Interdependence refers to a situation where actors or events in different parts of a system affect each other in either a positive or negative way. There are four dimensions of interdependence: its sources, benefits, relative costs, and symmetry. Interdependence can originate from physical or social phenomena. Military and economic interdependence involve mutual dependence and policy choices that determine costs and benefits. While interdependence can create joint benefits that encourage cooperation, it also mixes domestic and foreign issues and leads to more complex conflicts as states prioritize their absolute over relative gains.
This Presentation is about the introduction of International Relation, the subject matter of IR, It's historical and institutional evolution and nature of IR.
This Presentation is about the introduction of International Relation, the subject matter of IR, It's historical and institutional evolution and nature of IR.
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
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UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
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This presentation is on structural realism. It explains the different or similar views of offensive and defensive realists on stability, war and best possible stable international system.
Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical. International relations are best understood by focusing on the distribution of power among states. Despite their formal legal equality, the uneven distribution of power means that the arena of international relations is a form of ‘power politics’. Power is hard to measure; its distribution among states changes over time and there is no consensus among states about how it should be distributed. International relations is therefore a realm of necessity (states must seek power to survive in a competitive environment) and continuity over time. When realists contemplate change in the international system, they focus on changes in the balance of power among states, and tend to discount the possibility of fundamental change in the dynamics of the system itself.
The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
Despite some shared assumptions about the nature of international relations, realists are not all of one voice in answering these questions, and it would be wrong to believe that shared assumptions lead to similar conclusions among them. In fact, there is sharp disagreement over the relative merits of particular balances of power (unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity). There is also much debate over the causal relationship between states and the international pressures upon them, and the relative importance of different kinds of power in contemporary international relations.
This presentation is made by Samin VossoughiRad. American University for Humanities- Tbilisi campus
The security Dilemma is the them of the presentation and it has been explained exactly why states goes to war
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
This presentation is on structural realism. It explains the different or similar views of offensive and defensive realists on stability, war and best possible stable international system.
Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical. International relations are best understood by focusing on the distribution of power among states. Despite their formal legal equality, the uneven distribution of power means that the arena of international relations is a form of ‘power politics’. Power is hard to measure; its distribution among states changes over time and there is no consensus among states about how it should be distributed. International relations is therefore a realm of necessity (states must seek power to survive in a competitive environment) and continuity over time. When realists contemplate change in the international system, they focus on changes in the balance of power among states, and tend to discount the possibility of fundamental change in the dynamics of the system itself.
The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
Despite some shared assumptions about the nature of international relations, realists are not all of one voice in answering these questions, and it would be wrong to believe that shared assumptions lead to similar conclusions among them. In fact, there is sharp disagreement over the relative merits of particular balances of power (unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity). There is also much debate over the causal relationship between states and the international pressures upon them, and the relative importance of different kinds of power in contemporary international relations.
This presentation is made by Samin VossoughiRad. American University for Humanities- Tbilisi campus
The security Dilemma is the them of the presentation and it has been explained exactly why states goes to war
Dictatorships do not survive by repression alone. Rather, dictatorial rule is often explained as an ― authoritarian bargain by which citizens relinquish political rights for economic security. The applicability of the authoritarian bargain to decision-making in non-democratic states, however, has not been thoroughly examined. We conceptualize this bargain as a simple game between a representative citizen and an autocrat who faces the threat of insurrection, and where economic transfers and political influence are simultaneously determined. Our model yields precise implications for the empirical patterns that are expected to exist. Tests of a system of equations with panel data comprising 80 non-democratic states between 1975 and 1999 confirm the predictions of the authoritarian-bargain thesis, with some variation across different categories of dictatorship.
[removed]Module 3 International InstitutionsGlobal Perspect.docxhanneloremccaffery
[removed]
Module 3: International Institutions
Global Perspectives
Prof. Nikola Mirilovic
UCF
1
Part II of the Class
Module 2: economics
Part II of the class: international relations
International institutions
Rising powers
2
International Institutions: Key Theories and Debates
Key international relations theories
Realism
Liberal institutionalism
What role do international institutions play in international relations, and how much do they matter?
If international institutions matter, why do they matter?
Mechanisms: e.g., information, coordination, punish cheating/defection
3
Globalization and Institutions
E.g., World Trade Organization (WTO)
Set and enforce rules of international trade
Identify violators
4
John Mearsheimer
Realist
Defining institutions: a set of rules that stipulate the ways in which states should cooperate and compete with each other
Those rules are negotiated by states, typically formalized in international agreements, usually embodied in organizations
International institutions do not play an important role
No independent effect on state behavior
International institutions are a reflection of the distribution of power in the world
Tools of great powers
5
Realism: 5 Assumptions
International system is anarchic
The system comprises independent political units (states) that have no central authority above them
States inherently possess some offensive military capability
States can never be certain about intentions of other states
Furthermore, intentions can change quickly
The most basic motive driving states is survival
Maintain sovereignty
States think strategically about how to survive in the international system
States are instrumentally rational
6
Mearsheimer - Realism: How do States Behave?
States in the international system fear each other
Horrible consequences of war
Each state in the international system aims to guarantee its own survival
Self-help system
Alliances: temporary marriages of convenience, where today's alliance partner might be tomorrow's enemy, and today's enemy might be tomorrow's alliance partner
States aim to maximize their relative power positions over other states
7
Liberal Institutionalism: What do Institutions Do?
Increase the number of transactions
Institutionalized iteration; “the shadow of the future”
Tie together interactions between states in different issue areas
Issue-linkage aims to create greater interdependence between states
Increase the amount of information
Increases the likelihood that cheaters will be caught
Reduce the transaction costs of individual agreements
8
Realism on Cooperation between States
Cooperation between states does occur, but is always difficult to sustain
Two factors inhibit cooperation: relative-gains considerations, and concern about cheating
Concern about cheating: in the military realm, there can be a window of opportunity for the cheating state to inflict a decisive defeat on the victim state
Iteration and issue linkage may be i.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. WHAT IS INTERDEPENDENCE?
INTERDEPENDENCE refers to a situation whereby
actors or events in different parts of a system
affects each other. Also it’s a mutual dependence
the situation can be either good or bad.
• Interdependence is a relationship in which
changes or events in any single part of a
system will produce some reaction or have
some significant consequences in other parts
of the system.
3. Sources of interdependence
• There re four distinctions that describe the
dimensions of interdependence which is its
sources, benefits, relative cost, and symmetry.
Interdependence can originate in
physical(natural)or social(economic , political ,
or perceptual) phenomena. all these
distinctions helps us to clarify the degree of
choice in situation of reciprocal or mutual
dependence
4. • Military interdependence: is the mutual
dependence that arises from military
competition, there is a physical aspects in the
weaponry, and the development of nuclear
weapons and the resulting possibility of
mutually assured destruction. however an
important element of perception is also
involved in interdependence and a change in
perception or policy can reduce the intensity
of the military interdependence.
5. Economic interdependence: economic interdependence
involves policy choice about values and cost.
A relationship between two or more people, regions, nations or
other entities in which each is dependent on the other for
necessary goods or services. Economic interdependence often
occurs when all parties are specialized in the fulfillment of
some requirements, and must trade with others for unmet
requirements. For example
China buys lots and lots of U.S. dollars in order to keep the $
strong and the yuan low. This means more money for America
which, in turn, america buys lots and lots of Chinese products.
6. BENEFITS OF INTERDEPENDENCE.
• The benefits of interdependence can be
expressed as zero-sum and non zero sum, zero
sum is a situation whereby one’s gain is the
other’s loss And positive sum situation both
sides gain in a negative situation both side lose.
• Some liberal economists only think of
interdependence in the aspect of positive
gain(joint gain)in which everyone benefits and
failed to pay attention to the political aspects of
interdependence.
7. • Also some liberal analysts thinks that
globalization make the world more
interconnected and that cooperation will
replace competition among the states because
they believes that interdependence creates
joint benefit which encourages cooperation
but states are more concerned with their
absolute gain from interdependence than
relative gain
8. • And lastly interdependence mixes domestic
and foreign issues together which gives rise to
much more complex coalition and more
pattern of conflict and different distribution of
benefits than in the past.