (p<0.05) decreased at both low (4.3°C and 10°C) and ambient (26-32°C) storage temperatures. Carotenoids and titratable acidity increased at all the storage temperatures while total phenols decreased at low temperature but increased at ambient temperature. Soluble solids generally increased at low temperature but remained stable at ambient temperature. These results suggest that biochemical changes occur during the storage of chilli pepper fruits in polymeric films at both low and ambient storage temperatures.
Article Citation:
Edusei VO and Ofosu-Anim J.
Biochemical changes in green chilli pepper fruits during storage in polymeric films.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 187-192.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0050.pdf
preparation and foliar application of oligochitosanIJEAB
Oligochitosan with weight average molecu-lar weight (Mw) of 5000 g/mol was prepared by gamma Co-60 radiation degradation of 4% chitosan solution containing 0.5% H2O2 at 21 kGy. Nanosilica with size of 10 – 30 nm was synthesized by calcination of acid treated rice husk at 700o C for 2 h. The mixture of 2% oligo-chitosan-2% nanosilica was prepared by dispersion of nanosilica in oligochitosan solution. Oligochitosan, nanosilica and their mixture were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), transmission electr-on microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Furrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Effect of foliar application of oli-gochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica on soybean seed yield was conducted in experimental field. Results indi-cated that soybean seed yield increased 10.5 and 17.0% for oligochitosan and oligochitosan-nanosilica, respect-tively for the control. Radiation degraded oligo-chitosan and its mixture with nanosilica can be potentially used for cultivation of soybean with enhanced seed yield.
Validation Of Radiation Sterilization Dose For Proteases Immobilized On Aldeh...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Delignification of pulp with two ternary deep eutectic solvents: Urea-acetami...Michal Jablonsky
Using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which ones act as solvent systems, offer an interesting green alternative to conventional technology in materials science, especially in the biomass processing. There is lack of information dealing with the delignification and bleaching effect of DESs in broad-leaved fiber process. This work describes application of various DESs on unbleached pulp, to study the influence of dissolution of lignin and protection of cellulose in the delignification process. In this work, two ternary deep eutectic solvents (urea-acetamide-glycerol) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3 and (malic acid-proline-lactic acid) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4 were synthesized and their density was studied in a temperature range of 25 to 75 0 C. Unbleached pulp (Kappa 14) was treated with prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents. The treatment was carried out in a water bath at present temperature of 60 0 C and atmospheric pressure for 2 hours. Solubility tests of cellulose were performed using pure cellulose (Whatman paper) in the DESs reagents. In 50 mL glass bottles, 0.5 g of the respective component was added separately into 20 mL of DES reagent and then incubated at 60 0 C for 2 h. The samples were filtered through glass fiber filters and dried at 105 0 C to constant weight. The weight of dried residual solid components was calculated in order to evaluate the % solubility in the DES reagent. Density of urea-acetamide-glycerol (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3) decreased with a temperature from 1,220 to 1,199 g/cm 3 and density of malic acid-proline-lactic acid (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4) decreased from 1,292 to 1,220 g/cm 3. Application of DESs to the lignocellulosic matrix pulp does not resulted in a significant decrease of lignin content. Deep eutectic solvent (urea-acet-amide-glycerol) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 3 removed 5,4 % and DES (malic acid-proline-lactic acid) in molar ratio 1 : 2 : 4 removed 1.4 % lignin from unbleached pulp. The solubility of cellulose in ternary deep eutectic solvents was zero. Results show that prepared ternary deep eutectic solvents are able to delignify the pulp. However, the efficiency of delignification is not comparable to that of oxygen delignification. At the same time, used deep eutectic solvents do not cause dissolution of cellulose in pulp fibers.
This paper reports on the adsorption of an ultrathin chitosan layer on spin-coated films of cellulose,
where efficient attachment was induced by oxidizing cellulose which provided anionic sites for electrostatic
interaction with the positively charged chitosan. Both the cellulose oxidation and the chitosan
adsorption were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The molecular-level interaction between chitosan and cellulose
involved the NAH groups, as inferred from the disappearance caused by chitosan adsorption of the amide
band at 1667 cm1 in the FTIR spectrum of cellulose. The XPS data confirmed a significant increase in the
atomic concentration of nitrogen groups, from 2.16% to 4.73% when chitosan was adsorbed on the oxidized
cellulose film, which also led to rougher films as illustrated by atomic force microscopy images.
One may now envisage applications in which the bactericide action of chitosan is combined with the biocompatibility
of cellulose
Corn Silk as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 0.1M HCl MediumIOSRJAC
The effectiveness of corn silk water extract (CSWE) as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5M HCl solution at 303K,313K and 323K was investigated in this work. Various concentrations of CSWE (5%v/v, 10%v/v, and 15% and 20% v/v) were prepared from dried corn silk. The study was carried out using weight loss and AAS analysis. The results of the AAS analysis collaborated weight loss measurements on the efficiency of CSWE as corrosion inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency of 77.7% and 72.0% was obtained respectively using both methods. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of CSWE (5%v/v<10%v /><15%>< 20% v/v) while corrosion rate decreased as concentration increased. Increase in temperature reduced inhibition efficiency and CSWE was shown to be most effective at 303K than at 313K and 323K. Kinetic study of the process proposed a first order reaction type. From thermodynamic parameters, inhibition was attributed to the existence of a protective film on metal surface by interaction between inhibitor molecules and metal ions in solution..Reaction rate constant values calculated were 0.0234, 0.0818 and 0.104 for the blank solution and 0.0049, 0.0328, 0.0416 for the highest inhibitor concentration of 20% v/v respectively at the different temperatures studied.Data obtained were subjected to Langmuir, Temkin and Frendlich isotherms. Langmuir model was found to be most fitted of the three models. The utility of a waste material as corrosion inhibitor is once more reported.
In this study, we have developed the
transdermal patch with chitosan-gelatin composite (C-GC) film
embedded with silver nanoparticles to enhance the flexibility and to increase the strength of cross links, respectively
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Fractionation of Wheat StrawMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Fibrous Scaffold Produced By Rotary Jet Spinning TechniqueIJERA Editor
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/ poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) mesh was produced by Rotary Jet Spinning (RJS)
process. RJS is a simple method which fabricates three-dimensional fibers by exploiting a high-speed rotating
nozzle o form a polymer jet which undergoes stretching before solidification without the need of high voltage.
Blend meshes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA),
differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform (FTIR). SEM imagens
provides information about the morphological structure, which confirmed the production of fibers using RJS.
Data obtained by thermal analyzes indicated the immiscible property of PLLA/PCL blend and also the total
solvent evaporation. As a preliminary in vitro assay it was investigated using Vero cells, was not found any sign
suggesting cell toxicity, indicating biocompatibility. Thus, this report suggests the use of PCL/PLLA mesh as
fiber scaffold substrate for tissue engineering
Chemical characterization of Cinachyrella tarentina: Sponge of Atlantic Moroc...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Currently, marine organisms are a very important source of new molecules in pharmacology and thus in the development of new bioactive products. Sponges, in particular, given their very primitive origin and persistence during evolution, have developed a chemical defense system.The chemical study of Cinachyrella tarentina, marine sponge recognized by its antibacterial and antifungal activity was investigated for the first time in Morocco. The screening of Cinachyrella tarentina revels that it contains different levels of primary and secondary metabolites. The dosage of polyphenols was carried out using the reagent Foulin-Ciocalteu. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH test. The fatty acid composition determined by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed a predominance of palmitic and stearic acids. Furthermore, we found the presence of several sterols which cholesterol and sitosterol are the most abundants. Keywords: Antioxydant activity, Chemical composition, Cinachyrella tarentina, Marine sponge, Polyphenols.
Effect of Earthworms on Distillery Effluent Treatment through VermifiltrationIJERA Editor
Distillery is an important sub-unit of sugar production industry. Distillery wastewater generated from different
stages of sugar and ethanol production contains huge amount of pollutants that are very harmful to the
environment if released without proper treatment. The present paper describes the application of vermiculture
based wastewater technology with the primary objective of converting liquid effluent into eco-friendly safe
water. Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The
BOD, COD, TSS and TDS decreased by 90%, 94%, 88% and 82% respectively through vermifiltration.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
Fashionista Chic Couture Maze & Coloring Adventures is a coloring and activity book filled with many maze games and coloring activities designed to delight and engage young fashion enthusiasts. Each page offers a unique blend of fashion-themed mazes and stylish illustrations to color, inspiring creativity and problem-solving skills in children.
This tutorial offers a step-by-step guide on how to effectively use Pinterest. It covers the basics such as account creation and navigation, as well as advanced techniques including creating eye-catching pins and optimizing your profile. The tutorial also explores collaboration and networking on the platform. With visual illustrations and clear instructions, this tutorial will equip you with the skills to navigate Pinterest confidently and achieve your goals.
Explore the multifaceted world of Muntadher Saleh, an Iraqi polymath renowned for his expertise in visual art, writing, design, and pharmacy. This SlideShare delves into his innovative contributions across various disciplines, showcasing his unique ability to blend traditional themes with modern aesthetics. Learn about his impactful artworks, thought-provoking literary pieces, and his vision as a Neo-Pop artist dedicated to raising awareness about Iraq's cultural heritage. Discover why Muntadher Saleh is celebrated as "The Last Polymath" and how his multidisciplinary talents continue to inspire and influence.
Fed by curiosity and beauty - Remembering Myrsine Zorba
1
1. Original article
Improvement of active chitosan film properties with rosemary
essential oil for food packaging
Mehdi Abdollahi,1
Masoud Rezaei,1
* & Gholamali Farzi2
1 Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Iran
2 Department of Material and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sabzevar Tarbiat Moallem University, Sabzevar, Iran
(Received 21 July 2011; Accepted in revised form 11 November 2011)
Summary Rosemary essential oil (REO) was used to develop an active film from chitosan. The effects of REO
concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% v ⁄ v) on film properties were studied by measuring the physical, mechanical
and optical properties of the REO-loaded films. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to study microstructure and the interaction of the chitosan-based
films. The solubility and water gain of the chitosan film decreased about 25% and 85%, respectively, by REO
incorporation, up to 1.5% v⁄ v, because of the interaction between hydrophilic groups of chitosan and REO
as confirmed by FTIR. It was determined that REO improved the transparency of the films from 4.97 in neat
chitosan up to 7.61; moreover, it reduced the films’ light transmission in UV light more than 25%. Films
containing REO showed more antibacterial activity and total phenol content. The films containing REO
showed potential to be used as active film in food preservation.
Keywords Chitosan film, film properties, food packaging, rosemary essential oil.
Introduction
Given the increased concerns about environmental
problems caused by synthetic packaging material, the
food industry has paid growing attention to biopolymer
and edible films during the last two decades. Chitosan,
the second most abundant polysaccharide after cellu-
lose, is a deacetylated derivative of chitin (Shahidi et al.,
1999; Srinivasa & Tharanathan, 2007). Its good film-
forming ability and intrinsic antimicrobial and antiox-
idant properties have made it attractive for active food
packaging. Nevertheless, its antimicrobial activity is just
as effectively expressed in aqueous systems (Wang,
1992), and it may become negligible when chitosan is
used as an insoluble film (Ouattara et al., 2000; Ziva-
novic et al., 2005). Moreover, its hydrophilic character
limits its application especially in the presence of water
and humid environments (Wang et al., 2005; Xu et al.,
2006).
To improve the shelf life of food products, researches
(Chan et al., 2007; Jongjareonrak et al., 2008; Siripatr-
awan & Harte, 2010) have focused on natural com-
pounds like plant extracts and essential oils as an
alternative for synthetic compounds. Among essential
oils, the preponderance of reports on effective antiox-
idant properties is directed toward extracts from plants
in the rosemary family, Rosmarinus officinalis L.
(Waszkowiak, 2008), and several studies showed that it
possesses the best antioxidant activity among the wide
range of herbs and spices tested (Baratta et al., 1998;
Bicchi et al., 2000; Wijeratne & Cuppett, 2007).
The latest studies demonstrated that some plant
extracts such as cinnamon (Ojagh et al., 2010), berga-
mot (Sánchez-González et al., 2010b), essential oils and
green tea extract (Siripatrawan & Harte, 2010) could
improve mechanical properties as well as the water
sensitivity of chitosan film. However, others like oreg-
ano (Zivanovic et al., 2005), thyme, clove (Hosseini
et al., 2009) and tea tree essential oil (Sánchez-González
et al., 2010a) had negative effects on the mechanical
properties of chitosan films. Although rosemary essen-
tial oil is considered to be one of the best known natural
antioxidants, no report discusses the effects of rosemary
essential oil (REO) on the chitosan film properties.
Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate how
properties of chitosan-based films could be affected by
the incorporation of REO in different concentrations, as
an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, through differ-
ent physical and structural properties analyses.
*Correspondent: Fax: +98 122 6253499;
e-mail: rezai_ma@modares.ac.ir
International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012, 47, 847–853 847
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02917.x
2012 The Authors. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 Institute of Food Science and Technology
2. Materials and methods
Materials
Crab shell chitosan (medium molecular weight, 75–85%
deacetylated) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich
Chemical Co., USA Glacial acetic acid and Tween 80
were purchased from Merck, Germany. Rosemary
essential oil (extracted with hydrodistillation method)
was obtained from Barij Essence pharmaceutical Co.
(Kashan, Esfahan, Iran), Iran, and stored in dark
container at 4 C until using.
Sample preparation
Preparation of chitosan ⁄ rosemary solutions
Aqueous solution of chitosan was prepared by dissolv-
ing 20 g of chitosan powder in 1000 mL of aqueous
acetic acid solution (1%, v⁄v), using a magnetic stirring
plate at 90 C and 80 g for 20 min, and then cooled to
room temperature. Then, 0.2% (w⁄v) of Tween 80, as
an emulsifier, was added to the mixture and stirred in
40 C for 30 min. Finally, an appropriate amount of
REO was added to the solution, to reach a final
concentration of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% (v⁄v), and homog-
enised with Ultra Turrax (IKA T25-Digital Ultra
Turrax, Staufen, Germany) at 4000 g for 2 min. After
cooling the resultant mixture at room temperature, it
was degassed under vacuum for 5 min to remove all
bubbles.
Preparation of films
The chitosan⁄rosemary solutions (160 mL) were cast in
a simple cubic mould made from Teflon-coated steel
with dimension of 25.5 · 28.5 cm2
and then dried for
72 h at ambient conditions (25 C) to prepare the films.
Dried films were then peeled and stored in a desiccator
(containing saturated magnesium nitrate solution) at
25 C and 50% relative humidity until evaluation.
Sample characterisation
Microstructure analysis
Surface microstructure of the chitosan-based films was
examined with a Philips XL 30 scanning electron
microscope (Philips, Eindhoven, the Netherlands) under
high vacuum condition and at an accelerating voltage of
20.0 kV. The film samples were mounted on the
specimen holder with aluminium tape and then sput-
tered with gold in a BAL-TEC SCD 005 sputter coater
(BAL-TEC AG, Balzers, Liechtenstein).
Fourier transform infrared spectra
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were col-
lected in transmission mode by using a Bruker (EQUI-
NOX 55, Ettlingen, Germany) FTIR spectrophotometer
with DTGS detector (16 scans) in the range of 400–
4000 cm)1
at a resolution of 4 cm)1
.
Measurement of film thickness
The thickness of the samples was determined with
a manual digital micrometer (0.001 mm, Mitutoyo,
Mizonokuchi, Japan). Measurements were repeated in
ten different regions of each sample. Average values
were calculated and used in water vapour permeability
(WVP), tensile and optical properties calculations.
Determination of moisture content
Film samples (0.1 g) were weighed and dried at 105 C
in an oven for 24 h. Moisture content was determined as
a percentage of the initial film weight lost during drying
and was reported on a wet basis.
Evaluation of film solubility in water
The initial dry matter of samples (4 · 4 cm) was
determined by drying films at 105 C for 24 h. The
films were then immersed in 50 mL distilled water and
then placed in a shaker incubator at 25 C and stirred
for 24 h at 250 rpm. The samples were then filtered
through Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Papers containing
any insolubilised film were dried at 105 C for 24 h. The
film solubility (%) was calculated using the following
equation:
Solubility in water ð%Þ
¼ ðInitial dry weight Final dry weightÞ
100=Initial dry weight
Calculation of water vapour permeability
The WVP of the films was measured gravimetrically
according to the method as described by Casariego
et al., 2009. The test film was sealed on the top of a glass
permeation cell. The cell contained distilled water
(100% RH; 2.337 · 103
Pa vapour pressure at 20 C),
placed in a desiccators. It was maintained at 20 C and
0% RH (0 Pa water vapour pressure) with silica gel.
Weight loss of the permeation cell was determined at
intervals of 2 h for 10 h. It showed that the water
transferred through the film and was adsorbed by the
desiccant. The slope of weight loss vs. time was obtained
by linear regression. The WVP was then calculated as
follows:
WVP = (WVTR LÞ=DP
where WVTR [water vapour transmission rate
(g m)2
s)1
)] is the measured slope, L is the mean film
thickness (m), and DP is the partial water vapour
Chitosan film properties with rosemary essential oil M. Abdollahi et al.
848
International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 2012 The Authors
International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 Institute of Food Science and Technology
3. pressure difference (Pa) between the two sides of the
film. This test was repeated three times for each
specimen to confirm its repeatability.
Water sorption kinetics
The water sorption kinetic of the REO-containing
chitosan films was evaluated by determining their water
sorption according to the method explained by Lavor-
gna et al., 2010. The samples were cut into small pieces
(2 · 2 cm), desiccated overnight and weighed to deter-
mine their dry mass. The weighed samples were placed
in closed beakers containing 30 mL of water (pH = 7)
and stored at T = 25 C. The kinetic of swelling was
evaluated by periodically measuring the weight incre-
ment of the samples. The films’ wet surface was gently
blotted with a tissue before weighing with a balance
accurate to 0.0001 g. The weighing was continued until
equilibrium state. The procedure was repeated three
times for each sample to confirm the repeatability. The
water gain of each sample was calculated as follows:
Water gain (% )
¼ (Weight of wet film - Weight of dry film)
100=Weight of wet film
Mechanical properties
Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (E%) of
the film samples were determined according to the
ASTM standard method D 882–02 (ASTM, 2002). with
an Instron Universal Testing Machine (model 200;
Hiwa, Tehran, Iran). The film samples were cut in
rectangular specimens (2.54 · 10 cm). Initial grip sepa-
ration was set at 50 mm, and cross-head speed was set at
50 mm min)1
. This test was repeated five times for each
specimen to confirm its repeatability.
Light transmission and film transparency
Transition and transparency of the chitosan-based film
were evaluated according to the method of Norajit
et al., 2010. Rectangle cut samples (5 · 50 mm) were
placed in a spectrophotometer cell. The light barrier
properties of the film samples were measured by
scanning the samples at wavelengths between 200 and
800 nm using a UV spectrophotometer. This test was
repeated three times for each specimen.
The transparency was calculated using the following
equation:
Transparency = Abs600/FT
Where Abs600 is a value of absorbance at 600 nm and
FT is the film thickness (mm).
Antibacterial activity
Antibacterial properties of REO, film-forming solution
and discs were studied using the agar diffusion method.
Five different pathogenic and spoilage bacteria includ-
ing Listeria monocytogenes (PTCC 1163), Pseudomonas
putida (PTTC 1694), Streptococcus agalactiae (PTCC
1768), Escherichia coli (PTCC 1533) and Lactococcus
lactis (PTCC 1336) were used for testing. Bacterial
strains were cultured overnight in Brain Heart Infusion
Broth at 37 C; 30 lL of REO and different film-
forming solutions was poured into Mueller Hinton agar
wells (5 mm diameter), after their plates had been seeded
with 0.1 mL of inoculums containing approximately
106
–107
CFU mL)1
of the indicated bacteria. In the
same way, films were punched into discs of 6 mm
diameter and then placed on the plates. Next, the plates
were incubated in chamber at 37 C for 24 h, and
afterwards, the zone of inhibition was measured and was
used to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the
essential oil and the films.
Total phenolic assay
Total phenolic content of the films was studied using the
Folin–Ciocalteu method as described by Siripatrawan
Harte (2010) with some modification; 50 mg of each film
sample was dissolved in 3 mL of methanol, and 0.1 mL
of film extract solution was mixed with 7 mL distilled
water and 0.5 mL of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (Merck
Company, Darmstadt, Germany). After preserving the
mixture for 8 min at room temperature, 1.5 mL of
sodium carbonate solution and 0.9 mL of distilled water
were added to it. The mixture was stored in darkness
and at room temperature for 2 h. The absorbance values
were then measured at 765 nm using a spectrophotom-
eter. A calibration curve was drawn using gallic acid in
specific concentrations, and the total phenolic content of
the films was expressed as gallic acid equivalents. A
standard curve was obtained with the following equa-
tion:
Absorbance ¼ 0:0011 gallic acid (mg) þ 0:029
This test was repeated five times for each specimen,
and the gallic acid equivalent value was reported as
mean ± SD of triplicate.
Statistical analysis
The difference between factors and levels was evaluated
by the analysis of variance (anova). Duncan’s multiple
range tests were used to compare the means to identify
which groups were significantly different from other
groups (P 0.05). All data are presented as mean ±
SD.
Chitosan film properties with rosemary essential oil M. Abdollahi et al. 849
2012 The Authors International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012
International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 Institute of Food Science and Technology
4. Results and discussion
Microstructural studies
Microstructure of chitosan-based films was studied with
the scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fig. S1
shows micrographs of the surface of the films. Neat
chitosan film had a smooth, homogenous and compact
surface without cracks (Fig. S1a). The same structure
has been reported for chitosan film by several authors
(Vargas et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2009; Ojagh et al.,
2010; Sánchez-González et al., 2010a). Nevertheless,
chitosan film containing REO showed a not homoge-
nous and cracked surface in comparison with neat
chitosan film (Fig. S1b). These results are in accordance
with the results of other investigators. Hosseini et al.
(2009) showed that incorporation of thyme and clove
essential oils caused a cracked and loose structure in
chitosan film. We are going to discuss this phenomenon
with further characterisation of REO-containing chito-
san film with FTIR.
Fourier transform infrared spectra of chitosan-based
films were studied to understand the interaction of REO
with functional groups of chitosan, as presented in
Fig. S2. The peaks between 3500 and 3000 cm)1
corre-
spond to the stretching vibration of free hydroxyl and to
the asymmetric and symmetric stretching of the N–H
bonds in the amino group (Siripatrawan Harte, 2010),
respectively. These are stronger in neat chitosan film
compared to those incorporated with REO. The bands
appearing between 2750 and 3000 in the spectrum of
chitosan film occur because of stretching vibrations of
the C–H bond in –CH2 (m = 2930 cm)1
) and –CH3
(m = 2870 cm)1
) groups, respectively (Paluszkiewicz
et al., 2010). In addition, two strong bands at 1541
and 1403 cm)1
, associated with –OH in-plane bending,
are less discernible in the films incorporated with REO.
These peaks became more flattened when incorporating
REO. These may be due to hydrogen bonding between
the –OH group in functional groups in REO ingredients
and the -NH and –OH groups in chitosan (Wang et al.,
2008). In general, this observation leads to an assump-
tion that there could be a particular arrangement in the
films because of the interactions of the REO ingredients’
functional groups with hydroxyl and amino groups in
chitosan matrix.
Physical properties of films
The moisture content of chitosan-based films was eval-
uated according to described method and the results
showed in Fig. S3a. The figure shows that the moisture
content of chitosan film increased significantly by 0.5%
REO incorporation in low level and then it become a
constant at higher concentration of REO. The same
results were reported about the effect of thyme and clove
on moisture content of chitosan film (Hosseini et al.,
2009). The increase in moisture content in the presence of
REO at low concentrations may be related to the break-
up of the film network, as showed by SEM micrographs,
which caused an increasing amount of water molecules
between polymer chains. As explained before, the
moisture content did not increase by addition of REO
at a higher level. This phenomenon may be related to the
hydrophobic nature of REO that consequently increased
the hydrophobicity of chitosan-based films.
Solubility could be an important characteristic for
biodegradable films because it can affect resistance of
film to water, especially in humid environments (Bour-
toom Chinnan, 2008). On the other hand, it can
determine the release of antioxidant and antimicrobial
compounds from film when placed over the food surface
(Gómez-Estaca et al., 2010). Solubility of chitosan-
based films is shown in Fig. S3b. As can be seen in the
figure, the solubility of chitosan film decreased about
25% with an additional amount of REO, up to 1.5%.
This coincides with the results of Ojagh et al. (2010),
who incorporated cinnamon essential oil into chitosan
film. This fact may contribute to cross-linking effects of
REO components leading to esters and⁄or amide groups
of chitosan. Higher cross-linking in chitosan leads to a
matrix with low affinity to water. This was supported by
FTIR spectra that showed the interaction of chitosan
functional groups with REO. Lower solubility means
that chitosan⁄REO film can release REO oil slowly and
maintain it for a long time on a food surface.
Water sorption kinetics is a means to characterise the
water absorption of the film, which in turn is transmit-
ted to the product inside. Knowledge of sorption
kinetics is also important for predicting stability and
quality changes during packaging and storage of food
products (Srinivasa et al., 2007). Figure S3(c) shows the
water sorption kinetics of chitosan-based films. Neat
chitosan film absorbed a large amount of water (about
1400%) in the initial minutes and crumbled completely
before reaching equilibrium. But films containing REO
absorbed a several times lower amount of water and
could reach equilibrium. In other words, films became
more hydrophobic by adding REO, and the amount of
sorbed water decreased by increasing REO content
1.5%, up to 200%. This agreed with the results of other
research that incorporated natural antioxidant into
biopolymers (Vargas et al., 2009; Mayachiew
Devahastin, 2010; Pereda et al., 2010). This lower water
sorption at first may be due to the hydrophobic nature
of REO. Moreover, the degree of swelling of a polymeric
matrix strongly depends on the amount and nature of
intermolecular chain interactions (Di Pierro et al., 2006;
Mayachiew Devahastin, 2010). The hydrogen
and covalent interactions between a chitosan network
and REO ingredients limit the availability of hydro-
gen groups to form hydrophilic bonds with water,
Chitosan film properties with rosemary essential oil M. Abdollahi et al.
850
International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 2012 The Authors
International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 Institute of Food Science and Technology
5. subsequently leading to a decrease in the affinity of
chitosan film to water (Siripatrawan Harte, 2010), and
made the films more hydrophobic. This hypothesis was
supported by FTIR spectra in which the interaction of
chitosan functional, hydroxyl and amide groups with
REO is shown.
Water vapour permeability of chitosan-based films
was reported in Table S1. Neat chitosan film had a
WVP of about 0.70 (g msPa)1
) 10-10, but the highest
WVP was observed in chitosan film containing 0.5%
(v⁄v) REO, which was 14% higher than neat chitosan
film. This enhancement in water passing through the
film could be related to the cracked structure that is
caused by REO. Regarding moisture content, this
structure has increased the amount of free room in the
polymer network for water molecules that finally could
transmit through the film. However, water vapour
transition through the free rooms was reduced when
chitosan films incorporated with REO at a level of 1 and
1.5% v⁄v. Water vapour transfer could generally occur
through the hydrophilic portion of the film and depends
on the hydrophilic–hydrophobic ratio of the film com-
ponents (Norajit et al., 2010). Thus, the negative effect
of cracked structure was covered with increasing
hydrophobicity of the film at higher REO ratio.
Mechanical properties of films
The influence of REO on the mechanical properties of
chitosan film is shown in Table S1, which shows the
tensile strength (TS) and per cent elongation (E%) of the
films. The incorporation of REO leads to softer and
more flexible film, but no significant (P 0.05) differ-
ences were found between the mechanical parameters of
chitosan-based films. In general, TS and E% increased
about 7% and 40%, respectively, by REO incorporation
into the neat chitosan film. This may be explained by the
twosome function of REO incorporation. From one
standpoint, it caused some interaction in polymer chain
as showed in FTIR spectra, which can improve the
interchain forces in the chitosan matrix. On the other
hand, it caused a cracked structure that can negatively
affect TS. The improvements in E% may have resulted
from the increase in moisture content, as a good known
plastisizer. In general, different essential oils have shown
different effects on mechanical properties of chitosan
film. Thyme and clove decreased TS, but they improved
E% (Hosseini et al., 2009), and cinnamon improved TS
but decreased the E% of chitosan films (Ojagh et al.,
2010). Sánchez-González et al. (2010b) showed that
bergamot essential oil decreased the TS and E% of
chitosan film. On the other hand, Zivanovic et al. (2005)
also found that TS decreased when introducing some
essential oils into chitosan films, but no changes in E%
were found. These differences in essential oils’ behaviour
may be attributed to the type of chitosan (solvent and
molecular weight) used and the particular interactions
with the essential oil components which, in turn, are
affected by relative humidity, the presence of surfactants,
temperature, etc. (Sánchez-González et al., 2010a).
Optical properties of films
The transparency of film is important in that it can
directly affect the appearance of coated products in the
packaging industry (Chen et al., 2010). On the other
hand, it can affect the rate of oxidation of lipids, and
consequently food quality (Rao et al., 2010). Table S2
shows the results of spectroscopic scanning of chitosan-
based films in wavelengths between 200 and 800 nm.
Films containing REO showed lower light transmission
in UV light between 200 and 280 nm. These results were
in agreement with those of Norajit et al. (2010) for
adding ginseng extract to alginate film and of Gómez-
Guillén et al. (2007) who incorporated murta extract
into tunafish skin gelatin film. It was observed that
murta–gelatin films showed higher UV absorbance
levels than the control gelatin film. As explained before,
this decrease in transmission can be beneficial for food
preservation in that the most pronounced deleterious
effects of light on food are caused by ultraviolet light.
These results suggest that chitosan films containing
REO can potentially retard lipid oxidation induced by
UV light in food products.
Rosemary essential oil incorporation increased the
transparency of the chitosan film, and the transpar-
ency of film containing 1.5% REO was significantly
(P 0.05) higher than that of neat chitosan film. It
coincides with the results of some other studies that
added guar gum to chitosan film (Rao et al., 2010) and
ginseng extract to alginate film (Norajit et al., 2010). As
the films’ transparency depends on their internal struc-
ture (Sánchez-González et al., 2010a), the increase in the
transparency of chitosan films by REO may contribute
to the interaction of REO with the reflective index of
chitosan, which affects film transparency (Rao et al.,
2010). These findings could be useful in chitosan film
applications, particularly if they were used for coating
and packaging the food product, in that it can affect the
consumer acceptability.
Antibacterial and antioxidant activity
Antibacterial activity of REO, film-forming solutions
and film discs is shown in Table S3. Regarding their
extra protective outer membrane, gram-negative bacte-
ria are usually considerably more resistant to antibac-
terial agents than their gram-positive counterparts. In
this regard, the essential oil showed its best antibacterial
activity in the disc diffusion test on gram-positive
bacteria (i.e. L. monocytogenes, S. agalactiae). The results
are in agreement with the results of other published data
Chitosan film properties with rosemary essential oil M. Abdollahi et al. 851
2012 The Authors International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012
International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 Institute of Food Science and Technology
6. (Bozin et al., 2007). However, its inhibitory activity on
gram-negative bacteria (especially on E. coli) was also
notable and interesting. Bozin et al. (2007) also reported
good inhibitory activity for REO against E. coli strain.
As explained before, high antimicrobial properties are
mainly related to phenol diterpenes, such as carnosic
acid, carnosol, rosmanol, isorosmanol and rosmarinic
acid (Bozin et al., 2007; Türe et al., 2008).
Ponce et al. (2008) studied antibacterial activity of
acidic water, and the bacteria were not sensitive to the
solution. The results can coincide with our results about
chitosan film solution containing acetic acid 1%. Neat
chitosan did show antimicrobial properties neither in
solution form nor in the film form. These results coincide
with the results of Ojagh et al. (2010) and Zivanovic
et al. (2005) about chitosan film. This effect of chitosan
may be related to the fact that chitosan does not diffuse
through the adjacent agar media in the agar diffusion test
method, so that only organisms in direct contact with the
active sites of chitosan are inhibited (Coma et al., 2002).
Incorporation of REO into chitosan showed antibacte-
rial activity in higher than 1% REO in the film-forming
solution and film discs. Moreover, REO showed less
antibacterial activity in film-forming solution and film
disc, respectively, in comparison with pure essential oil.
The possible reason for the decrease in activity of the EO
incorporated in the chitosan films compared with activity
of pure EO may be due to lower amount of the EO in the
film solution and film discs in comparison with the well
test for pure EO. The other reason may be due to
slower⁄controlled release of active compounds from the
chitosan film than from well.
Total phenolic content of chitosan-based films is
shown in Fig. S4. Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent was
used to obtain a crude estimate of the amount of
phenolic groups present in the films. As expected, total
phenol content of chitosan film increased significantly
by incorporating REO, which was in agreement with
other reported results (Gómez-Estaca et al., 2010;
Norajit et al., 2010; Siripatrawan Harte, 2010). In
general, it has been demonstrated in many studies over
recent years that the antioxidant activity of plants is
caused mainly by phenolic compounds. The effect of
phenolic compounds on lipid molecules may depend on
structural factors, such as the number of phenolic
hydroxyl or methoxyl groups, flavone hydroxyl, keto
groups, free carboxylic groups and other structural
features (Jayabalan et al., 2008; Norajit et al., 2010).
Conclusions
Rosemary essential oil was successfully incorporated
into chitosan film, and it was shown that REO, one of
the best natural antioxidants, could notably improve the
water sensitiveness of chitosan film. FTIR spectra
confirmed that this improvement is related to the
interaction between hydrophilic groups of chitosan
incorporating REO. The WVP of chitosan film in-
creased by REO incorporation because of the cracked
structure caused by REO as confirmed by SEM. REO
made the chitosan films more flexible and increased the
transparency of films; moreover, it reduced films’ light
transmission in UV light, which can be desirable for the
food-packaging industry. More research for understand-
ing the antioxidant and antimicrobial behaviour of
chitosan film containing REO in an actual food envi-
ronment is needed.
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to Dr Badiei for preparing some
experimental facilities for this research work.
References
ASTM (2002). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin
Plastic Sheeting. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Designation
D882-02. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing Materials.
Baratta, M.T., Dorman, H., Deans, S., Biondi, D. Ruberto, G.
(1998). Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidative
activity of laurel, sage, rosemary, oregano and coriander essential
oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 10, 618–627.
Bicchi, C., Binello, A. Rubiolo, P. (2000). Determination of phenolic
diterpene antioxidants in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) with
different methods of extraction and analysis. Phytochemical Anal-
ysis, 11, 236–242.
Bourtoom, T. Chinnan, M.S. (2008). Preparation and properties of
rice starch-chitosan blend biodegradable film. LWT – Food Science
and Technology, 41, 1633–1641.
Bozin, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Samojlik, I. Jovin, E. (2007).
Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage
(Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae)
essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 7879–
7885.
Casariego, A., Souza, B., Cerqueira, M. et al. (2009). Chitosan ⁄ clay
films’ properties as affected by biopolymer and clay micro ⁄ nano-
particles’ concentrations. Food Hydrocolloids, 23, 1895–1902.
Chan, E., Lim, Y. Chew, Y. (2007). Antioxidant activity of Camellia
sinensis leaves and tea from a lowland plantation in Malaysia. Food
Chemistry, 102, 1214–1222.
Chen, C.-H., Kuo, W.-S. Lai, L.-S. (2010). Water barrier and
physical properties of starch ⁄ decolorized hsian-tsao leaf gum films:
Impact of surfactant lamination. Food Hydrocolloids, 24, 200–207.
Coma, V., Martial Gros, A., Garreau, S., Copinet, A., Salin, F.
Deschamps, A. (2002). Edible antimicrobial films based on chitosan
matrix. Journal of Food Science, 67, 1162–1169.
Di Pierro, P., Chico, B., Villalonga, R. et al. (2006). Chitosan–Whey
protein edible films produced in the absence or presence of
transglutaminase: analysis of their mechanical and barrier proper-
ties. Biomacromolecules, 7, 744–749.
Gómez-Estaca, J., López de Lacey, A., López-Caballero, M.E.,
Gómez-Guillén, M.C. Montero, P. (2010). Biodegradable gela-
tin–chitosan films incorporated with essential oils as antimicrobial
agents for fish preservation. Food Microbiology, 27, 889–896.
Gómez-Guillén, M.C., Ihl, M., Bifani, V., Silva, A. Montero, P.
(2007). Edible films made from tuna-fish gelatin with antioxidant
extracts of two different murta ecotypes leaves (Ugni molinae
Turcz). Food Hydrocolloids, 21, 1133–1143.
Hosseini, M., Razavi, S. Mousavi, M. (2009). Antimicrobial,
physical and mechanical properties of chitosan based films
Chitosan film properties with rosemary essential oil M. Abdollahi et al.
852
International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 2012 The Authors
International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 Institute of Food Science and Technology
7. incorporated with thyme, clove and cinnamon essential oils. Journal
of Food Processing and Preservation, 33, 727–743.
Jayabalan, R., Subathradevi, P., Marimuthu, S., Sathishkumar, M.
Swaminathan, K. (2008). Changes in free-radical scavenging ability
of kombucha tea during fermentation. Food Chemistry, 109, 227–
234.
Jongjareonrak, A., Benjakul, S., Visessanguan, W. Tanaka, M.
(2008). Antioxidative activity and properties of fish skin gelatin films
incorporated with BHT and [alpha]-tocopherol. Food Hydrocolloids,
22, 449–458.
Lavorgna, M., Piscitelli, F., Mangiacapra, P. Buonocore, G.G.
(2010). Study of the combined effect of both clay and glycerol
plasticizer on the properties of chitosan films. Carbohydrate Poly-
mers, 82, 291–298.
Mayachiew, P. Devahastin, S. (2010). Effects of drying methods and
conditions on release characteristics of edible chitosan films enriched
with Indian gooseberry extract. Food Chemistry, 118, 594–601.
Norajit, K., Kim, K.M. Ryu, G.H. (2010). Comparative studies on
the characterization and antioxidant properties of biodegradable
alginate films containing ginseng extract. Journal of Food Engineer-
ing, 98, 377–384.
Ojagh, S.M., Rezaei, M., Razavi, S.H. Hosseini, S.M.H. (2010).
Development and evaluation of a novel biodegradable film made
from chitosan and cinnamon essential oil with low affinity toward
water. Food Chemistry, 122, 161–166.
Ouattara, B., Simard, R.E., Piette, G., Bégin, A. Holley, R.A.
(2000). Inhibition of surface spoilage bacteria in processed meats by
application of antimicrobial films prepared with chitosan. Interna-
tional Journal of Food Microbiology, 62, 139–148.
Paluszkiewicz, C., Stodolak, E., Hasik, M. Blazewicz, M. (2010).
FTIR study of montmorillonite-chitosan nanocomposite materials.
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectros-
copy, 79, 784–788.
Pereda, M., Aranguren, M.I. Marcovich, N.E. (2010). Caseinate
films modified with tung oil. Food Hydrocolloids, 24, 800–808.
Ponce, A.G., Roura, S.I., Del Valle, C.E. Moriera, M.R. (2008).
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of edible coatings enriched
with natural plant extracts: in vitro and in vivo studies. Postharvest
Biology and Technology, 49, 294–300.
Rao, M.S., Kanatt, S.R., Chawla, S.P. Sharma, A. (2010). Chitosan
and guar gum composite films: preparation, physical, mechanical
and antimicrobial properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82, 1243–
1247.
Sánchez-González, L., González-Martı́nez, C., Chiralt, A. Cháfer,
M. (2010a). Physical and antimicrobial properties of chitosan-tea
tree essential oil composite films. Journal of Food Engineering, 98,
443–452.
Sánchez-González, L., Cháfer, M., Chiralt, A. González-Martı́nez,
C. (2010b). Physical properties of edible chitosan films containing
bergamot essential oil and their inhibitory action on Penicillium
italicum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82, 277–283.
Shahidi, F., Arachchi, J.K.V. Jeon, Y.-J. (1999). Food applications
of chitin and chitosans. Trends in Food Science Technology, 10,
37–51.
Siripatrawan, U. Harte, B.R. (2010). Physical properties and
antioxidant activity of an active film from chitosan incorpo-
rated with green tea extract. Food Hydrocolloids, 24, 770–
775.
Srinivasa, P. Tharanathan, R. (2007). Chitin ⁄ chitosan-safe, eco-
friendly packaging materials with multiple potential uses. Food
Reviews International, 23, 53–72.
Srinivasa, P., Ramesh, M. Tharanathan, R. (2007). Effect of
plasticizers and fatty acids on mechanical and permeability charac-
teristics of chitosan films. Food Hydrocolloids, 21, 1113–1122.
Türe, H., Eroğlu, E., Soyer, F. Özen, B. (2008). Antifungal activity
of biopolymers containing natamycin and rosemary extract against
Aspergillus niger and Penicillium roquefortii. International Journal of
Food Science Technology, 43, 2026–2032.
Vargas, M., Albors, A., Chiralt, A. González-Martı́nez, C. (2009).
Characterization of chitosan-oleic acid composite films. Food
Hydrocolloids, 23, 536–547.
Wang, G.H. (1992). Inhibition and inactivation of five species of
foodborne pathogens by chitosan. Journal of Food Protection
(USA), 55, 916–919.
Wang, S., Shen, L., Tong, Y. et al. (2005). Biopolymer chitosan ⁄ mont-
morillonite nanocomposites: preparation and characterization.
Polymer Degradation and Stability, 90, 123–131.
Wang, X., Du, Y. Luo, J. (2008). Biopolymer ⁄ montmorillonite
nanocomposite: preparation, drug-controlled release property and
cytotoxicity. Nanotechnology, 19, 065707.
Waszkowiak, K. (2008). Antioxidative activity of rosemary extract
using connective tissue proteins as carriers. International Journal of
Food Science Technology, 43, 1437–1442.
Wijeratne, S.S.K. Cuppett, S.L. (2007). Potential of rosemary
(Rosemarinus officinalis L.) diterpenes in preventing lipid hydroper-
oxide-mediated oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Journal of Agricul-
tural and Food Chemistry, 55, 1193–1199.
Xu, Y., Ren, X. Hanna, M.A. (2006). Chitosan ⁄ clay nanocomposite
film preparation and characterization. Journal of Applied Polymer
Science, 99, 1684–1691.
Zhao, Q.S., Ji, Q.X., Xing, K., Li, X.Y., Liu, C.S. Chen, X.G.
(2009). Preparation and characteristics of novel porous hydrogel
films based on chitosan and glycerophosphate. Carbohydrate Poly-
mers, 76, 410–416.
Zivanovic, S., Chi, S. Draughon, A.F. (2005). Antimicrobial activity
of chitosan films enriched with essential oils. Journal of food Science,
70, 45–51.
Supporting Information
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the
online version of this article:
Figure S1. Scanning electron microscope microstruc-
ture of chitosan (a) and chitosan–rosemary 1.0% (b)
film.
Figure S2. Fourier transform infrared spectra of
chitosan film without rosemary essential oil (REO)
and films containing 1.0% REO.
Figure S3. Moisture content (a), solubility (b) and
water gain of chitosan-based films.
Figure S4. Total phenol content of chitosan-based
films.
Table S1. Antibacterial activity of rosemary essential
oil (REO), film-forming solutions (FFS) and film discs.
Table S2. Light transmission (T%) and transparency
of chitosan films containing rosemary essential oil
(REO).
Table S3. Summary of mechanical properties and
WVP chitosan-based films.
Please note: Wiley-Blackwell are not responsible for
the content or functionality of any supporting materials
supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing
material) should be directed to the corresponding author
for the article.
Chitosan film properties with rosemary essential oil M. Abdollahi et al. 853
2012 The Authors International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012
International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 Institute of Food Science and Technology