The complete genome sequence of a neanderthal article presentation
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Ancient toe phalanx found in a cave in Siberia after analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) showed it to be genetically distinct yet similar from the mtDNAs of Neanderthals and modern humans
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this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
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28 JANUARY 2011 VOL 331 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 39.docx
28 JANUARY 2011 VOL 331 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 392
NEWSFOCUS
New genomic data are settling an old
argument about how our species evolved
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FOR 27 YEARS, CHRIS STRINGER AND
Milford Wolpoff have been at odds about
where and how our species was born.
Stringer, a paleoanthropologist at the Nat-
ural History Museum in London, held that
modern humans came out of Africa, spread
around the world, and replaced, rather than
mated with, the archaic humans they met.
But Wolpoff, of the University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, argued that a single, worldwide
species of human, including archaic forms
outside of Africa, met, mingled and had
offspring, and so produced Homo sapiens.
The battle has been long and
bitter: When reviewing a man-
uscript in the 1980s, Wolpoff
scribbled “Stringer’s desper-
ate argument” under a chart;
in a 1996 book, Stringer wrote
that “attention to inconvenient
details has never been part of
the Wolpoff style.” At one tense
meeting, the pair presented
opposing views in rival sessions
on the same day—and Wolpoff
didn’t invite Stringer to the
meeting’s press conference. “It
was diff icult for a long time,”
recalls Stringer.
Then, in the past year, geneticists an-
nounced the nearly complete nuclear
genomes of two different archaic humans:
Neandertals, and their enigmatic eastern
cousins from southern Siberia. These data
provide a much higher resolution view of
our past, much as a new telescope allows
astronomers to see farther back in time
in the universe. When compared with the
genomes of living people, the ancient
genomes allow anthropologists to thor-
oughly test the competing models of human
origins for the fi rst time.
The DNA data suggest not one but
at least two instances of interbreeding
between archaic and modern humans, rais-
ing the question of whether H. sapiens at that
point was a distinct species (see sidebar,
p. 394). And so they appear to refute the com-
plete replacement aspect of the Out of Africa
model. “[Modern humans] are certainly com-
ing out of Africa, but we’re fi nding evidence
of low levels of admixture wherever you
look,” says evolutionary geneticist Michael
Hammer of the University of Arizona in Tuc-
son. Stringer admits: “The story has undoubt-
edly got a whole lot more complicated.”
But the genomic data don’t prove the
classic multiregionalism model correct
either. They suggest only a small amount
of interbreeding, presumably at the margins
where invading moderns met archaic groups
that were the worldwide descendants of
H. erectus, the human ancestor that left
Africa 1.8 million years ago. “I have lately
taken to talking about the best model as
replacement with hybridization, … [or]
‘leaky replacement,’ ” says paleogeneticist
Svante Pääbo of ...
African eve
- According to skeletal evidence, early humans first migrated from Africa to the Middle East around 80,000 years ago, crossing into Yemen.
- Within 60,000 years, Homo sapiens had spread throughout Southeast Asia, though volcanic eruptions later covered parts of Asia, India, and Malaysia.
- Around 70,000 years ago, modern humans first arrived in Australia, and by 50,000 years ago they had inhabited Europe as well. Mitochondrial Eve is theorized to have lived in Africa around 200,000 years ago, with her mitochondrial DNA inherited by all living humans.
The genetical changes of single locus are responsible for divergent .pdf
The genetical changes of single locus are responsible for divergent branches of Y chromosome
phylogenetic tree in different geographical locations elicit the human origins. The mitochondrial
DNA sequences of Neanderthals and modern humans were compared and analyzed. The
Hominins species were found to be 30000 year old and were compared with Neanderthal
specimens.
The relationships between these populations have drawn with the help of the age of specimens
plotted against the average genetic distance. The Hominins type sequences are very rare when
compared with the modern European samples. The prehistoric Europeans had shown constant
number of differences when compared to today’s Europeans and Neanderthals.
The Neanderthals have shown the genetic continuity in modern human’s genealogy. The
Neanderthals had shown clear discontinuity with the Hominins from upper Paleolithic period to
the similar ages. The Neanderthals and early anatomical modern humans were thought to be
regional populations of the same evolving species connected by gene flow and both the archaic
and modern humans contribute in different proportions to the present human gene pool.
The transition and demographic replacement separated the population as Neanderthals and
modern humans are considered just as one population observed at different times. The multi
regional models predict that at least some level of genetic continuity can be observed from
archaic Neanderthal forms to the contemporary Hominins forms and up to today’s Europeans.
The results have not matched with the view that the Neanderthal were genetically related with
the anatomically modern ancestors of current Europeans or contributed to the present day human
gene pool.
Solution
The genetical changes of single locus are responsible for divergent branches of Y chromosome
phylogenetic tree in different geographical locations elicit the human origins. The mitochondrial
DNA sequences of Neanderthals and modern humans were compared and analyzed. The
Hominins species were found to be 30000 year old and were compared with Neanderthal
specimens.
The relationships between these populations have drawn with the help of the age of specimens
plotted against the average genetic distance. The Hominins type sequences are very rare when
compared with the modern European samples. The prehistoric Europeans had shown constant
number of differences when compared to today’s Europeans and Neanderthals.
The Neanderthals have shown the genetic continuity in modern human’s genealogy. The
Neanderthals had shown clear discontinuity with the Hominins from upper Paleolithic period to
the similar ages. The Neanderthals and early anatomical modern humans were thought to be
regional populations of the same evolving species connected by gene flow and both the archaic
and modern humans contribute in different proportions to the present human gene pool.
The transition and demographic replacement separated the population as Neanderthals and
modern humans .
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting Explained, Techniques Used, Usage, Limitations and Contradictions.
*I won an Award for the Best Power Point Project Presentation in class 12th for this project. :D
Senior Project Presentation[1]
I investigated the assumption that race and ancestry can be determined using DNA sequence analysis. I was able to present the results of my senior project at Luther College Research Symposium in April 2010.
What_have_the_revelations_about_Neanderthal_DNA_re.pdf
This document provides a summary of recent genetic studies that have revealed new information about interactions between Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Homo sapiens. The studies indicate there was both replacement and interbreeding between these groups. This has challenged the two main models for the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens - the Out of Africa and Multiregional hypotheses. The document reviews these models and discusses how the new genetic evidence supports elements of both and suggests a more complex history than either model alone can explain.
Dna of human and great ape
This ppt clarifies the differences and similarities of DNA of human and ape. Gives a conclusion that how the minimum differences gives major differences among human and ape.
Early Human Origins
There are two main competing theories for early human origins: the multiregional hypothesis and the Out-of-Africa hypothesis. The multiregional hypothesis proposes that modern humans evolved simultaneously from early Homo species in different regions with gene flow between populations. The Out-of-Africa hypothesis suggests that anatomically modern humans arose in Africa and later migrated out, replacing indigenous populations. Evidence from morphology, archaeology, and genetics has been debated, but recent genetic studies provide support for multiple migrations out of Africa with some limited interbreeding.
Finger print(vishvanath bilagadi)
DNA fingerprinting is a method of identification that compares fragments of DNA called DNA typing. DNA is found in the cell nucleus, where it exists as a double helix containing the genetic blueprint. The order of base pairs differs between individuals, except for identical twins. DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984 and involves extracting DNA, amplifying it via PCR, separating the DNA fragments via electrophoresis, and analyzing the results. DNA fingerprinting has been used to identify victims after disasters like 9/11 and the 2004 tsunami, solve crimes, and determine paternity and human relatedness.
Molecular forensics 2010
DNA is a powerful tool that can be used in legal matters to identify suspects, convict the guilty, and exonerate the innocent. DNA analysis examines variable regions of DNA, such as short tandem repeats (STRs), that differ between individuals. By analyzing 10-13 STR regions and comparing the DNA profiles produced, forensic scientists can determine whether crime scene DNA evidence matches a suspect's DNA with extremely high accuracy and reliability. This DNA fingerprinting technique is an effective way to identify perpetrators and exonerate the innocent in criminal investigations.
Evolve 4
The document summarizes research that uses analysis of DNA polymorphisms on the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome to trace the dispersal of human populations. Key findings include:
- Analysis of Y chromosome polymorphisms in over 1,000 men from 52 populations identified 131 haplotypes and 10 haplogroups.
- Maximum parsimony analysis estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor of human Y chromosomes to be around 60,000 years ago.
- The geographic distribution of haplogroups provides insights into early human migration routes out of Africa and the colonization of the world.
Evolution and the 98% Chimpanzee
This presentation will address the claim that humans share up to 98% of the same DNA with chimpanzees.
Costa Rica Genetic Research ALU elements
Ralph Bertrand, an associate professor of biology at Colorado College, is conducting research using DNA samples from indigenous populations along the probable migratory route from Taiwan to the American Southwest to Costa Rica. He and his students examine differences in DNA fragments to determine the presence or absence of Alu sequences, which can provide clues about the relatedness and migration patterns of populations over time. By comparing the statistical frequencies of Alu sequences in samples from different populations, Bertrand hopes to generate "molecular portraits" that may confirm historical models of human migration from Africa across the Bering Strait and into South America. He works with colleagues from various academic disciplines to incorporate cultural evidence that also links indigenous populations.
population genetics-ppt.pptx
The document discusses population genetics research conducted on various ethnic groups from Pakistan and Central Asia. Three key studies are summarized:
1) A study of mitochondrial DNA from gypsy populations in Pakistan found they were genetically distinct from other ethnic groups, reflecting their Indian origins.
2) A study of Hazara and Balochi Y-chromosomes found that Hazaras have genetic origins in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, supporting historical accounts.
3) A study sequencing mitochondrial genomes of people from the Pamir Mountains and surrounding areas found the high-altitude populations are genetically admixed, providing an opportunity to study selection on mtDNA with admixture.
Human genetic diversity and origin of major human groups
Humans are 99.9% genetically identical and yet we are all so different. Even monozygotic twins have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation.
DNA PROFILING
DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys and involves analyzing variable regions of DNA called STRs or microsatellites that differ between individuals. It is used in forensic investigations to identify suspects or link them to crime scenes by comparing a sample to a reference DNA profile. The process involves extracting DNA from samples, analyzing STR regions to develop a profile of allele lengths, and entering it into DNA databases for comparison to other profiles. Some of the largest DNA databases are maintained by governments like the UK's NDNAD and US's CODIS, which help solve crimes but also raise privacy concerns due to retention of profiles.
Two populations of rats are discovered on nearby islands. Describe t.pdf
think like an You have three resistors of resistance 30 ohm [Ohm]. There are__configurations
possible, with__unique combinations, resulting in___different resistance values. A
\"configuration\" is a way of combining the resistors. For example, two resistors in parallel is one
configuration; two resistors in series is a second configuration. A \"combination\" is the specific
way of combining given resistors to form an effective resistance. For example, combining
Resistor #1 and #2 in parallel is one combination; combining Resistor #1 and #3 in parallel is a
second combination. These combinations may or may not result in a unique effective resistance.
What is the greatest resistance that can be made from a combination of resistors, and what is the
effective resistance of this combination? What is the least resistance that can be made from a
combination of resistors, and what is the effective resistance of this combination?
Solution
b) GREATEST RESISTANCE CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH SERIES CONNECTION OF
THREE RESISTORS.
EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE=30+30+30=90 OHMS
C) LEAST RESISTANCE CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH PARALLEL CONNECTION OF
THREE RESISTORS.
EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE=(30*30)/(30+30)=15 OHMS
(15*30)/(15+30)=450/45=10 OHMS.
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What_have_the_revelations_about_Neanderthal_DNA_re.pdf
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Two populations of rats are discovered on nearby islands. Describe t.pdf
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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The complete genome sequence of a neanderthal article presentation
- 1. The Complete Genome Sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains Prüfer et al., 2013 Presentation by Sveta Jagannathan
- 2. Ancient toe phalanx found in Altai Mountains in Denisova Cave Genome sequenced and compared to Neanderthal, Denisovian and Human DNA Homozygosity compared to determine amount of inbreeding Gene flow and evolutionary patterns predicted Experiment Overview
- 3. Gene flow- Different populations or species interbreed and exchange DNA mtDNA is mitochondrial DNA- a type of DNA that gets passed on from maternal lineage Not affected by sexual reproduction Stays roughly the same (except for mutations) Background
- 4. MtDNA used to sequence toe phalanx genome Toe phalanx genome compared to 6 neanderthal genomes, 25 human genomes and 1 denisovian genome Common ancestor was found between neanderthal and toe genome while humans and Denisovians were farther away Toe phalanx was determined to have been part of a newly found type of Neanderthal- the Altai Neanderthal Genome sequencing
- 5. Researchers predicted a phylogenetic tree Denisovians and Neanderthals were closer to the common ancestor Used two methods (one using mutation rates and one using the frequency at which a certain allele is derived) to estimate when each group diverged Altai Neanderthal predicted to diverge from other known Neanderthals between 77,000-114,000 years ago Relationship between Altai Neanderthal and other genomes
- 6. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Altai Neanderthal (Figure 2 of Article)
- 7. Altai Neanderthal genome examined for homozygosity (related regions of DNA more than 10 cM long) 20 regions of homozygosity found that indicated that the Neanderthals parents were probably half-siblings These homozygous runs were removed and the remaining DNA was examined for homozygous runs of smaller length Many found, which indicated that inbreeding was popular among Altai Neanderthals Remaining Heterozygous regions were compared to Denisovians’ heterozygosity to find that the amount of inbreeding among Altai Neanderthals was similar to that of Denisovians Heterozygosity of Denisovians and Neanderthals was among the lowest of any organism! Inbreeding and Homozygosity
- 8. Similar or identical DNA was found in Neanderthals, Denisovians and Humans Researchers compared that DNA to find patterns to show the gene flow of that time period Similarity of Human DNA to Denisovian and Neanderthal depended on region (the least similarity was in Africa, with mainland Asians close) Americans and some Asians had higher amounts of Denisovian DNA than Europeans! This suggested gene flow between Neanderthals and Denisovians, between Neanderthals and humans and between Denisovians and humans which was further investigated Gene Flow
- 9. New Neanderthal in Altai Mountains near Denisovians Neanderthals and Denisovians are more closely related to their common ancestor than humans are Denisovians and Neanderthals had more inbreeding than most other organisms Altai Neanderthals and other Neanderthals split between 77,000 and 114,000 years ago Major Findings Part 1
- 10. Humans retain some Neanderthal and Denisovian DNA, likely due to some sort of interbreeding event Gene flow occurred from Neanderthals into Denisovians, most likely through some other hominin (possibly Homo erectus) Genes provided by Neanderthals performed necessary functions Gene flow from Neanderthals/Denisovians to humans is most likely due to direct interbreeding Major Findings Part 2- Gene Flow
- 11. Humans and Neanderthals likely coexisted for enough time to interbreed and exchange DNA Denisovians probably also interbred with humans Some other hominin existed that was able to interbreed between Denisovians and Neanderthals and pass on the DNA Neanderthal DNA found in humans may have functional significance! Implications
- 12. A possible model of gene flow events in the Late Pleistocene (Figure 8 of Article)