The Red Headed Neandertal
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A lecture by science writer Carl Zimmer at the Yale Medical Humanities Council on Neandertals and how they are changing our conception of ourselves.
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The Red Headed Neandertal
- 1. The Red Headed Neanderthal Carl Zimmer Medical Humanities and the Arts Yale University December 16, 2010
- 3. Image: Photograph by Joe McNally, National Geographic
- 5. Man’s Place in Nature, Thomas Huxley, 1863
- 6. “Even of the Germans, Caesar remarks that the Roman soldiers were unable to withstand their aspect and the flashing of their eyes, and that a sudden panic seized his army.”
- 7. “The Irish were voracious cannibals, and considered it praiseworthy to eat the bodies of their parents.”
- 8. 1909 reconstruction by Frantisek Kupka based on the work of Marcellin Boule
- 9. M. Balter, Science 2009, 323:870
- 10. Building The New Neanderthal Courtesy of Blaine Maley
- 11. Ponce de Leon et al, PNAS 2008 105: 13764–13768
- 13. Stone tools for spear tips, butchering, cleaning hides, fashioning clothes http://www.pnas.org/content/105/38/14241/F1.large.jpg
- 14. Image: Photograph by Joe McNally, National Geographic
- 15. Balter, Science 2009, 326:1056
- 16. Burial at Shanidar Artwork by Karen Carr http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?CID=529
- 17. 50,000 year-old shell with perforation and pigment (right: underside) Zilhão et al, PNAS 2010 107:1023-1028
- 18. The Symbolic Neanderthal? Image:Viktor Deak
- 20. • Characteristic differences between a classic Neandertal and an early modern European • Each trait can be found in both groups, varying in degree and frequency, but they tend to appear as suites of features
- 21. Caveat lector: the relationships between some hominin species is a subject of intense debate! Zimmer, Smithsonian Intimate Guide to Human Origins
- 22. Stoneking, EMBO Reports 2008 9:S46-S50
- 25. The genes say replacement... Briggs et al, 2009, Science 325:318
- 26. Lagar Velho Skeleton: Hybrid child? Image: José Paulo B. Ruas PNAS June 22, 1999 vol. 96 no. 13 7604-7609
- 27. In Search of the Neanderthal Genome
- 28. R E Green et al. Science 2010;328:710-722
- 29. R E Green et al. Science 2010;328:710-722 Published by AAAS
- 30. What Genes Do We Share? Courtesy of Blaine Maley
- 31. What Genes Don’t We Share? Courtesy of Blaine Maley
- 32. What Genes Do We Share? Courtesy of Blaine Maley
- 34. Foxp2: The “Language Gene”? Zimmer, The Tangled Bank
- 35. Language without Art? Hohle Fels Cave, Chauvet Cave, 35,000 years old ~30,000 years old
- 36. What Genes Don’t We Share? Courtesy of Blaine Maley
- 37. The Biology of Redheads
- 38. Carles Lalueza-Fox, et al. Science 318, 1453 (2007); DOI: 10.1126/science.1147417
- 39. Image: Photograph by Joe McNally, National Geographic
- 40. Other genes that differ between modern humans and Neandertals RPTN: Encodes the protein repetin, expressed in skin, sweat glands, hair roots, and tongue papilli TRPMI: Encodes melastatin, a protein that helps maintain skin pigmentation THADA: Associated with type 2 diabetes in humans; evolutionary changes may have affected energy metabolism DYRK1A: Found in an area critical for causing Down syndrome NRG3: Mutations associated with schizophrenia CADPS2, AUTS2: Mutations implicated in autism RUNX2(CBRA1): Causes cleidocranial dysplasia, characterized by delayed closure of cranial sutures, malformed clavicles, bell-shaped rib cage, and dental abnormalities SPAG17: Protein important for the beating of the sperm flagellum Adapted from Gibbons, Science, 2010 328:680-684
- 41. Why are we here, and why are they gone? Artwork by Karen Carr: http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?CID=486
- 42. Burial at Shanidar Artwork by Karen Carr http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?CID=529
- 43. Burial at Shanidar Churchill et al, Journal of Human Evolution 57 (2009) 163–178 Artwork by Karen Carr http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?CID=529
- 44. Burial at Shanidar Churchill et al, Journal of Human Evolution 57 (2009) 163–178 Artwork by Karen Carr http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?CID=529
- 45. M. Balter, Science 2010, 330:900
- 46. Ponce de Leon et al, PNAS 2008 105: 13764–13768
- 47. Humans: Smaller brains for better living? Dashes: chimpanzees. Solid lines: humans Circles: Neanderthals Ponce de Leon et al, PNAS 2008 105: 13764–13768
- 48. Not quite gone: 1-4% of non-African DNA is Neanderthal Stoneking, EMBO Reports 2008 9:S46-S50
- 49. weblo.com
- 52. Hmmm....
- 53. For more information, please visit carlzimmer.com Thanks to Kate Wong Image: Photograph by Joe McNally, National Geographic
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- Selective sweep screen. (A) Schematic illustration of the rationale for the selective sweep screen. For many regions of the genome, the variation within current humans is old enough to include Neandertals (left). Thus, for SNPs in present-day humans, Neandertals often carry the derived allele (blue). However, in genomic regions where an advantageous mutation arises (right, red star) and sweeps to high frequency or fixation in present-day humans, Neandertals will be devoid of derived alleles. (B) Candidate regions of selective sweeps. All 4235 regions of at least 25 kb where S (see SOM Text 13) falls below two standard deviations of the mean are plotted by their S and genetic width. Regions on the autosomes are shown in orange and those on the X chromosome in blue. The top 5% by S are shadowed in light blue. (C) The top candidate region from the selective sweep screen contains two genes, ZFP36L2 and THADA. The red line shows the log-ratio of the number of observed Neandertal-derived alleles versus the number of expected Neandertal-derived alleles, within a 100 kilobase window. The blue dots above the panel indicate all SNP positions, and the green dots indicate SNPs where the Neandertal carries the derived allele.\n
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- So, we can now see exactly how that small slice of DNA has changed over the past 6 million years.\n\nNow, it’s one thing to pinpoint the differences in the sequences of the chimp and human genome. It’s another thing to link them to the important differences between chimps and humans themselves. Scientists have barely started to take that next step, and it’s going to take a long long time before they’re done. But it’s hardly a futile search. We’re already learning a lot about one of the most important traits of humans, language.\n
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- It’s also when you see the first extraordinary signs of the modern human mind, like these cave paintings 32,000 years ago. \n\nCould it be that a rapid mutation to the FOXP2 in our African ancestors was the spark to this explosion?\n
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