The cerebellum ii
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Descending tract 2
Descending tracts have 3 neurons 1st order neurons (UMN) : Cell bodies are in the cerebral cortex & other supra spinal areas 2nd order neurons : Short & situated in the anterior grey column of the spinal cord 3rd order neuron (LMN) : Situated in the anterior grey column & innervate the skeletal muscles through anterior roots of the spinal nerves Cortico-spinal tract :
3.descending tracts kjg
This document summarizes the descending motor tracts that carry signals from the brain to the spinal cord. It describes the pyramidal tract (corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts) and extrapyramidal tracts. The pyramidal tract controls voluntary movements and fine motor skills while the extrapyramidal tracts regulate posture, balance, and coarse limb movements through tracts like the rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal. Lesions in different parts of the pyramidal tract cause varying types of paralysis depending on location.
Anatomy of ascending and descending tracts
The document summarizes the ascending tracts in the spinal cord that convey sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain. It describes the three neuron chain involved in sensory pathways and outlines the major ascending tracts, including the lateral spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature, anterior spinothalamic tract for touch and pressure, and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus for proprioception, vibration, and discriminative touch. It provides examples of clinical presentations that would result from lesions to different ascending tracts.
Descending pathways dr_khadija (1)
The document describes the descending motor pathways in the somatic nervous system, which can be divided into direct and indirect pathways. The direct pathways, also called the pyramidal system, are involved in fine motor control and include tracts like the corticospinal tract. The indirect pathways are involved in gross motor control and coordination and include tracts like the rubrospinal tract. Lower motor neurons innervate muscles directly and are located in the spinal cord or brainstem.
The spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the brainstem down the back and is protected by the vertebrae. It has gray matter in an H-shape surrounded by white matter. The spinal cord conducts sensory signals to the brain and motor signals from the brain. It also mediates spinal reflexes through circuits in the gray matter without brain involvement. These reflexes provide quick responses to stimuli for protective functions. The internal organization allows sensory input to travel to the brain or mediate reflexes, and motor output from the brain or spinal cord to control muscles and organs.
Brachial plexus detailed lecture
The brachial plexus consists of nerves from C5-T1 that form roots, trunks, divisions and cords to innervate the muscles of the arm. Brachial plexus injuries are more common in overweight babies and complicated deliveries involving shoulder dystocia. Injury can range from upper root involvement causing inability to abduct the shoulder to complete plexus palsy resulting in a flail arm. The majority of cases involve the C5-C6 roots (Erb's palsy) but spontaneous recovery is possible depending on the severity of the nerve damage.
ASCENDING TRACTS
The document discusses the ascending tracts and posterior column pathway in the spinal cord. It provides details on:
1) The medial lemniscus system carries sensations for fine touch, pressure, and vibration from receptors through the dorsal roots and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts in the spinal cord.
2) Fibers from the tracts synapse in the medulla and cross over before ascending to the thalamus and primary sensory cortex.
3) The posterior column pathway conveys proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch, weight discrimination and stereognosis signals up the spinal cord within the posterior column tracts.
Descending tract
The document summarizes the descending corticospinal tract, which controls voluntary movement. It has three neurons: 1) upper motor neurons with cell bodies in the cortex, 2) internuncial neurons in the spinal cord, and 3) lower motor neurons in the spinal cord that innervate muscles. The first neuron projects from the motor cortex to the spinal cord. Its fibers decussate at the pyramids and continue in the lateral corticospinal tract to terminate in the spinal cord's anterior gray column, controlling movement.
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Descending tract 2
Descending tracts have 3 neurons 1st order neurons (UMN) : Cell bodies are in the cerebral cortex & other supra spinal areas 2nd order neurons : Short & situated in the anterior grey column of the spinal cord 3rd order neuron (LMN) : Situated in the anterior grey column & innervate the skeletal muscles through anterior roots of the spinal nerves Cortico-spinal tract :
3.descending tracts kjg
This document summarizes the descending motor tracts that carry signals from the brain to the spinal cord. It describes the pyramidal tract (corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts) and extrapyramidal tracts. The pyramidal tract controls voluntary movements and fine motor skills while the extrapyramidal tracts regulate posture, balance, and coarse limb movements through tracts like the rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal. Lesions in different parts of the pyramidal tract cause varying types of paralysis depending on location.
Anatomy of ascending and descending tracts
The document summarizes the ascending tracts in the spinal cord that convey sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain. It describes the three neuron chain involved in sensory pathways and outlines the major ascending tracts, including the lateral spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature, anterior spinothalamic tract for touch and pressure, and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus for proprioception, vibration, and discriminative touch. It provides examples of clinical presentations that would result from lesions to different ascending tracts.
Descending pathways dr_khadija (1)
The document describes the descending motor pathways in the somatic nervous system, which can be divided into direct and indirect pathways. The direct pathways, also called the pyramidal system, are involved in fine motor control and include tracts like the corticospinal tract. The indirect pathways are involved in gross motor control and coordination and include tracts like the rubrospinal tract. Lower motor neurons innervate muscles directly and are located in the spinal cord or brainstem.
The spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the brainstem down the back and is protected by the vertebrae. It has gray matter in an H-shape surrounded by white matter. The spinal cord conducts sensory signals to the brain and motor signals from the brain. It also mediates spinal reflexes through circuits in the gray matter without brain involvement. These reflexes provide quick responses to stimuli for protective functions. The internal organization allows sensory input to travel to the brain or mediate reflexes, and motor output from the brain or spinal cord to control muscles and organs.
Brachial plexus detailed lecture
The brachial plexus consists of nerves from C5-T1 that form roots, trunks, divisions and cords to innervate the muscles of the arm. Brachial plexus injuries are more common in overweight babies and complicated deliveries involving shoulder dystocia. Injury can range from upper root involvement causing inability to abduct the shoulder to complete plexus palsy resulting in a flail arm. The majority of cases involve the C5-C6 roots (Erb's palsy) but spontaneous recovery is possible depending on the severity of the nerve damage.
ASCENDING TRACTS
The document discusses the ascending tracts and posterior column pathway in the spinal cord. It provides details on:
1) The medial lemniscus system carries sensations for fine touch, pressure, and vibration from receptors through the dorsal roots and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts in the spinal cord.
2) Fibers from the tracts synapse in the medulla and cross over before ascending to the thalamus and primary sensory cortex.
3) The posterior column pathway conveys proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch, weight discrimination and stereognosis signals up the spinal cord within the posterior column tracts.
Descending tract
The document summarizes the descending corticospinal tract, which controls voluntary movement. It has three neurons: 1) upper motor neurons with cell bodies in the cortex, 2) internuncial neurons in the spinal cord, and 3) lower motor neurons in the spinal cord that innervate muscles. The first neuron projects from the motor cortex to the spinal cord. Its fibers decussate at the pyramids and continue in the lateral corticospinal tract to terminate in the spinal cord's anterior gray column, controlling movement.
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1. The document describes the ascending tracts of the spinal cord which transmit sensory information to the brain. It discusses tracts like the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts that carry pain, temperature and touch sensations and the posterior white columns that carry proprioceptive information.
2. It provides details on the neurons involved in transmitting sensory information from the receptors via the spinal cord to the thalamus and sensory cortex. It includes a diagram of the sensory homunculus map in the cortex.
3. The tracts transmit different sensory modalities and project to different areas of the brain like the thalamus, cerebellum and reticular formation to process sensory information and maintain consciousness.
ASCENDING TRACTS
The document discusses the posterior column pathway, which carries sensations for fine touch, pressure, and vibration. It describes how primary sensory neurons transmit signals from receptors to the spinal cord through dorsal roots. Secondary neurons form tracts in the spinal cord and brainstem, including the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus. These tracts decussate and synapse in the thalamus before tertiary neurons project to the primary sensory cortex. The posterior column pathway is important for conscious proprioception, joint position, movement, vibration, and stereognosis.
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The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system along with the brain. It conducts impulses between the brain and body and initiates reflexes. The spinal cord is protected by three meninges (membranes) and contains gray matter in an H-shape surrounded by white matter. The gray matter contains motor and sensory neurons that connect to the peripheral nervous system via spinal nerves. The white matter contains ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain.
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The document summarizes motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. It describes how the motor cortex maps to the body and contains large pyramidal cells. The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts project from the motor cortex through the internal capsule and brainstem to control voluntary movement. Lesions in these tracts cause upper motor neuron signs like spasticity, while lower motor neuron lesions affect muscles directly. Conditions that impact motor pathways like polio, MS, and motor neuron disease are also overviewed.
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Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Motor tracts
This document provides information on the various motor tracts in the central nervous system that are involved in motor control. It discusses the corticospinal tracts, corticobulbar tracts, rubrospinal tracts, reticulospinal tracts, vestibulospinal tracts, tectospinal tracts, and extrapyramidal motor pathways. For each tract, it provides details on origin, course, termination, and functions in motor control and maintaining posture and balance.
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This document summarizes the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord. It describes the major ascending tracts that carry sensory information like the spinothalamic tracts (carrying pain, temperature, and touch), fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus (carrying proprioception), and spinocerebellar tracts (carrying proprioception to the cerebellum). It also describes descending tracts that control motor function like the corticospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and autonomic tracts. Clinical signs of lesions to different tracts are provided.
Corticospinal tract syndrome
The document discusses the corticospinal tract syndrome, also known as pyramidal tract syndrome. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy of the corticospinal tract, which conducts motor impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. It then discusses the causes of corticospinal tract syndrome, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic spinal injury. The key signs and symptoms of the syndrome are described as muscle weakness, spasticity, increased deep tendon reflexes, and abnormal movement patterns. Treatment involves physiotherapy and medical interventions to improve mobility and reduce symptoms.
Cranial nerves
The document summarizes the anatomy of several cranial nerves involved in vision and eye movement. It describes the nuclei, course, and branches of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), abducent nerve (CN VI), trigeminal nerve (CN V), and facial nerve (CN VII). It notes their roles in motor control of the extraocular muscles and sensory/parasympathetic innervation of the eye and orbit.
Spinal Nerve
Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and specific body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are categorized based on the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. The anterior rami of spinal nerves form plexuses that further distribute nerves to various body structures, while the thoracic spinal nerves directly innervate the intercostal muscles and skin as intercostal nerves.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum to the lumbar vertebrae. It is surrounded by three meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) and contains gray matter in the center and white matter surrounding it. The gray matter is divided into dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns. The white matter contains ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory and motor signals between the brain and body. Damage to the spinal cord can cause paralysis or loss of sensation depending on the location and severity of the injury.
Corticospinal tract
The document describes the major descending pathways from the brain to the spinal cord that control motor function. These include the direct corticospinal tract and indirect extrapyramidal tracts such as the rubrospinal, tectospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts. It provides details on the origin, pathways, and termination of the corticospinal tract, which originates in the motor cortex, passes through the internal capsule and brainstem, and terminates on anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.
Medulla
The medulla oblongata is located in the brainstem and controls vital autonomic functions and reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, digestion and sneezing. It contains motor and sensory tracts that relay information between the brain and spinal cord. The medulla receives sensory information from the body and relays it to the cerebellum and thalamus. It also contains tracts that control voluntary movement and maintain posture. Injury to the medulla can cause paralysis, loss of sensation, difficulty swallowing and breathing problems and may result in death.
spinal cord
This document provides an overview of the nervous system with a focus on the spinal cord. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord, including its meninges, cross section, nuclei, tracts, nerves, and plexuses. It also covers spinal cord injuries and the Unani concept of the spinal cord from early Islamic physicians. In summary, the document outlines the key components and functions of the spinal cord, describes its internal structures and surrounding protective layers, and discusses spinal nerve roots and plexuses as well as historic Unani perspectives.
Neuroanatomy spinal cord
The document describes the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord. It details the external structure including its cylindrical shape and location within the vertebral canal surrounded by meninges. Internally, it describes the gray and white matter, including the ascending and descending tracts that carry sensory and motor signals. It also discusses the blood supply, meninges, and some clinical correlations regarding spinal cord injuries.
Motor division of nervous system
for downloading go to
http://medicalpresentation.blogspot.in/2012/09/clinical-approach-to-hemiplegia.html
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The cerebellum i
human body, neurology, neuroscience, human brain, the parts of the brain, human anatomy, neurosurgery, about the human brain, a human brain, the human brain, structure of brain,cerebellum
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Spinal cord & its tracts I (Ascending tracts)
1. The document describes the ascending tracts of the spinal cord which transmit sensory information to the brain. It discusses tracts like the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts that carry pain, temperature and touch sensations and the posterior white columns that carry proprioceptive information.
2. It provides details on the neurons involved in transmitting sensory information from the receptors via the spinal cord to the thalamus and sensory cortex. It includes a diagram of the sensory homunculus map in the cortex.
3. The tracts transmit different sensory modalities and project to different areas of the brain like the thalamus, cerebellum and reticular formation to process sensory information and maintain consciousness.
ASCENDING TRACTS
The document discusses the posterior column pathway, which carries sensations for fine touch, pressure, and vibration. It describes how primary sensory neurons transmit signals from receptors to the spinal cord through dorsal roots. Secondary neurons form tracts in the spinal cord and brainstem, including the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus. These tracts decussate and synapse in the thalamus before tertiary neurons project to the primary sensory cortex. The posterior column pathway is important for conscious proprioception, joint position, movement, vibration, and stereognosis.
Spinal cord=dr.khalid latifawan
The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system along with the brain. It conducts impulses between the brain and body and initiates reflexes. The spinal cord is protected by three meninges (membranes) and contains gray matter in an H-shape surrounded by white matter. The gray matter contains motor and sensory neurons that connect to the peripheral nervous system via spinal nerves. The white matter contains ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain.
Anatomy & functions of the Brainstem & Cerebellum
Provides a good description of the anatomy of the brainstem & cerebellum; their parts, structure, blood supply & a brief description of their functions.
Anatomy and blood supply of spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L1-L2 vertebral level in adults. It is protected by vertebrae and surrounded by three meninges. It has cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. It contains ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory and motor signals. The anterior spinal artery supplies the anterior two-thirds and segmental arteries also contribute.
Ns9. Motor Pathways. Compressed File
The document summarizes motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. It describes how the motor cortex maps to the body and contains large pyramidal cells. The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts project from the motor cortex through the internal capsule and brainstem to control voluntary movement. Lesions in these tracts cause upper motor neuron signs like spasticity, while lower motor neuron lesions affect muscles directly. Conditions that impact motor pathways like polio, MS, and motor neuron disease are also overviewed.
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well describes the development of nervous system from basic to advanced concept including neural tube defects. the concepts are presented in graphical form for easy understanding of concepts.
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
Motor tracts
This document provides information on the various motor tracts in the central nervous system that are involved in motor control. It discusses the corticospinal tracts, corticobulbar tracts, rubrospinal tracts, reticulospinal tracts, vestibulospinal tracts, tectospinal tracts, and extrapyramidal motor pathways. For each tract, it provides details on origin, course, termination, and functions in motor control and maintaining posture and balance.
Brachial plexus
brachial plexus, branches of brachial plexus, main nerves of brachial plexus and their innervations, disorders of brachial plexus injury, Erb's palsy, Klumpke's palsy, compression of brachial plexus
Ascending & Descending Tracts Of The Spinal Cord
This document summarizes the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord. It describes the major ascending tracts that carry sensory information like the spinothalamic tracts (carrying pain, temperature, and touch), fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus (carrying proprioception), and spinocerebellar tracts (carrying proprioception to the cerebellum). It also describes descending tracts that control motor function like the corticospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and autonomic tracts. Clinical signs of lesions to different tracts are provided.
Corticospinal tract syndrome
The document discusses the corticospinal tract syndrome, also known as pyramidal tract syndrome. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy of the corticospinal tract, which conducts motor impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. It then discusses the causes of corticospinal tract syndrome, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic spinal injury. The key signs and symptoms of the syndrome are described as muscle weakness, spasticity, increased deep tendon reflexes, and abnormal movement patterns. Treatment involves physiotherapy and medical interventions to improve mobility and reduce symptoms.
Cranial nerves
The document summarizes the anatomy of several cranial nerves involved in vision and eye movement. It describes the nuclei, course, and branches of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), abducent nerve (CN VI), trigeminal nerve (CN V), and facial nerve (CN VII). It notes their roles in motor control of the extraocular muscles and sensory/parasympathetic innervation of the eye and orbit.
Spinal Nerve
Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and specific body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are categorized based on the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. The anterior rami of spinal nerves form plexuses that further distribute nerves to various body structures, while the thoracic spinal nerves directly innervate the intercostal muscles and skin as intercostal nerves.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum to the lumbar vertebrae. It is surrounded by three meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) and contains gray matter in the center and white matter surrounding it. The gray matter is divided into dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns. The white matter contains ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory and motor signals between the brain and body. Damage to the spinal cord can cause paralysis or loss of sensation depending on the location and severity of the injury.
Corticospinal tract
The document describes the major descending pathways from the brain to the spinal cord that control motor function. These include the direct corticospinal tract and indirect extrapyramidal tracts such as the rubrospinal, tectospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts. It provides details on the origin, pathways, and termination of the corticospinal tract, which originates in the motor cortex, passes through the internal capsule and brainstem, and terminates on anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.
Medulla
The medulla oblongata is located in the brainstem and controls vital autonomic functions and reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, digestion and sneezing. It contains motor and sensory tracts that relay information between the brain and spinal cord. The medulla receives sensory information from the body and relays it to the cerebellum and thalamus. It also contains tracts that control voluntary movement and maintain posture. Injury to the medulla can cause paralysis, loss of sensation, difficulty swallowing and breathing problems and may result in death.
spinal cord
This document provides an overview of the nervous system with a focus on the spinal cord. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord, including its meninges, cross section, nuclei, tracts, nerves, and plexuses. It also covers spinal cord injuries and the Unani concept of the spinal cord from early Islamic physicians. In summary, the document outlines the key components and functions of the spinal cord, describes its internal structures and surrounding protective layers, and discusses spinal nerve roots and plexuses as well as historic Unani perspectives.
Neuroanatomy spinal cord
The document describes the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord. It details the external structure including its cylindrical shape and location within the vertebral canal surrounded by meninges. Internally, it describes the gray and white matter, including the ascending and descending tracts that carry sensory and motor signals. It also discusses the blood supply, meninges, and some clinical correlations regarding spinal cord injuries.
Motor division of nervous system
for downloading go to
http://medicalpresentation.blogspot.in/2012/09/clinical-approach-to-hemiplegia.html
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Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...
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The cerebellum i
human body, neurology, neuroscience, human brain, the parts of the brain, human anatomy, neurosurgery, about the human brain, a human brain, the human brain, structure of brain,cerebellum
Ascending tracts
Ascending tracts
They are located in the white matter
Conduct afferent information (May or may not reach consciousness)
There are 2 types of information
Exteroceptive : Originates from outside the body (Pain, temperature & touch)
Proprioceptive : Originates from inside the body (From muscles & joints)
Normally there are 3 neurons in an ascending pathway
1st order neuron : Cell body is in the posterior root ganglion
2nd order neuron : Decussates (Crosses to the opposite side) & ascends to a higher level of the CNS
3rd neuron : Located in the thalamus & passes to a sensory region of the cortex
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Cerebellum
This case describes a patient who suffered a cerebellar infarction after a motorcycle accident without a helmet. Some key points:
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- Now, 48 hours later, he is becoming progressively drowsy with vomiting.
My thoughts on what is happening and next steps:
1. He is likely experiencing increased intracranial pressure from edema and hydrocephalus related to the large cerebellar infarction.
2. I would obtain an emergent CT to re-evaluate for worsening
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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