The crees foundation conducts conservation research in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru, to understand the biodiversity and conservation value of regenerating tropical forest.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
An Emergent Carapa oreophila Products Value Chain – A Case Study of The Kilum...AI Publications
This study focused on the tradable products of Carapaoreophilaand employs ethnobotanic quantitative methods. Semi-structured ethnobotanical questionnaires were conducted to collect information on general knowledge of Carapa oreophila, characteristics of informants; plant parts exploited as well as gathering; processing and storage methods. The reasons for use: market value, points of sales, means of transport, trade channels, constraints and their opinion on resource availability. Ethnobotanic method and descriptive statistic were employed to measure the effect of product exploitation. This paper exposes three traded Carapaoreophilaproducts with high market value. Fuel wood and leave-rodent chain had high market value and high turnovers while wood craft goods, hoe and axe handles had high turnovers but low market value. Leave harvesters are also fuelwood suppliers. The incomes earned by harvesters of the Carapa products are used to meet their domestic demand for money or liquidity preference. Unfortunately, harvest methods and techniques are unhealthy and do not contribute to secure the forest resource. Given its multipurpose uses, we recommend the promotion and enhancement of Carapa oreophila through its domestication and seed oil production to provide significant socio-economic benefits to the local people. To this end, it is necessary to implement strategies to support local communities to actively participate in the conservation and sustainable use of the species as part of the preservation of plant biodiversity.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
An Emergent Carapa oreophila Products Value Chain – A Case Study of The Kilum...AI Publications
This study focused on the tradable products of Carapaoreophilaand employs ethnobotanic quantitative methods. Semi-structured ethnobotanical questionnaires were conducted to collect information on general knowledge of Carapa oreophila, characteristics of informants; plant parts exploited as well as gathering; processing and storage methods. The reasons for use: market value, points of sales, means of transport, trade channels, constraints and their opinion on resource availability. Ethnobotanic method and descriptive statistic were employed to measure the effect of product exploitation. This paper exposes three traded Carapaoreophilaproducts with high market value. Fuel wood and leave-rodent chain had high market value and high turnovers while wood craft goods, hoe and axe handles had high turnovers but low market value. Leave harvesters are also fuelwood suppliers. The incomes earned by harvesters of the Carapa products are used to meet their domestic demand for money or liquidity preference. Unfortunately, harvest methods and techniques are unhealthy and do not contribute to secure the forest resource. Given its multipurpose uses, we recommend the promotion and enhancement of Carapa oreophila through its domestication and seed oil production to provide significant socio-economic benefits to the local people. To this end, it is necessary to implement strategies to support local communities to actively participate in the conservation and sustainable use of the species as part of the preservation of plant biodiversity.
INDICATOR SPECIES ANALYSES OF WEED COMMUNITIES OF MAIZE CROP IN DISTRICT MARD...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in natural environment. Composition and abundance of weeds are influenced by number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in Union Council Shahbaz Ghari (total area 3956 ha, Agriculture land 1701 ha), District Mardan. Quantitative ecological techniques by adapting quadrat method were used to assess environmental variability and weed species distribution in the targeted region. Nine quadrats of 1×1 m2 size were placed randomly in 65 different fields of the UC. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field. Preliminary results showed that UC Shahbaz Ghari has 29 different weed species belong to 15 different families. Presence absence (1,0) data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysesvia PC-ORD version 5 resulting four major weed communities. Dominant weed species of the area are Cyperus rotundus, Urochloa panicoides, Brachiaria ramosa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Commelina benghalensis and Canvolvulus arvensis while Cannabis sativa, Ipomea purpurea, Amaranthus blitoides, Xanthium strumarium, Lactuca dissecta and Cucurbita maxima are rare weed species. Indicator Species Analyses (ISA) of data identified indicators of each sort of micro environmental condition. Based on our findings, it is recommended that awareness can be created among farmers especially about their farming practices to minimize noxious weeds of maize crop
Key words: Cluster analyses, indicator species analyses, maize, PC-ORD, weeds and Weed communities.
Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...AI Publications
Ruvu-South Coastal Forest Reserve forms one of the most important coastal forests in Eastern Africa coastal belt. It provides important ecological habitat for most endemic and endangered fauna and flora species including endangered Sokoke pipit bird (Anthussokokensis). The study evaluated the potential distribution and conservation of globally endangered Sokoke pipit bird in Ruvu Coastal Forest Reserve in Tanzania. Specifically the project assessed the current population size, distribution, and habitat conditions of Sokoke pipit bird in the study area. Using National Forest Inventory protocol, a total of 9 tagged line transects were established 900m from each other and sample plots of 50m x 30m were laid at every 400m along tagged transects. In each sample plot, information about forest floor conditions, forest gaps and signs for forest disturbances were assessed.Study recorded a total of 201 disturbance events along all 13 transects. Tree cutting events were observed at highest frequency rate with 71 incidences compared to others; followed by fire damage incidences. Also the study recorded 28 Sokoke pipit birds distributed in 5 sample plots among all 39 plots surveyed.The mean density ofS.pipit bird found is0.02 birds/ha, with a projected overall bird population estimated at 611 individuals in the entire forest. The study recommends further studies to other parts of the forest reserve so as to identify other fundamental niche, endangered and endemic species. Also to enhance of forest management by local authority and raise conservation awareness to address human-mediated forest destruction.
Vegetation mapping and multivariate approach to indicator species of a forest...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract
Questions
Does the plant species composition of Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD) correlate with edaphic, topographic and climatic variables? Is it possible to identify different plant communities in relation to environmental gradients with special emphasis on indicator species? Can this approach to vegetation classification support conservation planning?
Location
Thandiani sub Forests Division, Western Himalayas.
Methods
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of species along with environmental variables were measured using a randomly stratified design to identify the major plant communities and indicator species of the Thandiani sub Forests Division. Species composition was recorded in 10 × 2.5 × 2 and 0.5 × 0.5 m square plots for trees, shrubs and herbs, respectively. GPS, edaphic and topographic data were also recorded for each sample plot. A total of 1500 quadrats were established in 50 sampling stations along eight altitudinal transects encompassing eastern, western, northern and southern aspects (slopes). The altitudinal range of the study area was 1290 m to 2626 m above sea level using. The relationships between species composition and environmental variables were analyzed using Two Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) via PCORD version 5.
Results
A total of 252 plant species belonging to 97 families were identified. TWCA and ISA recognized five plant communities. ISA additionally revealed that mountain slope aspect, soil pH and soil electrical conductivity were the strongest environmental factors (p ≤ 0.05) determining plant community composition and indicator species in each habitat. The results also show the strength of the environment-species relationship using Monte Carlo procedures.
Conclusions
An analysis of vegetation along an environmental gradient in the Thandiani sub Forests Division using the Braun-Blanquet approach confirmed by robust tools of multivariate statistics identified indicators of each sort of microclimatic zones/vegetation communities which could further be used in conservation planning and management not only in the area studied but in the adjacent regions exhibit similar sort of environmental conditions.
Flammulated Owls are a sensitive, indicator species. Modeling enabled me to extrapolate demographic data and discern meaningful relationships between specific vegetation parameters and the owls\' reproductive success.
RISK AND BENEFITS OF WILDLIFE TRANSLOCATIONnikeshkathayat
Wildlife translocations have historically assisted in establishing or re-establishing species in areas of extinction and while at the same time may also poses risks to the existing population at the recipient site.
A framework for assessing and projecting climate change effects on forest com...Jennifer Costanza
Presented at US-IALE annual meeting in Baltimore, MD. We are using hierarchical classification to produce an empirical set of forest tree assemblages for use in projection, assessment, and monitoring of global change effects on forest communities.
Status of large mammals: case study of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehi), chimp...IJEAB
This study entitled status of large mammals: case study of gorilla, chimpanzee and buffalo, was carried out in the Black Bush Area of Waindow (BBAW), Menchum South, NW Cameroon from January-March, 2014. The general objective was to determine the status of large mammal’s species and to investigate the presence of gorilla, chimpanzees and buffalo reported by the indigenous people in order to contribute to the conservation of these species in the region. The recce- survey method was used for species inventory whereby direct and indirect observations of bio-indicators of these species and human signs were recorded. From the result, the encounter rates of buffalo and chimpanzee were 0.35 and 0.26 signs per km respectively with no gorilla sign observed. Spatial distribution maps revealed great concentration of these species in the northern zone. Hunting recorded the highest encounter rate of 0.42 signs per km of anthropogenic activities. As such, one could deduce that the pressures exacerbated on these animals due to human activities and encroachment by Nigeria traders, and grazers placed the remaining species under intense threat of disappearing within the study areas. It is therefore necessary to intensify conservation efforts so as to urgently address these species concerns.
Forest Certification: Biological Benefits or Just Landowner Costs?D. Stuart Hale, CF
Presentation outlining the benefits and costs of forest certification and sustainable forest management. First presented at the University of Tennessee - Knoxville on October 6, 2010.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Propose Strategies to Enhance the Biodiversity Status and Traditional Knowled...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study entitle propose strategies to enhance the biodiversity status and traditional knowledge systems relevant for the conservation of Pan troglodytes ellioti was undertaken in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (KWFR) and Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) Northwest region of Cameroon. The main objective was to investigate sustainable tactics that will contribute to trim down pressure on Pan troglodytes ellioti and other flagship species around the study areas. Data collections were undertaken with the help of interviewed administered questionnaires, informal interview using interview guide, group discussion and direct observations activities. Following interviewees response, sixty eight (68%) of the respondents were confident that they could take up effective management of the K-FNP and K-WFR. Equally, 92% of respondents agreed to the fact that increasing population, poverty increment, insufficient modern health facilities, influx of new cultural activities due to loss of traditional taboos and totemic beliefs, remains greater threat to chimpanzees in the study areas. Most of the interviewees (74%) agreed that updating of knowledge on the abundance and distribution of chimpanzee, identifying location of all human activities especially huts, farms, shortcuts and illegal market in the park/reserve through regular patrols with eco-guards to reinforce order and ensure a better protection for chimpanzees is vital. Much more, 95% of respondent accepted the fact that old and new traditional knowledge of conservation such as taboos/law, totemic beliefs, sacred forests, royal species, automatic spiritual sanction, harvesting seasons should be revived and encourage through traditional institutions/council to better protect chimpanzees. Furthermore, 85% of interviewees accepted the suggestion that to get rid of poor traditional practices that uses chimpanzee’s body parts/meat for medicine and rituals, can be replace with goats, sheep, pig, fouls body parts/meat. To reduce over dependent and conflicts on chimpanzees products and other natural resources, 97% of the respondents were in favour that income generating micro-projects such as fish farming, animal rearing, and market gardening should be promoted. Providing jobs through ecotourism activities such as forest clearance and excursions, construction of adequate and equip infrastructures were highly welcome by 99% of interviewees. To attain all these, regular conservation educational programmes in schools, meeting places and in “ngumba” houses should be promoted to well sensitize population on chimpanzee’s conservation.
Ecological Forestry in Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Forests of the Pac...Lily Tidwell
Ecological forestry is an emerging concept in the field of forest management based on silvicultural techniques that emulate natural disturbance regimes, thus preserving a relatively natural functioning forest ecosystem. This paper discusses the application of these concepts in Douglas-Fir forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States.
INDICATOR SPECIES ANALYSES OF WEED COMMUNITIES OF MAIZE CROP IN DISTRICT MARD...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in natural environment. Composition and abundance of weeds are influenced by number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in Union Council Shahbaz Ghari (total area 3956 ha, Agriculture land 1701 ha), District Mardan. Quantitative ecological techniques by adapting quadrat method were used to assess environmental variability and weed species distribution in the targeted region. Nine quadrats of 1×1 m2 size were placed randomly in 65 different fields of the UC. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field. Preliminary results showed that UC Shahbaz Ghari has 29 different weed species belong to 15 different families. Presence absence (1,0) data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysesvia PC-ORD version 5 resulting four major weed communities. Dominant weed species of the area are Cyperus rotundus, Urochloa panicoides, Brachiaria ramosa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Commelina benghalensis and Canvolvulus arvensis while Cannabis sativa, Ipomea purpurea, Amaranthus blitoides, Xanthium strumarium, Lactuca dissecta and Cucurbita maxima are rare weed species. Indicator Species Analyses (ISA) of data identified indicators of each sort of micro environmental condition. Based on our findings, it is recommended that awareness can be created among farmers especially about their farming practices to minimize noxious weeds of maize crop
Key words: Cluster analyses, indicator species analyses, maize, PC-ORD, weeds and Weed communities.
Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...AI Publications
Ruvu-South Coastal Forest Reserve forms one of the most important coastal forests in Eastern Africa coastal belt. It provides important ecological habitat for most endemic and endangered fauna and flora species including endangered Sokoke pipit bird (Anthussokokensis). The study evaluated the potential distribution and conservation of globally endangered Sokoke pipit bird in Ruvu Coastal Forest Reserve in Tanzania. Specifically the project assessed the current population size, distribution, and habitat conditions of Sokoke pipit bird in the study area. Using National Forest Inventory protocol, a total of 9 tagged line transects were established 900m from each other and sample plots of 50m x 30m were laid at every 400m along tagged transects. In each sample plot, information about forest floor conditions, forest gaps and signs for forest disturbances were assessed.Study recorded a total of 201 disturbance events along all 13 transects. Tree cutting events were observed at highest frequency rate with 71 incidences compared to others; followed by fire damage incidences. Also the study recorded 28 Sokoke pipit birds distributed in 5 sample plots among all 39 plots surveyed.The mean density ofS.pipit bird found is0.02 birds/ha, with a projected overall bird population estimated at 611 individuals in the entire forest. The study recommends further studies to other parts of the forest reserve so as to identify other fundamental niche, endangered and endemic species. Also to enhance of forest management by local authority and raise conservation awareness to address human-mediated forest destruction.
Vegetation mapping and multivariate approach to indicator species of a forest...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract
Questions
Does the plant species composition of Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD) correlate with edaphic, topographic and climatic variables? Is it possible to identify different plant communities in relation to environmental gradients with special emphasis on indicator species? Can this approach to vegetation classification support conservation planning?
Location
Thandiani sub Forests Division, Western Himalayas.
Methods
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of species along with environmental variables were measured using a randomly stratified design to identify the major plant communities and indicator species of the Thandiani sub Forests Division. Species composition was recorded in 10 × 2.5 × 2 and 0.5 × 0.5 m square plots for trees, shrubs and herbs, respectively. GPS, edaphic and topographic data were also recorded for each sample plot. A total of 1500 quadrats were established in 50 sampling stations along eight altitudinal transects encompassing eastern, western, northern and southern aspects (slopes). The altitudinal range of the study area was 1290 m to 2626 m above sea level using. The relationships between species composition and environmental variables were analyzed using Two Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) via PCORD version 5.
Results
A total of 252 plant species belonging to 97 families were identified. TWCA and ISA recognized five plant communities. ISA additionally revealed that mountain slope aspect, soil pH and soil electrical conductivity were the strongest environmental factors (p ≤ 0.05) determining plant community composition and indicator species in each habitat. The results also show the strength of the environment-species relationship using Monte Carlo procedures.
Conclusions
An analysis of vegetation along an environmental gradient in the Thandiani sub Forests Division using the Braun-Blanquet approach confirmed by robust tools of multivariate statistics identified indicators of each sort of microclimatic zones/vegetation communities which could further be used in conservation planning and management not only in the area studied but in the adjacent regions exhibit similar sort of environmental conditions.
Flammulated Owls are a sensitive, indicator species. Modeling enabled me to extrapolate demographic data and discern meaningful relationships between specific vegetation parameters and the owls\' reproductive success.
RISK AND BENEFITS OF WILDLIFE TRANSLOCATIONnikeshkathayat
Wildlife translocations have historically assisted in establishing or re-establishing species in areas of extinction and while at the same time may also poses risks to the existing population at the recipient site.
A framework for assessing and projecting climate change effects on forest com...Jennifer Costanza
Presented at US-IALE annual meeting in Baltimore, MD. We are using hierarchical classification to produce an empirical set of forest tree assemblages for use in projection, assessment, and monitoring of global change effects on forest communities.
Status of large mammals: case study of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehi), chimp...IJEAB
This study entitled status of large mammals: case study of gorilla, chimpanzee and buffalo, was carried out in the Black Bush Area of Waindow (BBAW), Menchum South, NW Cameroon from January-March, 2014. The general objective was to determine the status of large mammal’s species and to investigate the presence of gorilla, chimpanzees and buffalo reported by the indigenous people in order to contribute to the conservation of these species in the region. The recce- survey method was used for species inventory whereby direct and indirect observations of bio-indicators of these species and human signs were recorded. From the result, the encounter rates of buffalo and chimpanzee were 0.35 and 0.26 signs per km respectively with no gorilla sign observed. Spatial distribution maps revealed great concentration of these species in the northern zone. Hunting recorded the highest encounter rate of 0.42 signs per km of anthropogenic activities. As such, one could deduce that the pressures exacerbated on these animals due to human activities and encroachment by Nigeria traders, and grazers placed the remaining species under intense threat of disappearing within the study areas. It is therefore necessary to intensify conservation efforts so as to urgently address these species concerns.
Forest Certification: Biological Benefits or Just Landowner Costs?D. Stuart Hale, CF
Presentation outlining the benefits and costs of forest certification and sustainable forest management. First presented at the University of Tennessee - Knoxville on October 6, 2010.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Propose Strategies to Enhance the Biodiversity Status and Traditional Knowled...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study entitle propose strategies to enhance the biodiversity status and traditional knowledge systems relevant for the conservation of Pan troglodytes ellioti was undertaken in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (KWFR) and Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) Northwest region of Cameroon. The main objective was to investigate sustainable tactics that will contribute to trim down pressure on Pan troglodytes ellioti and other flagship species around the study areas. Data collections were undertaken with the help of interviewed administered questionnaires, informal interview using interview guide, group discussion and direct observations activities. Following interviewees response, sixty eight (68%) of the respondents were confident that they could take up effective management of the K-FNP and K-WFR. Equally, 92% of respondents agreed to the fact that increasing population, poverty increment, insufficient modern health facilities, influx of new cultural activities due to loss of traditional taboos and totemic beliefs, remains greater threat to chimpanzees in the study areas. Most of the interviewees (74%) agreed that updating of knowledge on the abundance and distribution of chimpanzee, identifying location of all human activities especially huts, farms, shortcuts and illegal market in the park/reserve through regular patrols with eco-guards to reinforce order and ensure a better protection for chimpanzees is vital. Much more, 95% of respondent accepted the fact that old and new traditional knowledge of conservation such as taboos/law, totemic beliefs, sacred forests, royal species, automatic spiritual sanction, harvesting seasons should be revived and encourage through traditional institutions/council to better protect chimpanzees. Furthermore, 85% of interviewees accepted the suggestion that to get rid of poor traditional practices that uses chimpanzee’s body parts/meat for medicine and rituals, can be replace with goats, sheep, pig, fouls body parts/meat. To reduce over dependent and conflicts on chimpanzees products and other natural resources, 97% of the respondents were in favour that income generating micro-projects such as fish farming, animal rearing, and market gardening should be promoted. Providing jobs through ecotourism activities such as forest clearance and excursions, construction of adequate and equip infrastructures were highly welcome by 99% of interviewees. To attain all these, regular conservation educational programmes in schools, meeting places and in “ngumba” houses should be promoted to well sensitize population on chimpanzee’s conservation.
Ecological Forestry in Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Forests of the Pac...Lily Tidwell
Ecological forestry is an emerging concept in the field of forest management based on silvicultural techniques that emulate natural disturbance regimes, thus preserving a relatively natural functioning forest ecosystem. This paper discusses the application of these concepts in Douglas-Fir forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States.
A presentation on Wildlife conservation. Biodiversity makes Earth different from all other planets. Biodiversity is the plants, the animals, and, of course, humans.
Protecting the world’s last wilderness areas is a cost-effective conservation investment for ensuring that intact ecosystems and large-scale ecological and evolutionary processes persist for the benefit of future generations.
This presentation is about Conservation of Wildlife includes all animals, insects, Birds etc. Presentation describes about the various ways of conservation and all the parks available on our country.
Longleaf Pine Ecosystems
Productivity and biodiversity patterns of a longleaf pine ecosystem.
Ecological forestry and restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.
Ecological role of mesopredators, effects of control, and habitat approaches.
Aquatic Ecology and Water Resources
Hydrologic variation and human development in the lower Flint River Basin
Depressional wetlands on the coastal plain landscape: maintenance of regional biodiversity
This presentation describes a study to identify plants and plant parts that show potential as sustainable harvested ‘super-foods’. This included both wild foods traditionally used in Southern Africa (with a focus on the communal areas of the Wild Coast, Eastern Cape South Africa), as well as potential foods not traditionally used , but with high nutritional values. The methods used included development of a data base of wild food utilized in Southern Africa, with a focus on the communal areas of the Eastern Cape (literature review and personal observations); collation of available nutritional data (macro and micro nutrients) into a database for wild food plants for southern Africa. To assist in ranking nutritional values, two nutritional indices were used: the % Complete Food Index and the Nutritional Density Index).
This report develops a definition of a ‘superfoods’ based on number of criteria. Species that have been successfully commercialized, marketed as nutritional supplements, and that provide direct benefits to communities, such as Maroela and Baobab, serve as role models for the development of wild foods enterprises in the communal areas of the Wild Coast
The results of this study show that there are a significant number of wild food plants have exceptionally high nutritional profiles and could qualify as a ‘super-food’. Food plants were grouped according to the plant part used, these included: wild leafy vegetables, fruits, and seeds and nuts.The wild leafy vegetables, commonly known as ‘wild spinach’,are cosmopolitan weeds that have been part of the traditional diets of many Africans. Of these, a number of Amaranth species have been identified that fit the nutritional profile of a ‘super-food’. Commonly used wild foods are often tree fruits, this study identifiedthe following wild fruits as having high potential for commercial harvesting, these include:Wild plum (Harpephyllum caffrum), two Red- milkwoods, (Mimisops Cafra and M. obvata), Num-num (Carissa Macrocarpa), Dune myrtle (Eugenia Capensis) and two Kei Apples (Dovyalis caffra, and D. rhamnoides. The third category of wild foods considered are seeds and nuts: trees identified for this group included the pods of Boer-bean trees (Schotia afra, and S. brachypetala),andthe valuable oils of the Natal and forest mahogany (Trichilia emetica, and T. dregiana) as well as the high oleic oil contained in the Coastal Red-milkwood (Mimusops caffra).
The results so far of crees Scientific Coordinator Andy Whitworth's PhD research on assessing the potential biodiversity and conservation value of regenerating rainforest.
Nutritious foods from Forests Side Event took place at FAO on 11 October, 2013.
Forests harbour a large number of woody plants, climbers, herbs, insects and wild animals that provide nutritious foods, important for the diets of many people in developing countries.
The International Conference on Forests for Food Security and Nutrition hosted by FAO in May 2013, highlighted the important role of forests, agroforestry systems and trees on farm for food security and nutrition The side event aims at increasing the understanding of the contribution of forests and trees to sustainable diets by sharing lessons from the field.
In this presentation Bioversity International researcher and 'Beyond Timber' project coordinator discusses the traditional management systems of forest-based foods and a case study from the Congo Basin.
Read more about Bioversity's work in forest foods: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/trees-for-food/
This presentation by Mick Wilson of Forestry Corporation NSW discusses case studies of burns and the experiences of fire management in Forestry lands presented, highlighting the challenges of resuscitating a fuel management programme within a complex regulatory framework.
Presentation from Nature Conservation Council of NSW 2015 Bushfire Conference - Fire and Restoration: working with fire for healthy land
Nocturnal bird communities in a regenerating tropical forest in SE Perucrees foundation
The results of University of Glasgow masters student (and former crees intern) laura Braunholtz's research on nocturnal bird communities in a regenerating tropical forest. This research was conducted at the Manu Learning Centre in 2013.
The species list of the Manu Learning Centre, an all year round research station located on the western side of the Alto Madre de Dios basin, Madre de Dios region, southeast Peru, in the buffer zone of the Manu National Park.
The MLC is owned by the crees foundation, a small not-for-profit organization that aims to create a sustainable future for the Amazon rainforest.
Birdwatching sighting list Manu Learning Centre, Manu, Peru 2010crees foundation
399 is the total number of birds spotted up to December 2010 at the CREES Foundation's research station, the Manu Learning Centre. We are located in the cultural zone of the Manu Biosphere Reserve in the Peruvian Amazon. Our centre is 643 hectares.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. The Problem
• primary forest makes up around 36% of global
forest cover whilst secondary/regenerating
areas constitute 57%
• there is little consensus within the scientific
community about the conservation value of
regenerating forests
3. Location
• Manu Learning Centre, Madre de Dios, Peru
• 643ha
• 460-700masl
• Regenerating for 30-40 years
18. Amphibian communities along an
altitudinal gradient
• Decrease of amphibian diversity with the increase of the
altitude.
• Big shifts in species composition in a small distance
• high number of species with a restricted range
• Conservation efforts need to focus in areas like the Piñi Piñi
range
19. Comparison with local primary sites
Taxa
Primary forest sites used to determine
average richness Observed richness at the
MLC
Cocha Cashu Los Amigos Pakitza
Amphibians 78 (80%) 63 (98%) 82 (76%) 62
Data from: Whitworth et al (2014 – under review), A second chance to
conserve? The potential biodiversity and conservation value of regenerating
forest
20. A Key Indicator Group - Craugistoridae
Taxa
Observed richness at MLC
(% of those predicted)
Predicted richness at MLC
Average
richness from
primary
forest sites
Observed
richness of
MLC as a %
of richness
at primary
forest sites
Total Indicators
Conservation
concern
Total Indicators
Conservation
concern
Amphibians 62 (84%) 16 (80%) - 74 20 - 74 84%
Data from: Whitworth et al (2014 – under review), A second chance to
conserve? The potential biodiversity and conservation value of regenerating
forest
21. Discussion
1. Regenerating forest can hold very high levels of amphibian
diversity indicating that is of high conservation value.
2. These levels are not necessarily dominated by habitat generalists
but also key indicator species.
3. Many unidentified species still exist, even within human
modified landscapes
4. More research on the conservation value of regenerating
tropical forest is required.
5. So lets protect more areas of secondary rainforest
and allow them to regenerate.
22. Bibliography
• Beirne et al (2013), Herpetofaunal responses to anthropogenic habitat
change within a small forest reserve in eastern Ecuador, The
Herpetological Journal, 23(4)
• Whitworth et al. (2014 – under review), A Second Chance to Conserve?
Assessing the potential biodiversity and conservation value of
regenerating forest
• Global Forest Resource Assessment (2010)
• Chazdon.R (2008), ‘Beyond Deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem
services on degraded lands’, science, 320(5882)
23. Thank you
• Special thanks to Andy Whitworth, Jaime Villacampa and
Jenni Serrano-Rojas
Editor's Notes
Despite the increasingly dominant role of degraded and regenerating habitats within tropical landscapes, there is little consensus within the scientific community about the extent of their conservation value. The focus of most current protected reserves has been to preserve areas of old growth forest but if the biodiversity within forests outside of these areas is not considered then we could potentially lose hundreds of amphibian species.
Crees is a non-profit organization that runs conservation research and sustainable community development initiatives in the Manu Biosphere Reserve. We conduct conservation research at our all year round research station the Manu Learning Centre (MLC) which is located on the western side of the Alto Madre de Dios basin, Madre de Dios Region, Peru, within the buffer zone of Manu National Park. It is a 643 ha private reserve containing primary terra firme, regenerating logged, regenerating clear-felled and bamboo forest with an altitudinal gradient of approximately 460-700 m asl.
Our species list includes 3 amphibian species that are new to Manu, one that is new to Peru and 6 that are potentially new science.
New to Manu and the Madre de Dios region;210km range extension
New to Peru; a range extension of over 900km.
2nd record in Manu. Range extension of 105km.
First record in the Manu Biosphere Reserve
A potentially new species of poison frog.
Number of Craugistoridae species at local primary sites: CochaCashu (14 species), Pakitza (12 species) and Los Amigos (11 species)
The fact that regenerating forests can be reservoirs of high amphibian diversity suggests that there is potential for regenerating forest to hold high levels of diversity of other taxa and highlights that allowing disturbed areas adequate time to regenerate should be a conservation priority. Conservation policies need to recognize the role of regenerating forest in species conservation and the need to protect it and expand secondary forest buffer zones around old growth forests.
